Taxonomy for Chemistry Articles-11th Class: Difference between revisions

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|'''Chapters'''
|'''Chapters'''
|'''Topic'''
|'''Topic'''
|'''Article Creator Name'''
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|'''1'''
|'''1'''
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|'''Some Basic Concepts of Chemistry'''
|'''Some Basic Concepts of Chemistry'''
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|Development of Chemistry
|Development of Chemistry
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|Importance of Chemistry
|Importance of Chemistry
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|Properties of Matter andTheir Mesurement
|Properties of Matter andTheir Mesurement
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|Measurement of physical properties
|Measurement of physical properties
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|The International System of Units (SI)
|The International System of Units (SI)
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|Uncertainty in Measurement
|Uncertainty in Measurement
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|Scientific uncertainty
|Scientific uncertainty
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|significant figures
|significant figures
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Line 65: Line 75:
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|Dimensional Analysis
|Dimensional Analysis
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|Law of Definite Proportions
|Law of Definite Proportions
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|Law of Multiple Proportions
|Law of Multiple Proportions
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Line 83: Line 96:
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|Avogadro’s Law
|Avogadro’s Law
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|Dalton's atomic theory
|Dalton's atomic theory
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|Average Atomic Mass
|Average Atomic Mass
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Line 101: Line 117:
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|Molecular Mass
|Molecular Mass
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Line 107: Line 124:
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|Formula Mass
|Formula Mass
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Line 113: Line 131:
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|Mole Concept and Molar Mass
|Mole Concept and Molar Mass
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Line 119: Line 138:
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|Percentage Composition
|Percentage Composition
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Line 125: Line 145:
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|Empirical Formula for Molecular Formula
|Empirical Formula for Molecular Formula
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Line 131: Line 152:
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|Stoichiometry and Stoichiometric Calculation
|Stoichiometry and Stoichiometric Calculation
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Line 137: Line 159:
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|Limiting Reagent
|Limiting Reagent
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|Mass per cent
|Mass per cent
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Line 149: Line 173:
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|Mole Fraction
|Mole Fraction
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|Molarity
|Molarity
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|Molality
|Molality
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|'''2'''
|'''2'''
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|'''Structure of Atom'''
|'''Structure of Atom'''
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|Discovery of Subatomic
|Discovery of Subatomic
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|Discovery of Electron/cathode rays
|Discovery of Electron/cathode rays
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Line 185: Line 215:
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|Charge to Mass Ratio of Electron
|Charge to Mass Ratio of Electron
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Line 191: Line 222:
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|Atomic Models
|Atomic Models
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Line 197: Line 229:
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|Thomson Model of Atom
|Thomson Model of Atom
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|Rutherford’s Nuclear Model of Atom
|Rutherford’s Nuclear Model of Atom
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|Atomic Number and Mass Number
|Atomic Number and Mass Number
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|Isobars and Isotopes
|Isobars and Isotopes
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Line 221: Line 257:
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|Development Leading to Bohr Model of Atom
|Development Leading to Bohr Model of Atom
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Line 227: Line 264:
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|Wave Nature of Electromagnetic Radiation
|Wave Nature of Electromagnetic Radiation
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|Particle Nature of Electromagnetic Radiation: Planck’s Quantum Theory
|Particle Nature of Electromagnetic Radiation: Planck’s Quantum Theory
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Line 239: Line 278:
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|Photoelectric effect
|Photoelectric effect
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|Dual Behaviour of Electromagnetic Radiation
|Dual Behaviour of Electromagnetic Radiation
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|Evidence for the quantized* Electronic Energy Levels: Atomic spectra
|Evidence for the quantized* Electronic Energy Levels: Atomic spectra
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Line 257: Line 299:
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|Emission and Absorption Spectra
|Emission and Absorption Spectra
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Line 263: Line 306:
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|Line Spectrum of Hydrogen
|Line Spectrum of Hydrogen
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Line 269: Line 313:
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|Bohr’s Model for Hydrogen Atom
|Bohr’s Model for Hydrogen Atom
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|Heisenberg uncertainty principle
|Heisenberg uncertainty principle
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Line 281: Line 327:
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|Quantum Mechanical Model of Atom
|Quantum Mechanical Model of Atom
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Line 287: Line 334:
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|Schrödinger equation
|Schrödinger equation
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Line 293: Line 341:
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|Orbitals and Quantum Numbers
|Orbitals and Quantum Numbers
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Line 299: Line 348:
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|Principal Quantum Number
|Principal Quantum Number
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Line 305: Line 355:
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|Azimuthal Quantum Number
|Azimuthal Quantum Number
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Line 311: Line 362:
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|Magnetic orbital quantum number
|Magnetic orbital quantum number
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Line 317: Line 369:
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|Spin Quantum Number
|Spin Quantum Number
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Line 323: Line 376:
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|Shapes of Atomic Orbitals
|Shapes of Atomic Orbitals
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Line 329: Line 383:
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|Energies of Orbitals
|Energies of Orbitals
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|Aufbau Principle
|Aufbau Principle
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|Pauli Exclusion Principle
|Pauli Exclusion Principle
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Line 347: Line 404:
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|Hund’s Rule of Maximum Multiplicity
|Hund’s Rule of Maximum Multiplicity
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Line 353: Line 411:
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|Electronic Configuration of Atoms
|Electronic Configuration of Atoms
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|Stability of Completely Filled and Half Filled Subshells
|Stability of Completely Filled and Half Filled Subshells
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|'''3'''
|'''3'''
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|'''CLASSIFICATION OF ELEMENTS AND PERIODICITY IN PROPERTIES'''
|'''CLASSIFICATION OF ELEMENTS AND PERIODICITY IN PROPERTIES'''
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Line 371: Line 432:
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|why do we Need to Classify Elements
|why do we Need to Classify Elements
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|GENESIS OF PERIODIC CLASSIFICATION
|GENESIS OF PERIODIC CLASSIFICATION
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Line 383: Line 446:
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|Periodic Table
|Periodic Table
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Line 389: Line 453:
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|periods
|periods
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Line 395: Line 460:
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|groups
|groups
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Line 401: Line 467:
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|Mendeleev’s Periodic Law
|Mendeleev’s Periodic Law
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Line 407: Line 474:
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|Modern Periodic Law
|Modern Periodic Law
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Line 413: Line 481:
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|transition series
|transition series
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Line 419: Line 488:
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|electronic configuration
|electronic configuration
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Line 425: Line 495:
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|actinoid series
|actinoid series
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Line 431: Line 502:
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|inner transition series ( lanthanoid series)
|inner transition series ( lanthanoid series)
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|NOMENCLATURE OF ELEMENTS WITH ATOMIC NUMBERS > 100
|NOMENCLATURE OF ELEMENTS WITH ATOMIC NUMBERS > 100
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|The s-Block Elements
|The s-Block Elements
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Line 449: Line 523:
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|p-Block Elements
|p-Block Elements
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Line 455: Line 530:
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|d-Block Elements
|d-Block Elements
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Line 461: Line 537:
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|f-Block Elements
|f-Block Elements
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Line 467: Line 544:
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|noble gases
|noble gases
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Line 473: Line 551:
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|Transuranium Elements
|Transuranium Elements
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Line 479: Line 558:
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|Metals and Non-Metals
|Metals and Non-Metals
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Line 485: Line 565:
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|Metalloids or Semi-metals
|Metalloids or Semi-metals
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Line 491: Line 572:
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|Covalent Radius
|Covalent Radius
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Line 497: Line 579:
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|Metallic Radius
|Metallic Radius
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Line 503: Line 586:
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|Ionic Radius
|Ionic Radius
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Line 509: Line 593:
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|cation
|cation
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Line 515: Line 600:
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|anion
|anion
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Line 521: Line 607:
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|isoelectronic species
|isoelectronic species
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Line 527: Line 614:
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|Ionization Enthalpy
|Ionization Enthalpy
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Line 533: Line 621:
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|shielding
|shielding
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Line 539: Line 628:
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|Electron Gain Enthalpy (∆egH
|Electron Gain Enthalpy (∆egH
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Line 545: Line 635:
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|diagonal relationship
|diagonal relationship
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Line 551: Line 642:
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|valence shell
|valence shell
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Line 557: Line 649:
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|ionization enthalpies
|ionization enthalpies
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Line 563: Line 656:
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|Periodicity in the properties of elements
|Periodicity in the properties of elements
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Line 569: Line 663:
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|electronegativity
|electronegativity
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Line 575: Line 670:
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|Periodic Trend in Chemical Properties
|Periodic Trend in Chemical Properties
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Line 581: Line 677:
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|Periodicity of Valence or Oxidation States
|Periodicity of Valence or Oxidation States
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Line 587: Line 684:
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|Chemical Reactivity and Periodicity
|Chemical Reactivity and Periodicity
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|4
|4
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|CHEMICAL BONDING AND MOLECULAR STRUCTURE
|CHEMICAL BONDING AND MOLECULAR STRUCTURE
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Line 599: Line 698:
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|KÖSSEL-LEWIS APPROACH
|KÖSSEL-LEWIS APPROACH
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Line 605: Line 705:
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|Kernel
|Kernel
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Line 611: Line 712:
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|Octet Rule
|Octet Rule
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Line 617: Line 719:
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|bond
|bond
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Line 623: Line 726:
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|Lewis Structure
|Lewis Structure
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Line 629: Line 733:
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|electronic theory
|electronic theory
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Line 635: Line 740:
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|covalent bond
|covalent bond
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Line 641: Line 747:
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|Formal Charge
|Formal Charge
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Line 647: Line 754:
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|Ionic or Electrovalent Bond
|Ionic or Electrovalent Bond
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Line 653: Line 761:
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|Lattice Enthalpy
|Lattice Enthalpy
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Line 659: Line 768:
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|van der Waals radius
|van der Waals radius
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Line 665: Line 775:
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|Polarity of Bonds
|Polarity of Bonds
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Line 671: Line 782:
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|dipole moment
|dipole moment
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Line 677: Line 789:
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|Bond Length
|Bond Length
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Line 683: Line 796:
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|Bond Angle
|Bond Angle
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Line 689: Line 803:
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|Bond Enthalpy
|Bond Enthalpy
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Line 695: Line 810:
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|Bond Order
|Bond Order
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Line 701: Line 817:
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|Resonance Structures
|Resonance Structures
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Line 707: Line 824:
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|The Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion VSEPR) Theory
|The Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion VSEPR) Theory
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Line 713: Line 831:
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|Valence bond theory
|Valence bond theory
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Line 719: Line 838:
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|Orbital Overlap Concept
|Orbital Overlap Concept
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Line 725: Line 845:
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|Overlapping of Atomic Orbitals
|Overlapping of Atomic Orbitals
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Line 731: Line 852:
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|Sigma and pie bond
|Sigma and pie bond
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Line 737: Line 859:
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|Hybridisation
|Hybridisation
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Line 743: Line 866:
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|sp3, sp2 and sp Hybridisation
|sp3, sp2 and sp Hybridisation
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|Hybridisation in the elements of d Orbital
|Hybridisation in the elements of d Orbital
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Line 755: Line 880:
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|Molecular orbital (MO) theory
|Molecular orbital (MO) theory
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Line 761: Line 887:
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|bonding molecular orbital and anti bonding molecular orbital
|bonding molecular orbital and anti bonding molecular orbital
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Line 767: Line 894:
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|hydrogen bond
|hydrogen bond
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|5
|5
Line 772: Line 900:
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|States of Matter
|States of Matter
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Line 779: Line 908:
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|Intermolecular forces
|Intermolecular forces
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Line 785: Line 915:
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|dispersion force or London force
|dispersion force or London force
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Line 791: Line 922:
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|Dipole-dipole forces
|Dipole-dipole forces
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Line 797: Line 929:
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|Dipole–Induced Dipole Forces
|Dipole–Induced Dipole Forces
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Line 803: Line 936:
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|Gaseous State
|Gaseous State
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Line 809: Line 943:
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|Boyle’s law
|Boyle’s law
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Line 815: Line 950:
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|Charles’ Law
|Charles’ Law
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Line 821: Line 957:
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|Absolute temperature scale
|Absolute temperature scale
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Line 827: Line 964:
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|Gay Lussac’s Law
|Gay Lussac’s Law
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Line 833: Line 971:
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|Avogadro Law
|Avogadro Law
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Line 839: Line 978:
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|Isochore
|Isochore
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Line 845: Line 985:
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|ideal gas equation
|ideal gas equation
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Line 851: Line 992:
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|Density and Molar Mass of a Gaseous Substance
|Density and Molar Mass of a Gaseous Substance
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Line 857: Line 999:
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|Dalton’s Law of Partial Pressures
|Dalton’s Law of Partial Pressures
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Line 863: Line 1,006:
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|Kinetic energy and molecular Speed
|Kinetic energy and molecular Speed
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Line 869: Line 1,013:
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|Kinetic Molecular Theory gases
|Kinetic Molecular Theory gases
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Line 875: Line 1,020:
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|deviation from ideal gas
|deviation from ideal gas
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Line 881: Line 1,027:
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|Liquefication of gases
|Liquefication of gases
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Line 887: Line 1,034:
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|critical temperature (TC)
|critical temperature (TC)
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Line 893: Line 1,041:
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|critical pressure (pC)
|critical pressure (pC)
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Line 899: Line 1,048:
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|critical volume (VC)
|critical volume (VC)
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Line 905: Line 1,055:
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|liquid state
|liquid state
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Line 911: Line 1,062:
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|Vapour Pressure
|Vapour Pressure
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Line 917: Line 1,069:
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|Surface Tension
|Surface Tension
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Line 923: Line 1,076:
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|Viscosity
|Viscosity
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|6
|6
Line 928: Line 1,082:
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|Thermodynamics
|Thermodynamics
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Line 935: Line 1,090:
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|Thermodynamic Terms
|Thermodynamic Terms
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Line 941: Line 1,097:
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|The System and the Surroundings
|The System and the Surroundings
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Line 947: Line 1,104:
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|Types of the System
|Types of the System
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Line 953: Line 1,111:
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|The State of the System
|The State of the System
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Line 959: Line 1,118:
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|Work
|Work
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Line 965: Line 1,125:
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|Enthalpy
|Enthalpy
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|-
|-
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Line 971: Line 1,132:
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|extensive property
|extensive property
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|-
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Line 977: Line 1,139:
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|intensive properties
|intensive properties
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Line 983: Line 1,146:
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|Heat Capacity
|Heat Capacity
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Line 989: Line 1,153:
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|The Relationship between Cp and CV for an Ideal Gas
|The Relationship between Cp and CV for an Ideal Gas
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|-
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Line 995: Line 1,160:
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|MEASUREMENT OF ∆U AND ∆H: CALORIMETRY
|MEASUREMENT OF ∆U AND ∆H: CALORIMETRY
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|-
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Line 1,001: Line 1,167:
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|∆U Measurements
|∆U Measurements
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Line 1,007: Line 1,174:
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|∆H Measurements
|∆H Measurements
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Line 1,013: Line 1,181:
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|Standard Enthalpy of Reactions
|Standard Enthalpy of Reactions
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Line 1,019: Line 1,188:
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|Enthalpy Changes during Phase Transformations
|Enthalpy Changes during Phase Transformations
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Line 1,025: Line 1,195:
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|Standard Enthalpy of Formation
|Standard Enthalpy of Formation
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Line 1,031: Line 1,202:
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|Thermochemical Equations
|Thermochemical Equations
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|-
|-
|
|
Line 1,037: Line 1,209:
|
|
|Hess’s Law
|Hess’s Law
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 1,043: Line 1,216:
|
|
|Standard Enthalpy of Combustion (symbol : ∆c H)
|Standard Enthalpy of Combustion (symbol : ∆c H)
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 1,049: Line 1,223:
|
|
|Enthalpy of Atomization
|Enthalpy of Atomization
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 1,055: Line 1,230:
|
|
|Bond Enthalpy
|Bond Enthalpy
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 1,061: Line 1,237:
|
|
|Lattice Enthalpy
|Lattice Enthalpy
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 1,067: Line 1,244:
|
|
|entropy
|entropy
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 1,073: Line 1,251:
|
|
|Born-Haber Cycle
|Born-Haber Cycle
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 1,079: Line 1,258:
|
|
|SPONTANEITY
|SPONTANEITY
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 1,085: Line 1,265:
|
|
|Gibbs Energy and Spontaneity
|Gibbs Energy and Spontaneity
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 1,091: Line 1,272:
|
|
|Entropy and Second Law of Thermodynamics
|Entropy and Second Law of Thermodynamics
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 1,097: Line 1,279:
|
|
|Absolute Entropy and Third Law of Thermodynamics
|Absolute Entropy and Third Law of Thermodynamics
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 1,103: Line 1,286:
|
|
|GIBBS ENERGY CHANGE AND EQUILIBRIUM
|GIBBS ENERGY CHANGE AND EQUILIBRIUM
|
|-
|-
|7
|7
Line 1,108: Line 1,292:
|
|
|EQUILIBRIUM
|EQUILIBRIUM
|
|
|
|-
|-
Line 1,115: Line 1,300:
|
|
|EQUILIBRIUM IN PHYSICAL PROCESSES
|EQUILIBRIUM IN PHYSICAL PROCESSES
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 1,121: Line 1,307:
|
|
|Physical Equilibrium
|Physical Equilibrium
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 1,127: Line 1,314:
|
|
|LAW OF CHEMICAL EQUILIBRIUM AND EQUILIBRIUM CONSTANT
|LAW OF CHEMICAL EQUILIBRIUM AND EQUILIBRIUM CONSTANT
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 1,133: Line 1,321:
|
|
|Homogeneous Equilibria
|Homogeneous Equilibria
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 1,139: Line 1,328:
|
|
|Equilibrium Constant in Gaseous Systems
|Equilibrium Constant in Gaseous Systems
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 1,145: Line 1,335:
|
|
|heterogeneous equilibria
|heterogeneous equilibria
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 1,151: Line 1,342:
|
|
|RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN EQUILIBRIUM CONSTANT K, REACTION QUOTIENT Q AND GIBBS ENERGY G
|RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN EQUILIBRIUM CONSTANT K, REACTION QUOTIENT Q AND GIBBS ENERGY G
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 1,157: Line 1,349:
|
|
|equilibria
|equilibria
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 1,163: Line 1,356:
|
|
|IONIC EQUILIBRIUM IN SOLUTION
|IONIC EQUILIBRIUM IN SOLUTION
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 1,169: Line 1,363:
|
|
|Arrhenius Concept of Acids and Bases
|Arrhenius Concept of Acids and Bases
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 1,175: Line 1,370:
|
|
|The Brönsted-Lowry Acids and Bases
|The Brönsted-Lowry Acids and Bases
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 1,181: Line 1,377:
|
|
|Lewis Acids and Bases
|Lewis Acids and Bases
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 1,187: Line 1,384:
|
|
|IONIZATION OF ACIDS AND BASES
|IONIZATION OF ACIDS AND BASES
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 1,193: Line 1,391:
|
|
|The Ionization Constant of Water and its Ionic Product
|The Ionization Constant of Water and its Ionic Product
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 1,199: Line 1,398:
|
|
|conjugate bases
|conjugate bases
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 1,205: Line 1,405:
|
|
|Strong acid and weak acid
|Strong acid and weak acid
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 1,211: Line 1,412:
|
|
|Strong base and weak base
|Strong base and weak base
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 1,217: Line 1,419:
|
|
|Relation between Ka and Kb
|Relation between Ka and Kb
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 1,223: Line 1,426:
|
|
|common ion effect
|common ion effect
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 1,229: Line 1,433:
|
|
|Hydrolysis of Salts
|Hydrolysis of Salts
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 1,235: Line 1,440:
|
|
|BUFFER SOLUTIONS
|BUFFER SOLUTIONS
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 1,241: Line 1,447:
|
|
|Acidic Buffer
|Acidic Buffer
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 1,247: Line 1,454:
|
|
|Henderson–Hasselbalch equation.
|Henderson–Hasselbalch equation.
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 1,253: Line 1,461:
|
|
|Basic Buffer
|Basic Buffer
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 1,259: Line 1,468:
|
|
|SOLUBILITY EQUILIBRIA OF SPARINGLY SOLUBLE SALTS
|SOLUBILITY EQUILIBRIA OF SPARINGLY SOLUBLE SALTS
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 1,265: Line 1,475:
|
|
|Solubility Product
|Solubility Product
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 1,271: Line 1,482:
|
|
|Common Ion Effect on Solubility of Ionic Salts
|Common Ion Effect on Solubility of Ionic Salts
|
|-
|-
|8
|8
Line 1,276: Line 1,488:
|
|
|Redox Reactions
|Redox Reactions
|
|
|
|-
|-
Line 1,283: Line 1,496:
|
|
|Redox Reactions
|Redox Reactions
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 1,289: Line 1,503:
|
|
|REDOX REACTIONS IN TERMS OF ELECTRON TRANSFER REACTIONS
|REDOX REACTIONS IN TERMS OF ELECTRON TRANSFER REACTIONS
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 1,295: Line 1,510:
|
|
|Competitive Electron Transfer Reactions
|Competitive Electron Transfer Reactions
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 1,301: Line 1,517:
|
|
|combination reaction
|combination reaction
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 1,307: Line 1,524:
|
|
|Decomposition reactions
|Decomposition reactions
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 1,313: Line 1,531:
|
|
|Displacement reactions
|Displacement reactions
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 1,319: Line 1,538:
|
|
|Disproportionation reactions
|Disproportionation reactions
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 1,325: Line 1,545:
|
|
|Balancing of Redox Reactions
|Balancing of Redox Reactions
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 1,331: Line 1,552:
|
|
|Oxidation Number Method
|Oxidation Number Method
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 1,337: Line 1,559:
|
|
|Oxidation
|Oxidation
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 1,343: Line 1,566:
|
|
|Reduction
|Reduction
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 1,349: Line 1,573:
|
|
|Reducing agent
|Reducing agent
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 1,355: Line 1,580:
|
|
|Oxidising agent :
|Oxidising agent :
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 1,361: Line 1,587:
|
|
|Half Cell Reaction
|Half Cell Reaction
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 1,367: Line 1,594:
|
|
|oxidation no.
|oxidation no.
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 1,373: Line 1,601:
|
|
|redox couple
|redox couple
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 1,379: Line 1,608:
|
|
|Reduction Reactions and Electrode Process
|Reduction Reactions and Electrode Process
|
|-
|-
|9
|9
Line 1,384: Line 1,614:
|
|
|'''Hydrogen'''
|'''Hydrogen'''
|
|
|
|-
|-
Line 1,391: Line 1,622:
|
|
|POSITION OF HYDROGEN IN THE PERIODIC TABLE
|POSITION OF HYDROGEN IN THE PERIODIC TABLE
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 1,397: Line 1,629:
|
|
|Dihydrogen
|Dihydrogen
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 1,403: Line 1,636:
|
|
|synthesis gas
|synthesis gas
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 1,409: Line 1,643:
|
|
|hydrides
|hydrides
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 1,415: Line 1,650:
|
|
|Ionic or Saline Hydrides
|Ionic or Saline Hydrides
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 1,421: Line 1,657:
|
|
|Covalent or Molecular Hydride
|Covalent or Molecular Hydride
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 1,427: Line 1,664:
|
|
|Metallic or Non-stoichiometric (or Interstitial ) Hydrides
|Metallic or Non-stoichiometric (or Interstitial ) Hydrides
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 1,433: Line 1,671:
|
|
|Water
|Water
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 1,439: Line 1,678:
|
|
|Structure of Ice
|Structure of Ice
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 1,445: Line 1,685:
|
|
|Redox Reaction opf Water
|Redox Reaction opf Water
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 1,451: Line 1,692:
|
|
|Hydrolysis Reaction
|Hydrolysis Reaction
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 1,457: Line 1,699:
|
|
|Hydrate Formation
|Hydrate Formation
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 1,463: Line 1,706:
|
|
|Hard and Soft Water
|Hard and Soft Water
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 1,469: Line 1,713:
|
|
|Temporary hardness
|Temporary hardness
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 1,475: Line 1,720:
|
|
|Permanent Hardness
|Permanent Hardness
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 1,481: Line 1,727:
|
|
|Hydrogen peroxide
|Hydrogen peroxide
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 1,487: Line 1,734:
|
|
|Heavy water
|Heavy water
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 1,493: Line 1,741:
|
|
|dihydrogen as a fuel
|dihydrogen as a fuel
|
|-
|-
|10
|10
Line 1,498: Line 1,747:
|
|
|'''s-block elements'''
|'''s-block elements'''
|
|
|
|-
|-
Line 1,505: Line 1,755:
|
|
|Alkali Metals
|Alkali Metals
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 1,511: Line 1,762:
|
|
|Atomic Radius
|Atomic Radius
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 1,517: Line 1,769:
|
|
|Ionization Enthalpy
|Ionization Enthalpy
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 1,523: Line 1,776:
|
|
|Water Enthalpy
|Water Enthalpy
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 1,529: Line 1,783:
|
|
|The anomalous behaviour of lithium
|The anomalous behaviour of lithium
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 1,535: Line 1,790:
|
|
|Sodium Chloride
|Sodium Chloride
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 1,541: Line 1,797:
|
|
|Sodium Hydroxide (Caustic Soda)
|Sodium Hydroxide (Caustic Soda)
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 1,547: Line 1,804:
|
|
|Sodium hydrogencarbonate (baking soda)
|Sodium hydrogencarbonate (baking soda)
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 1,553: Line 1,811:
|
|
|BIOLOGICAL IMPORTANCE OF SODIUM AND POTASSIUM
|BIOLOGICAL IMPORTANCE OF SODIUM AND POTASSIUM
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 1,559: Line 1,818:
|
|
|ALKALINE EARTH METALS
|ALKALINE EARTH METALS
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 1,565: Line 1,825:
|
|
|Anomalous Behavior of Beryllium
|Anomalous Behavior of Beryllium
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 1,571: Line 1,832:
|
|
|Diagonal Relationship between Beryllium and Aluminium
|Diagonal Relationship between Beryllium and Aluminium
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 1,577: Line 1,839:
|
|
|Calcium Oxide or Quick Lime, CaO
|Calcium Oxide or Quick Lime, CaO
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 1,583: Line 1,846:
|
|
|Calcium Hydroxide (Slaked lime), Ca(OH)2
|Calcium Hydroxide (Slaked lime), Ca(OH)2
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 1,589: Line 1,853:
|
|
|Calcium Carbonate, CaCO3
|Calcium Carbonate, CaCO3
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 1,595: Line 1,860:
|
|
|Calcium Sulphate (Plaster of Paris)
|Calcium Sulphate (Plaster of Paris)
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 1,601: Line 1,867:
|
|
|Cement
|Cement
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 1,607: Line 1,874:
|
|
|BIOLOGICAL IMPORTANCE OF MAGNESIUM AND CALCIUM
|BIOLOGICAL IMPORTANCE OF MAGNESIUM AND CALCIUM
|
|-
|-
|11
|11
Line 1,612: Line 1,880:
|
|
|'''p Block Element'''
|'''p Block Element'''
|
|
|
|-
|-
Line 1,619: Line 1,888:
|
|
|Boron Family: group 13
|Boron Family: group 13
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 1,625: Line 1,895:
|
|
|Anamalous Behaviour of Boron
|Anamalous Behaviour of Boron
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 1,631: Line 1,902:
|
|
|Borax
|Borax
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 1,637: Line 1,909:
|
|
|Orthoboric acid
|Orthoboric acid
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 1,643: Line 1,916:
|
|
|Diborane
|Diborane
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 1,649: Line 1,923:
|
|
|Physical Properties of Carbon Family
|Physical Properties of Carbon Family
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 1,655: Line 1,930:
|
|
|Chemical Properties of Carbon Family
|Chemical Properties of Carbon Family
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 1,661: Line 1,937:
|
|
|Anamalous Behaviour of carbon
|Anamalous Behaviour of carbon
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 1,667: Line 1,944:
|
|
|Allotropes of Carbon
|Allotropes of Carbon
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 1,673: Line 1,951:
|
|
|Diamond
|Diamond
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 1,679: Line 1,958:
|
|
|Graphite
|Graphite
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 1,685: Line 1,965:
|
|
|Fullerenes
|Fullerenes
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 1,691: Line 1,972:
|
|
|Uses of Carbon
|Uses of Carbon
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 1,697: Line 1,979:
|
|
|Carbon Monoxide
|Carbon Monoxide
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 1,703: Line 1,986:
|
|
|Carbon Dioxide
|Carbon Dioxide
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 1,709: Line 1,993:
|
|
|Silicon Dioxide
|Silicon Dioxide
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 1,715: Line 2,000:
|
|
|Silicones
|Silicones
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 1,721: Line 2,007:
|
|
|Silicates
|Silicates
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 1,727: Line 2,014:
|
|
|Zeolites
|Zeolites
|
|-
|-
|12
|12
Line 1,732: Line 2,020:
|
|
|'''ORGANIC CHEMISTRY – SOME BASIC PRINCIPLES AND TECHNIQUES'''
|'''ORGANIC CHEMISTRY – SOME BASIC PRINCIPLES AND TECHNIQUES'''
|
|
|
|-
|-
Line 1,739: Line 2,028:
|
|
|TETRAVALENCE OF CARBON: SHAPES OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
|TETRAVALENCE OF CARBON: SHAPES OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 1,745: Line 2,035:
|
|
|Some Characteristic Features of π Bonds
|Some Characteristic Features of π Bonds
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 1,751: Line 2,042:
|
|
|STRUCTURAL REPRESENTATIONS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
|STRUCTURAL REPRESENTATIONS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
|
|-
|-
|
|
|
|
|[[पूर्ण संधनित तथा आबंध रेखा संरचनात्मक निरूपण]]
|[[पूर्ण संधनित तथा आबंध रेखा संरचनात्मक निरूपण]]
|
|
|
|
|
Line 1,761: Line 2,054:
|
|
|[[कार्बनिक यौगिकों का त्रिविमी सूत्र]]
|[[कार्बनिक यौगिकों का त्रिविमी सूत्र]]
|
|
|
|
|
Line 1,767: Line 2,061:
|
|
|[[कार्बनिक यौगिकों का वर्गीकरण]]
|[[कार्बनिक यौगिकों का वर्गीकरण]]
|
|
|
|
|
Line 1,775: Line 2,070:
|
|
|aliphatic compounds  
|aliphatic compounds  
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 1,781: Line 2,077:
|
|
|Functional Group
|Functional Group
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 1,787: Line 2,084:
|
|
|IUPAC Nomenclature of Alkanes
|IUPAC Nomenclature of Alkanes
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 1,793: Line 2,091:
|
|
|ionic or heteropolar
|ionic or heteropolar
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 1,799: Line 2,098:
|
|
|Three-Dimensional Representation of Organic Molecules  
|Three-Dimensional Representation of Organic Molecules  
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 1,805: Line 2,105:
|
|
|Cyclic Compounds and closed chain compounds
|Cyclic Compounds and closed chain compounds
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 1,811: Line 2,112:
|
|
|Alicyclic Compounds
|Alicyclic Compounds
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 1,817: Line 2,119:
|
|
|Aromatic Compounds
|Aromatic Compounds
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 1,823: Line 2,126:
|
|
|Nomenclature Of Organic Compounds
|Nomenclature Of Organic Compounds
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 1,829: Line 2,133:
|
|
|Isomerism
|Isomerism
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 1,835: Line 2,140:
|
|
|Structural Isomerism
|Structural Isomerism
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 1,841: Line 2,147:
|
|
|Stereoisomerism
|Stereoisomerism
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 1,847: Line 2,154:
|
|
|Basic concepts in the mechanism of organic reactions
|Basic concepts in the mechanism of organic reactions
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 1,853: Line 2,161:
|
|
|homolytic cleavage
|homolytic cleavage
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 1,859: Line 2,168:
|
|
|heterolytic cleavage
|heterolytic cleavage
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 1,865: Line 2,175:
|
|
|Substrate and Reagent
|Substrate and Reagent
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 1,871: Line 2,182:
|
|
|electrophile
|electrophile
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 1,877: Line 2,189:
|
|
|Nucleophiles
|Nucleophiles
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 1,883: Line 2,196:
|
|
|Electromeric Effect (E effect)
|Electromeric Effect (E effect)
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 1,889: Line 2,203:
|
|
|Inductive effect
|Inductive effect
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 1,895: Line 2,210:
|
|
|Resonating Structure
|Resonating Structure
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 1,901: Line 2,217:
|
|
|Hyperconjugation
|Hyperconjugation
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 1,907: Line 2,224:
|
|
|Carbonic Reactions and their Mechanism
|Carbonic Reactions and their Mechanism
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 1,913: Line 2,231:
|
|
|Elimination Reactions
|Elimination Reactions
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 1,919: Line 2,238:
|
|
|Rearrangement Reaction
|Rearrangement Reaction
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 1,925: Line 2,245:
|
|
|Crystallisation
|Crystallisation
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 1,931: Line 2,252:
|
|
|Sublimation
|Sublimation
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 1,937: Line 2,259:
|
|
|Differential Extraction  
|Differential Extraction  
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 1,943: Line 2,266:
|
|
|Adsorption Chromatography
|Adsorption Chromatography
|
|-
|-
|
|
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|Column Chromatography
|Column Chromatography
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|Thin Layer Chromatography
|Thin Layer Chromatography
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|Partition Chromatography
|Partition Chromatography
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|Qualitative Analysis of Organic Compounds
|Qualitative Analysis of Organic Compounds
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|Detection of Carbon and Hydrogen
|Detection of Carbon and Hydrogen
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|Lassaigne’s test
|Lassaigne’s test
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|Test for Nitrogen
|Test for Nitrogen
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|Kjeldahl’s method
|Kjeldahl’s method
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|Dumas method
|Dumas method
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|Test for Sulphur
|Test for Sulphur
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|Test for Halogens
|Test for Halogens
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|Test for Phosphorus
|Test for Phosphorus
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|Quantitative Analysis
|Quantitative Analysis
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|13
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|'''Hydrocarbon'''
|'''Hydrocarbon'''
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|Alkane
|Alkane
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|Unsaturated Hydrocarbon
|Unsaturated Hydrocarbon
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|Chemical Properties of Alkanes
|Chemical Properties of Alkanes
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|Controlled Oxidation
|Controlled Oxidation
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|Isomerisation
|Isomerisation
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|Aromatisation
|Aromatisation
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|Reaction with Steam
|Reaction with Steam
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|Thermal Decomposition
|Thermal Decomposition
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|Formatting
|Formatting
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|Structure of Alkenes
|Structure of Alkenes
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|Markonikoff's law
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|Kharash Effect
|Kharash Effect
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|Ozonolysis
|Ozonolysis
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|Alkynes
|Alkynes
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|Physicsal Character of Alkynes
|Physicsal Character of Alkynes
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|Acidic Character of Alkynes
|Acidic Character of Alkynes
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|Addition Reaction
|Addition Reaction
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|Aromatic Hydrocarbon
|Aromatic Hydrocarbon
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|Resonance and Stability of Benzene
|Resonance and Stability of Benzene
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|Aromaticity
|Aromaticity
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|Preparation of Benzene
|Preparation of Benzene
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|Electrophile Substitution Reactions
|Electrophile Substitution Reactions
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|Friedel-Crafts alkylation
|Friedel-Crafts alkylation
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|Directional effect of functional group in singly substituted benzene
|Directional effect of functional group in singly substituted benzene
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|carcinogenicity and toxicity
|carcinogenicity and toxicity
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|14
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|'''Environmental Chemistry'''
|'''Environmental Chemistry'''
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|Atmospheric Pollution
|Atmospheric Pollution
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|Tropospheric Pollution
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|Gaseous air pollutants
|Gaseous air pollutants
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|Particulate Pollutants
|Particulate Pollutants
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|Acid rain
|Acid rain
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|Smog
|Smog
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|Stratospheric Pollution
|Stratospheric Pollution
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|Water Pollution
|Water Pollution
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|SOIL POLLUTION
|SOIL POLLUTION
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|Pesticides
|Pesticides
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|INDUSTRIAL WASTE
|INDUSTRIAL WASTE
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|Eutrophication
|Eutrophication
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|Biochemical Oxygen Demand
|Biochemical Oxygen Demand
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|photochemical smog
|photochemical smog
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|‘Taj Trapezium
|‘Taj Trapezium
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|Global Warming and Greenhouse Effect
|Global Warming and Greenhouse Effect
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|herbicides
|herbicides
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|Green Chemistry in day-to-day Life
|Green Chemistry in day-to-day Life
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|Green chemistry
|Green chemistry
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[[Category:रसायन विज्ञान]]
[[Category:रसायन विज्ञान]]
[[Category:कक्षा-11]]
[[Category:कक्षा-11]]

Revision as of 16:28, 23 August 2023

S.No अध्याय विषय Chapters Topic Article Creator Name
1 रसायन विज्ञान की कुछ मूल अवधरणाएँ Some Basic Concepts of Chemistry
रसायन विज्ञान का विकास Development of Chemistry
रसायन विज्ञान का महत्त्व Importance of Chemistry
द्रव्य के गुणधर्म और उनका मापन Properties of Matter andTheir Mesurement
भौतिक गुणधर्मों का मापन Measurement of physical properties
मात्रकों की अंतर्राष्ट्रीय पद्धति The International System of Units (SI)
मापन में अनिश्चितता Uncertainty in Measurement
वैज्ञानिक अनिश्चितता Scientific uncertainty
सार्थक अंक significant figures
विमीय विश्लेषण Dimensional Analysis
स्थिर अनुपात का नियम Law of Definite Proportions
गुणित अनुपात का नियम Law of Multiple Proportions
आवोगाद्रो का नियम Avogadro’s Law
डाल्टन के परमाणु सिद्धांत का नियम Dalton's atomic theory
औसत परमाणु द्रव्यमान Average Atomic Mass
आणविक द्रव्यमान Molecular Mass
सूत्र-द्रव्यमान Formula Mass
मोल संकल्पना और मोलर द्रव्यमान Mole Concept and Molar Mass
प्रतिशत संघटन Percentage Composition
मूलानुपाती सूत्र और आणविक सूत्र Empirical Formula for Molecular Formula
स्टॉइकियोमीट्री और स्टॉइकियोमीट्रिक परिकल्पना Stoichiometry and Stoichiometric Calculation
सीमान्त अभिकर्मक Limiting Reagent
द्रव्यमान प्रतिशत Mass per cent
मोल अंश Mole Fraction
मोलरता Molarity
मोललता Molality
2 परमाणु की संरचना Structure of Atom
अवपरमाण्विक कणों की खोज Discovery of Subatomic
इलेक्ट्रॉन की खोज Discovery of Electron/cathode rays
इलेक्ट्रॉन का द्रव्यमान आवेश अनुपात Charge to Mass Ratio of Electron
परमाणु मॉडल Atomic Models
परमाणु का थॉमसन मॉडल Thomson Model of Atom
रदरफोर्ड का नाभिकीय परमाणु मॉडल Rutherford’s Nuclear Model of Atom
परमाणु संख्या तथा द्रव्यमान संख्या Atomic Number and Mass Number
समस्थानिक एवं समभारिक Isobars and Isotopes
बोर के परमाणु मॉडल के विकास की पृष्ठभूमि Development Leading to Bohr Model of Atom
विद्युत चुंबकीय विकिरण की तरंग प्रकृति Wave Nature of Electromagnetic Radiation
विद्युत चुंबकीय विकिरण की कणीय प्रकृति: प्लांक का क्वांटम सिद्धांत Particle Nature of Electromagnetic Radiation: Planck’s Quantum Theory
प्रकाश विधुत प्रभाव Photoelectric effect
विद्युत चुंबकीय विकिरण का द्वैत प्रभाव Dual Behaviour of Electromagnetic Radiation
क्वांटित इलेक्ट्रॉनिक ऊर्जा के लिए प्रमाण:परमाण्विक स्पेक्ट्रा Evidence for the quantized* Electronic Energy Levels: Atomic spectra
उत्सर्जन तथा अवशोषण स्पेक्ट्रा Emission and Absorption Spectra
हाइड्रोजन का रेखीय स्पेक्ट्रम Line Spectrum of Hydrogen
हाइड्रोजन परमाणु के लिए बोर मॉडल Bohr’s Model for Hydrogen Atom
हाइजेनबर्ग का अनिश्चितता सिद्धांत Heisenberg uncertainty principle
परमाणु का क्वांटम यांत्रिकीय मॉडल Quantum Mechanical Model of Atom
हाइड्रोजन परमाणु था श्रोडिंजर समीकरण Schrödinger equation
कक्षक और क्वांटम संख्या Orbitals and Quantum Numbers
मुख्य क्वांटम संख्या Principal Quantum Number
दिगंशी क्वांटम संख्या Azimuthal Quantum Number
चुंबकीय क्वांटम संख्या Magnetic orbital quantum number
चक्रण क्वांटम संख्या Spin Quantum Number
परमाणु कक्षकों की आकृतियां Shapes of Atomic Orbitals
कक्षकों की ऊर्जाएँ Energies of Orbitals
ऑफबाऊ नियम Aufbau Principle
पाउली अपवर्जन सिद्धांत Pauli Exclusion Principle
हुण्ड का अधिकतम बहुलता का नियम Hund’s Rule of Maximum Multiplicity
परमाणुओं का इलेक्ट्रॉनिक विन्यास Electronic Configuration of Atoms
पूर्णरूपेण पूरित एवं अर्धपूरित उप-कोशों का स्थायित्व Stability of Completely Filled and Half Filled Subshells
3 तत्वों का वर्गीकरण एवं गुणधर्मों में आवर्तिता CLASSIFICATION OF ELEMENTS AND PERIODICITY IN PROPERTIES
तत्वों का वर्गीकरण क्यों आवश्यक है why do we Need to Classify Elements
आवर्त सारणी की उत्पत्ति GENESIS OF PERIODIC CLASSIFICATION
आवर्त सारणी Periodic Table
आवर्त periods
वर्ग (आवर्त सारणी) groups
मेंडलीव का आवर्त नियम Mendeleev’s Periodic Law
आधुनिक आवर्त नियम Modern Periodic Law
संक्रमण श्रृंखला transition series
इलेक्ट्रॉनिक विन्यास electronic configuration
ऐक्टिनाइड श्रृंखला actinoid series
आंतरिक संक्रमण श्रृंखला (लैंथेनॉयड श्रृंखला) inner transition series ( lanthanoid series)
तत्वों के इलेक्ट्रॉनिक विन्यास तथा आवर्त सारणी NOMENCLATURE OF ELEMENTS WITH ATOMIC NUMBERS > 100
s ब्लॉक के तत्व The s-Block Elements
p ब्लॉक के तत्व p-Block Elements
d ब्लॉक के तत्व (संक्रमण तत्त्व) d-Block Elements
f ब्लॉक के तत्व f-Block Elements
उत्कृष्ट गैस noble gases
ट्रांसयूरेनियम तत्व Transuranium Elements
धातु, अधातु और उपधातु Metals and Non-Metals
उपधातु या अर्द्ध धातु Metalloids or Semi-metals
सहसंयोजक त्रिज्या Covalent Radius
धात्विक त्रिज्या Metallic Radius
आयनी त्रिज्या Ionic Radius
धनायन cation
ऋणायन anion
समइलेक्ट्रॉनिक तत्व isoelectronic species
आयनन एंथैल्पी Ionization Enthalpy
परिरक्षण प्रभाव shielding
इलेक्ट्रॉन लब्धि एन्थैल्पी Electron Gain Enthalpy (∆egH
विकर्ण सम्बन्ध diagonal relationship
संयोजी कक्षा valence shell
आयनन एंथैल्पी ionization enthalpies
तत्वों के गुणधर्मों में आवर्तिता Periodicity in the properties of elements
वैद्युतीयऋणात्मकता electronegativity
रासायनिक गुणधर्मों में आवर्त प्रवृत्ति Periodic Trend in Chemical Properties
संयोजकता में आवर्तिता या ऑक्सीकरण अवस्था Periodicity of Valence or Oxidation States
रासायनिक अभिक्रियाशीलता तथा आवर्तिता Chemical Reactivity and Periodicity
4 रासायनिक आबंधन तथा आण्विक संरचना CHEMICAL BONDING AND MOLECULAR STRUCTURE
कॉसेल लूइस अवधारणा KÖSSEL-LEWIS APPROACH
कर्नेल Kernel
अष्टक नियम Octet Rule
आबंध bond
लुईस संरचना Lewis Structure
इलेक्ट्रॉनिक सिद्धांत electronic theory
सहसंयोजक बंध covalent bond
फॉर्मल आवेश Formal Charge
आयनिक या वैद्युत संयोजी बंधन Ionic or Electrovalent Bond
जालक एन्थैल्पी Lattice Enthalpy
वान डर वाल्स त्रिज्या van der Waals radius
आबंध प्राचल Polarity of Bonds
द्विध्रुव आघूर्ण dipole moment
आबंध लम्बाई Bond Length
आबंध कोण Bond Angle
आबंध एन्थैल्पी Bond Enthalpy
आबंध कोटि Bond Order
अनुनाद संरचनाएँ Resonance Structures
संयोजकता कोश इलेक्ट्रॉन युग्म प्रतिकर्षण सिद्धांत The Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion VSEPR) Theory
संयोजकता बंध सिद्धांत Valence bond theory
कक्षक अतिव्यापन अवधारणा Orbital Overlap Concept
परमाणु कक्षकों का अतिव्यापन Overlapping of Atomic Orbitals
सिग्मा बंध तथा पाई बंध Sigma and pie bond
संकरण Hybridisation
sp3, sp2, sp संकरण के उदाहरण sp3, sp2 and sp Hybridisation
d कक्षकों वाले तत्वों में संकरण Hybridisation in the elements of d Orbital
आणविक कक्षक सिद्धांत Molecular orbital (MO) theory
बंधन आणविक कक्षक और प्रतिबंध आणविक कक्षक bonding molecular orbital and anti bonding molecular orbital
हाइड्रोजन आबंधन hydrogen bond
5 द्रव्य की अवस्थाएँ States of Matter
अंतरा-आणविक बल Intermolecular forces
प्रकीर्णन बल अथवा लंडन बल dispersion force or London force
द्विध्रुव-द्विध्रुव बल Dipole-dipole forces
द्विध्रुव प्रेरित द्विध्रुव बल Dipole–Induced Dipole Forces
गैसीय अवस्था Gaseous State
बॉयल का नियम Boyle’s law
चार्ल्स का नियम Charles’ Law
पूर्ण तापमान स्केल Absolute temperature scale
गै -लुसैक नियम Gay Lussac’s Law
आवोगाद्रो नियम Avogadro Law
समआयतनिक Isochore
आदर्श गैस समीकरण ideal gas equation
गैसीय पदार्थ का घनत्व एवं मोलर द्रव्यमान Density and Molar Mass of a Gaseous Substance
डाल्टन का आंशिक दाब नियम Dalton’s Law of Partial Pressures
गतिज ऊर्जा एवं अणुक गति Kinetic energy and molecular Speed
गैसों का अणुगतिक सिद्धांत Kinetic Molecular Theory gases
आदर्श व्यवहार से विचलन deviation from ideal gas
गैसों का द्रवीकरण Liquefication of gases
क्रांतिक ताप critical temperature (TC)
क्रांतिक दाब critical pressure (pC)
क्रांतिक आयतन critical volume (VC)
द्रव अवस्था liquid state
वाष्प दाब Vapour Pressure
पृष्ठ तनाव Surface Tension
श्यानता Viscosity
6 उष्मागतिकी Thermodynamics
ऊष्मागतिकी के तकनीकी शब्द Thermodynamic Terms
निकाय एवं परिवेश The System and the Surroundings
निकाय के प्रकार Types of the System
निकाय की अवस्था The State of the System
कार्य Work
एन्थैल्पी Enthalpy
व्यापक गुण extensive property
मूल गुण intensive properties
ऊष्मा धारिता Heat Capacity
एक आदर्श गैस के लिए Cp एवं Cv में सम्बन्ध The Relationship between Cp and CV for an Ideal Gas
Δ U एवं ΔH का मापन: कैलोरीमिति MEASUREMENT OF ∆U AND ∆H: CALORIMETRY
Δ U का मापन ∆U Measurements
ΔH का मापन ∆H Measurements
अभिक्रिया की मानक एन्थैल्पी Standard Enthalpy of Reactions
प्रावस्था रूपांतरण में एन्थैल्पी-परिवर्तन Enthalpy Changes during Phase Transformations
मानक विरचन एन्थैल्पी ∆Hf Standard Enthalpy of Formation
ऊष्मा रासायनिक समीकरण Thermochemical Equations
हेस का नियम Hess’s Law
मानक दहन एन्थैल्पी ∆Hc Standard Enthalpy of Combustion (symbol : ∆c H)
कणन एन्थैल्पी Enthalpy of Atomization
आबंध एन्थैल्पी Bond Enthalpy
जालक एन्थैल्पी Lattice Enthalpy
एन्ट्रापी entropy
बॉर्न-हैबर साइकिल Born-Haber Cycle
स्वतः प्रवर्तिता SPONTANEITY
गिब्स ऊर्जा एवं स्वतः प्रवर्तिता Gibbs Energy and Spontaneity
एन्ट्रापी और ऊष्मागतिकी का दूसरा नियम Entropy and Second Law of Thermodynamics
निरपेक्ष एन्ट्रापी और ऊष्मागतिकी का तीसरा नियम Absolute Entropy and Third Law of Thermodynamics
गिब्स ऊर्जा परिवर्तन एवं साम्यावस्था GIBBS ENERGY CHANGE AND EQUILIBRIUM
7 साम्यावस्था EQUILIBRIUM
भौतिक प्रक्रमों में साम्यावस्था EQUILIBRIUM IN PHYSICAL PROCESSES
भौतिक साम्यावस्था Physical Equilibrium
रासायनिक साम्यावस्था का नियम तथा साम्यावस्था स्थिरांक LAW OF CHEMICAL EQUILIBRIUM AND EQUILIBRIUM CONSTANT
समांग साम्यावस्था Homogeneous Equilibria
गैसीय निकाय में साम्यावस्था स्थिरांक (Kp) Equilibrium Constant in Gaseous Systems
विषमांग साम्यावस्था heterogeneous equilibria
साम्यावस्था स्थिरांक K, अभिक्रिया भागफल Q तथा गिब्स ऊर्जा G में सम्बन्ध RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN EQUILIBRIUM CONSTANT K, REACTION QUOTIENT Q AND GIBBS ENERGY G
साम्य equilibria
विलयन में आयनिक साम्यावस्था IONIC EQUILIBRIUM IN SOLUTION
अम्ल क्षार की आरहेनियस धारणा Arrhenius Concept of Acids and Bases
ब्रॉन्स्टेड लोरी अम्ल एवं क्षार The Brönsted-Lowry Acids and Bases
लूइस अम्ल एवं क्षारक Lewis Acids and Bases
अम्ल एवं क्षारकों का आयनन IONIZATION OF ACIDS AND BASES
जल का आयनन स्थिरांक एवं इसका आयनिक गुणनफल The Ionization Constant of Water and its Ionic Product
संयुग्मी क्षार conjugate bases
दुर्बल अम्ल Strong acid and weak acid
दुर्बल क्षार Strong base and weak base
Ka तथा Kb में सम्बन्ध Relation between Ka and Kb
समआयन प्रभाव common ion effect
लवणों का जल अपघटन Hydrolysis of Salts
बफर विलयन BUFFER SOLUTIONS
अम्लीय बफर Acidic Buffer
हेंडरसन-हासेलबल्च समीकरण Henderson–Hasselbalch equation.
क्षारीय बफर Basic Buffer
अल्पविलेय लवणों की विलेयता साम्यावस्था SOLUBILITY EQUILIBRIA OF SPARINGLY SOLUBLE SALTS
विलेयता गुणनफल Solubility Product
आयनिक लवणों की विलेयता पर सम आयन प्रभाव Common Ion Effect on Solubility of Ionic Salts
8 अपचयोपचय अभिक्रियाएँ Redox Reactions
अपचयोपचय अभिक्रियाएँ Redox Reactions
इलेक्ट्रॉन स्थानांतरण अभिक्रियाओं के रूप में अपचयोपचय अभिक्रियाएँ REDOX REACTIONS IN TERMS OF ELECTRON TRANSFER REACTIONS
प्रतियोगी इलेक्ट्रॉन स्थानांतरण अभिक्रियाएँ Competitive Electron Transfer Reactions
योग अभिक्रियाएँ combination reaction
अपघटन अभिक्रियाएँ Decomposition reactions
विस्थापन अभिक्रियाएँ Displacement reactions
असमानुपातन अभिक्रियाएँ Disproportionation reactions
अपचयोपचय अभिक्रियाओं का संतुलन Balancing of Redox Reactions
ऑक्सीकरण-संख्या विधि Oxidation Number Method
ऑक्सीकरण Oxidation
अपचयन Reduction
अपचायक Reducing agent
ऑक्सीकारक Oxidising agent :
अर्द्ध अभिक्रिया विधि Half Cell Reaction
ऑक्सीकरण-संख्या oxidation no.
रेडॉक्स जोड़ी redox couple
अपचयन अभिक्रियाएँ तथा इलेक्ट्रोड प्रक्रम Reduction Reactions and Electrode Process
9 हाइड्रोजन Hydrogen
आवर्त सारणी में हाइड्रोजन का स्थान POSITION OF HYDROGEN IN THE PERIODIC TABLE
डाइहाइड्रोजन Dihydrogen
सिंथेसिस गैस synthesis gas
हाइड्राइड hydrides
आयनिक या लवणीय हाइड्राइड Ionic or Saline Hydrides
सहसंयोजक या आण्विक हाइड्राइड Covalent or Molecular Hydride
धात्विक या अरसमीकरणमितीय हाइड्राइड Metallic or Non-stoichiometric (or Interstitial ) Hydrides
जल Water
बर्फ की संरचना Structure of Ice
जल की अपचयोपचय अभिक्रिया Redox Reaction opf Water
जल अपघटन अभिक्रिया Hydrolysis Reaction
हाइड्रेट विरचन Hydrate Formation
कठोर एवं मृदु जल Hard and Soft Water
अस्थायी कठोरता Temporary hardness
स्थायी कठोरता Permanent Hardness
हाइड्रोजन पेरॉक्साइड Hydrogen peroxide
भारी जल Heavy water
डाई हाइड्रोजन ईंधन के रूप में dihydrogen as a fuel
10 s-ब्लॉक तत्व s-block elements
क्षार -धातुएँ Alkali Metals
परमाणु तथा आयनी त्रिज्या Atomic Radius
आयनीकरण एन्थैल्पी Ionization Enthalpy
जलयोजन एन्थैल्पी Water Enthalpy
लिथियम का असंगत व्यवहार The anomalous behaviour of lithium
सोडियम क्लोराइड Sodium Chloride
सोडियम हाइड्रोक्साइड (कास्टिक सोडा) Sodium Hydroxide (Caustic Soda)
सोडियम हाइड्रोजन कार्बोनेट(बेकिंग सोडा) Sodium hydrogencarbonate (baking soda)
सोडियम एवं पोटैशियम की जैव उपयोगिता BIOLOGICAL IMPORTANCE OF SODIUM AND POTASSIUM
क्षारीय मृदा धातुएँ ALKALINE EARTH METALS
बेरिलियम का असंगत व्यवहार Anomalous Behavior of Beryllium
बेरिलियम एवं एलुमिनियम में विकर्ण सम्बन्ध Diagonal Relationship between Beryllium and Aluminium
कैल्शियम ऑक्साइड या बिना बुझा चूना, CaO Calcium Oxide or Quick Lime, CaO
कैल्शियम हाइड्रॉक्साइड या बुझा चूना, Ca(OH)2 Calcium Hydroxide (Slaked lime), Ca(OH)2
कैल्शियम कार्बोनेट Calcium Carbonate, CaCO3
कैल्शियम सल्फेट (प्लास्टर ऑफ़ पेरिस) Calcium Sulphate (Plaster of Paris)
सीमेंट Cement
मैग्नीशियम और कैल्शियम की जैव महत्ता BIOLOGICAL IMPORTANCE OF MAGNESIUM AND CALCIUM
11 p ब्लॉक तत्व p Block Element
समूह १३ के तत्व:बोरॉन परिवार Boron Family: group 13
बोरोन की प्रवृत्ति तथा असंगत व्यवहार Anamalous Behaviour of Boron
बोरेक्स Borax
आर्थोबोरिक अम्ल Orthoboric acid
डाइबोरेन Diborane
कार्बन परिवार के भौतिक गुण Physical Properties of Carbon Family
कार्बन परिवार के रासायनिक गुण Chemical Properties of Carbon Family
कार्बन की महत्वपूर्ण प्रवृत्तियां एवं असामान्य व्यवहार Anamalous Behaviour of carbon
कार्बन के अपरूप Allotropes of Carbon
हीरा Diamond
ग्रेफाइट Graphite
फुलरीन Fullerenes
कार्बन के उपयोग Uses of Carbon
कार्बन मोनोऑक्साइड Carbon Monoxide
कार्बन डाइऑक्साइड Carbon Dioxide
सिलिकॉन डाइऑक्साइड Silicon Dioxide
सिलिकॉन Silicones
सिलिकेट Silicates
जिओलाइट Zeolites
12 कार्बनिक रसायन: कुछ आधारभूत सिद्धांत तथा तकनीकें ORGANIC CHEMISTRY – SOME BASIC PRINCIPLES AND TECHNIQUES
कार्बन की चतुर्संयोजकता: कार्बनिक यौगिकों की आकृतियां TETRAVALENCE OF CARBON: SHAPES OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
पाई आबंधों के कुछ अभिलक्षण Some Characteristic Features of π Bonds
कार्बनिक यौगिकों का संरचनात्मक निरूपण STRUCTURAL REPRESENTATIONS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
पूर्ण संधनित तथा आबंध रेखा संरचनात्मक निरूपण
कार्बनिक यौगिकों का त्रिविमी सूत्र
कार्बनिक यौगिकों का वर्गीकरण
अचक्रीय अथवा विवृत श्रंखला यौगिक aliphatic compounds
क्रियात्मक समूह Functional Group
एल्कने का आईयूपीएसी नामकरण IUPAC Nomenclature of Alkanes
आयनिक या हेटरोपोलर ionic or heteropolar
कार्बनिक अणुओं का त्रि-आयामी निरूपण Three-Dimensional Representation of Organic Molecules
चक्रीय अथवा बंद श्रृंखला यौगिक Cyclic Compounds and closed chain compounds
एलिसाइक्लिक यौगिक Alicyclic Compounds
एरोमेटिक योगिक Aromatic Compounds
कार्बनिक यौगिकों की नामपद्धति Nomenclature Of Organic Compounds
समावयवता Isomerism
संरचनात्मक समावयवता Structural Isomerism
त्रिविम समावयवता Stereoisomerism
कार्बनिक अभिक्रियाओं की क्रियाविधि में मूलभूत संकल्पनाएँ Basic concepts in the mechanism of organic reactions
होमोलिटिक विदलन homolytic cleavage
हेटरोलाइटिक विदलन heterolytic cleavage
क्रियाधार एवं अभिकर्मक Substrate and Reagent
कार्बनिक अभिक्रियाओं में इलेक्ट्रॉन संचलन electrophile
सहसंयोजक बंधों में इलेक्ट्रॉन विस्थापन प्रभाव Nucleophiles
इलेक्ट्रोमेरिक प्रभाव (ई प्रभाव) Electromeric Effect (E effect)
प्रेरणिक प्रभाव Inductive effect
अनुनाद-संरचना Resonating Structure
अतिसंयुग्मन Hyperconjugation
कार्बोनिक अभिक्रियाएं और उनकी क्रियाविधि Carbonic Reactions and their Mechanism
विलोपन अभिक्रियाएँ Elimination Reactions
पुनर्विन्यास अभिक्रिया Rearrangement Reaction
क्रिस्टलन Crystallisation
ऊध्र्वपातक Sublimation
विभेदक निष्कर्षण Differential Extraction
अधिशोषण-वर्णलेखन Adsorption Chromatography
कॉलम-वर्णलेखन Column Chromatography
पतली परत वर्णलेखन Thin Layer Chromatography
वितरण क्रोमैटोग्राफी Partition Chromatography
कार्बनिक यौगिकों का गुणात्मक विश्लेषण Qualitative Analysis of Organic Compounds
कार्बन तथा हाइड्रोजन की पहचान Detection of Carbon and Hydrogen
लैसेग्ने परीक्षण Lassaigne’s test
नाइट्रोजन का परीक्षण Test for Nitrogen
जेल्डाल विधि Kjeldahl’s method
ड्यूमा विधि Dumas method
सल्फर का परीक्षण Test for Sulphur
हैलोजनों का परीक्षण Test for Halogens
फास्फोरस का परीक्षण Test for Phosphorus
मात्रात्मक विश्लेषण Quantitative Analysis
13 हाइड्रोकार्बन Hydrocarbon
एल्केन Alkane
असंतृप्त हाइड्रोकार्बन Unsaturated Hydrocarbon
एल्केन के रासायनिक गुण Chemical Properties of Alkanes
नियंत्रित ऑक्सीकरण Controlled Oxidation
समावयवीकरण Isomerisation
ऐरोमैटीकरण Aromatisation
भाप के साथ अभिक्रिया Reaction with Steam
ताप अपघटन Thermal Decomposition
संरूपण Formatting
एल्कीन की संरचना Structure of Alkenes
मार्कोनीकॉफ नियम Markonikoff's law
प्रति मार्कोनीकॉफ नियम/खराश प्रभाव Kharash Effect
ओजोनीकरण Ozonolysis
एल्काइन Alkynes
एल्काइन के भौतिक गुण Physicsal Character of Alkynes
एल्काइन का अम्लीय गुण Acidic Character of Alkynes
योगज अभिक्रिया Addition Reaction
एरोमेटिक हाइड्रोकार्बन Aromatic Hydrocarbon
अनुनाद एवं बेंजीन का स्थायित्व Resonance and Stability of Benzene
एरोमेटिकता Aromaticity
बेंजीन का विरचन Preparation of Benzene
इलेक्ट्रॉनरागी प्रतिस्थापन अभिक्रियाएँ Electrophile Substitution Reactions
फ्रीडल-क्राफ्ट ऐल्किलीकरण Friedel-Crafts alkylation
एकल प्रतिस्थापित बेन्जीन में क्रियात्मक समूह का निर्देशात्मक प्रभाव Directional effect of functional group in singly substituted benzene
कैंसरजन्य गुण तथा विषाक्तता carcinogenicity and toxicity
14 पर्यावरण प्रदूषण Environmental Chemistry
वायुमंडलीय प्रदूषण Atmospheric Pollution
क्षोभमंडलीय प्रदूषण Tropospheric Pollution
गैसीय वायु प्रदूषक Gaseous air pollutants
कणिकीय प्रदूषक Particulate Pollutants
अम्ल वर्षा Acid rain
धूम-कोहरा Smog
समतापमंडलीय प्रदूषण Stratospheric Pollution
जल प्रदूषण Water Pollution
मृदा प्रदूषण SOIL POLLUTION
पीड़कनाशी Pesticides
औद्योगिक अपशिष्ट INDUSTRIAL WASTE
यूट्रोफिकेशन Eutrophication
जैव रासायनिक ऑक्सीजन की मांग Biochemical Oxygen Demand
हरित रसायन photochemical smog
ताज ट्रेपेज़ियम ‘Taj Trapezium
ग्लोबल वार्मिंग और ग्रीनहाउस प्रभाव Global Warming and Greenhouse Effect
शाकनाशी herbicides
दैनिक जीवन में हरित रसायन Green Chemistry in day-to-day Life
हरित रसायन Green chemistry
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