Taxonomy for Biology Articles-12th Class: Difference between revisions
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|'''अध्याय''' | |'''अध्याय''' | ||
|'''विषय''' | |'''विषय''' | ||
|'''Unit''' | |'''Unit''' | ||
|'''Chapter''' | |'''Chapter''' | ||
|'''Topic''' | |'''Topic''' | ||
|'''Article Creator Name''' | |||
|'''[https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1W0E_JcTAuGojSdK8vcLmC9v91rRN0oWZOtUxlijjZBc/edit#gid=629091502 Review by IIT Kanpur]''' | |||
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|'''इकाई - 6''' | |'''इकाई - 6''' | ||
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|'''Unit - 6''' | |||
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Line 21: | Line 23: | ||
|'''जनन''' | |'''जनन''' | ||
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|'''Reproduction''' | |||
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Line 31: | Line 34: | ||
|'''जीवों में जनन''' | |'''जीवों में जनन''' | ||
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| | |||
|'''Reproduction in Organisms''' | |||
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Line 41: | Line 45: | ||
|[[जीवों में जनन]] | |[[जीवों में जनन]] | ||
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|Reproduction in Organisms | |||
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|- | |- | ||
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Line 51: | Line 56: | ||
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|Sexual reproduction | |||
|Deeksha Dwivedi | |||
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|- | |- | ||
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Line 60: | Line 66: | ||
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|Asexual reproduction | |||
|Deeksha Dwivedi | |||
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|- | |- | ||
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Line 68: | Line 75: | ||
|[[क्लोन]] | |[[क्लोन]] | ||
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|Clone | |||
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|- | |- | ||
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Line 78: | Line 86: | ||
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|Cell division | |||
|Deeksha Dwivedi | |||
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|- | |- | ||
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Line 86: | Line 95: | ||
|[[पुटीभवन]] | |[[पुटीभवन]] | ||
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|Encystation | |||
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|- | |- | ||
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Line 95: | Line 105: | ||
|[[बीजाणुजनन]] | |[[बीजाणुजनन]] | ||
| | | | ||
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|Sporulation | |||
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|- | |- | ||
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Line 104: | Line 115: | ||
|[[कायिक प्रवर्धन.|कायिक प्रवर्धन]] | |[[कायिक प्रवर्धन.|कायिक प्रवर्धन]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Vegetative propagation | |||
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|- | |- | ||
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Line 113: | Line 125: | ||
|[[पुनरुद्भवन]] | |[[पुनरुद्भवन]] | ||
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|Fragmentation | |||
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|- | |- | ||
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Line 122: | Line 135: | ||
|[[किशोर प्रावस्था]] | |[[किशोर प्रावस्था]] | ||
| | | | ||
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|Juvenile phase | |||
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|- | |- | ||
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Line 130: | Line 144: | ||
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|[[कायिक प्रावस्था]] | |[[कायिक प्रावस्था]] | ||
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|Vegetative phase | |Vegetative phase | ||
|- | | | ||
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|- | |||
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Line 140: | Line 155: | ||
|[[मद चक्र]] | |[[मद चक्र]] | ||
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|Oestrus cycle | |||
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|- | |- | ||
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Line 150: | Line 166: | ||
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|Menstrual cycle. | |||
|Deeksha Dwivedi | |||
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|- | |- | ||
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Line 158: | Line 175: | ||
|[[पूर्व निषेचन]] | |[[पूर्व निषेचन]] | ||
| | | | ||
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|Pre-fertilisation | |||
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|- | |- | ||
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Line 168: | Line 186: | ||
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|Fertilization | |||
|Kiran Mishra | |||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
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Line 176: | Line 195: | ||
|[[पश्च निषेचन]] | |[[पश्च निषेचन]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Post fertilization | |||
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|- | |- | ||
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Line 185: | Line 205: | ||
|[[युग्मकजनन.|युग्मकजनन]] | |[[युग्मकजनन.|युग्मकजनन]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Gametogenesis | |||
| | | | ||
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|- | |- | ||
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Line 194: | Line 215: | ||
|[[संयुग्मकी]] | |[[संयुग्मकी]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Homogametes (isogametes) | |||
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|- | |- | ||
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Line 203: | Line 225: | ||
|[[विषमयुग्मक]] | |[[विषमयुग्मक]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Heterogametes | |||
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|- | |- | ||
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Line 212: | Line 235: | ||
|[[पुमणु या शुक्राणु]] | |[[पुमणु या शुक्राणु]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Antherozoid or sperm | |||
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|- | |- | ||
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Line 221: | Line 245: | ||
|[[अंडा या डिंब]] | |[[अंडा या डिंब]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Egg or ovum | |||
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|- | |- | ||
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Line 230: | Line 255: | ||
|[[समथैलसी]] | |[[समथैलसी]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Homothallic | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
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Line 239: | Line 265: | ||
|[[विषमथैलसी]] | |[[विषमथैलसी]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Heterothallic | |||
| | | | ||
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|- | |- | ||
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Line 248: | Line 275: | ||
|[[युग्मक निर्माण के दौरान कोशिका विभाजन]] | |[[युग्मक निर्माण के दौरान कोशिका विभाजन]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Cell division during gamete formation | |||
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|- | |- | ||
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Line 256: | Line 284: | ||
| | | | ||
|[[युग्मक स्थानांतरण]] | |[[युग्मक स्थानांतरण]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|Gamete Transfer | |Gamete Transfer | ||
|- | | | ||
| | |||
|- | |||
| | | | ||
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Line 266: | Line 295: | ||
|[[परागण.|परागण]] | |[[परागण.|परागण]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Pollination | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
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Line 275: | Line 305: | ||
|[[निषेचन.|निषेचन]] | |[[निषेचन.|निषेचन]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Fertilisation | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
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Line 284: | Line 315: | ||
|[[अनिषेक जनन]] | |[[अनिषेक जनन]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Parthenogenesis | |||
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| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
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Line 293: | Line 325: | ||
|[[युग्मनज,|युग्मनज]] | |[[युग्मनज,|युग्मनज]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Zygote | |||
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|- | |- | ||
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Line 302: | Line 335: | ||
|[[अंडाप्रजक]] | |[[अंडाप्रजक]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Embryogenesis | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 311: | Line 345: | ||
|[[सजीव प्रजक]] | |[[सजीव प्रजक]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Oviparous | |||
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|- | |- | ||
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Line 320: | Line 355: | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Viviparous | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
|'''2''' | |'''2''' | ||
Line 328: | Line 364: | ||
|'''[[पुष्पी पादपों में लैंगिक जनन]]''' | |'''[[पुष्पी पादपों में लैंगिक जनन]]''' | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|'''Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants''' | |'''Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants''' | ||
| | |||
|Deeksha Dwivedi | |||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
Line 337: | Line 374: | ||
| | | | ||
|[[पुंकेसर]] | |[[पुंकेसर]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|Stamen | |Stamen | ||
|Deeksha Dwivedi | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 346: | Line 384: | ||
| | | | ||
|[[डंठल]] | |[[डंठल]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|Filament | |Filament | ||
|Deeksha Dwivedi | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 355: | Line 394: | ||
| | | | ||
|[[परागकोश]] | |[[परागकोश]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|Anther | |Anther | ||
|Deeksha Dwivedi | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 366: | Line 406: | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|Microsporangia | |||
|Deeksha Dwivedi | |||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 374: | Line 415: | ||
|[[परागपुटी]] | |[[परागपुटी]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Pollen sacs | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 383: | Line 425: | ||
|[[टेपीटम]] | |[[टेपीटम]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Tapetum | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 392: | Line 435: | ||
|[[बीजाणुजन ऊतक]] | |[[बीजाणुजन ऊतक]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Sporogenous tissue | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
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Line 402: | Line 446: | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|Microsporogenesis | |||
|Deeksha Dwivedi | |||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 411: | Line 456: | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|Microspore tetrad | |||
|Deeksha Dwivedi | |||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 419: | Line 465: | ||
|[[कायिक कोशिका]] | |[[कायिक कोशिका]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Vegetative cell | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 428: | Line 475: | ||
|[[जनन कोशिकाएं]] | |[[जनन कोशिकाएं]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Generative cell | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 437: | Line 485: | ||
|[[पार्थेनियम]] | |[[पार्थेनियम]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Parthenium | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 446: | Line 495: | ||
|[[एकअण्डपी]] | |[[एकअण्डपी]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Monocarpellary | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 455: | Line 505: | ||
|[[बहुअंडपी]] | |[[बहुअंडपी]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Multicarpellary | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 464: | Line 515: | ||
|[[युक्ताण्डपी]] | |[[युक्ताण्डपी]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Syncarpous | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 473: | Line 525: | ||
|[[वियुक्तांडपी .|वियुक्तांडपी]] | |[[वियुक्तांडपी .|वियुक्तांडपी]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Apocarpous | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 482: | Line 535: | ||
|[[वर्तिकाग्र]] | |[[वर्तिकाग्र]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Stigma | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 491: | Line 545: | ||
|[[वर्तिका]] | |[[वर्तिका]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Style | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 500: | Line 555: | ||
|[[अंडाशय.|अंडाशय]] | |[[अंडाशय.|अंडाशय]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Ovary | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 508: | Line 564: | ||
| | | | ||
|[[बीजांड]] | |[[बीजांड]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|Placenta | |Placenta | ||
|- | | | ||
| | |||
|- | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
Line 519: | Line 576: | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|Megasporangia | |||
|Deeksha Dwivedi | |||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 528: | Line 586: | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|Female gametophyte | |||
|Deeksha Dwivedi | |||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 537: | Line 596: | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|Pollination | |||
|Deeksha Dwivedi | |||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 546: | Line 606: | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|Autogamy | |||
|Deeksha Dwivedi | |||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 555: | Line 616: | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|Geitonogamy | |||
|Deeksha Dwivedi | |||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 564: | Line 626: | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|Xenogamy | |||
|Deeksha Dwivedi | |||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 572: | Line 635: | ||
|[[कृत्रिम संकरीकरण]] | |[[कृत्रिम संकरीकरण]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Artificial hybridisation | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 581: | Line 645: | ||
|[[विपुंसन]] | |[[विपुंसन]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Emasculation. | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 590: | Line 655: | ||
|[[बैगिंग]] | |[[बैगिंग]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Bagging | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 599: | Line 665: | ||
|[[युग्मनज,|युग्मनज]] | |[[युग्मनज,|युग्मनज]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|zygote | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 608: | Line 675: | ||
|[[त्रिसंलयन]] | |[[त्रिसंलयन]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Triple fusion | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 617: | Line 685: | ||
|[[प्राथमिक भ्रूणपोष कोशिका (पीईसी)]] | |[[प्राथमिक भ्रूणपोष कोशिका (पीईसी)]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Primary endosperm cell (PEC) | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 626: | Line 695: | ||
|[[भ्रूणपोष]] | |[[भ्रूणपोष]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Endosperm | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 635: | Line 705: | ||
|[[भ्रूण]] | |[[भ्रूण]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Embryo | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 644: | Line 715: | ||
|[[भ्रूणोद्भव]] | |[[भ्रूणोद्भव]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Embryogeny | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 653: | Line 725: | ||
|[[स्कुटेलम]] | |[[स्कुटेलम]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Scutellum | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 662: | Line 735: | ||
|[[कोलोराइजा]] | |[[कोलोराइजा]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Coleorrhiza | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 671: | Line 745: | ||
|[[प्रांकुर]] | |[[प्रांकुर]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Coleoptile | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 680: | Line 755: | ||
|[[गैर-एल्बुमिनस]] | |[[गैर-एल्बुमिनस]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Non-albuminous | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 689: | Line 765: | ||
|[[परिभ्रूणपोष]] | |[[परिभ्रूणपोष]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Perisperm | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 699: | Line 776: | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|Dormancy | |||
|Ekatah sharma | |||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 708: | Line 786: | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|False fruits | |||
|Ekatah | |||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 716: | Line 795: | ||
|[[वास्तविक फल]] | |[[वास्तविक फल]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|True fruit | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 726: | Line 806: | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|Parthenocarpic fruits | |||
|Ekatah | |||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 734: | Line 815: | ||
|[[असंगजनन]] | |[[असंगजनन]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Apomixis. | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 743: | Line 825: | ||
|[[बहुभ्रूणता]] | |[[बहुभ्रूणता]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Polyembryony | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
|'''3''' | |'''3''' | ||
Line 751: | Line 834: | ||
|'''[[मानव जनन]]''' | |'''[[मानव जनन]]''' | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|'''Human reproduction''' | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
Line 762: | Line 846: | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|Testes | |||
|Deeksha Dwivedi | |||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 769: | Line 854: | ||
| | | | ||
|[[बाह्य जननेंद्रिय]] | |[[बाह्य जननेंद्रिय]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|External genitalia | |External genitalia | ||
|- | | | ||
| | |||
|- | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
Line 779: | Line 865: | ||
|[[वृषण कोष]] | |[[वृषण कोष]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Scrotum | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 788: | Line 875: | ||
|[[वृषण पालिका]] | |[[वृषण पालिका]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Testicular lobules | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 798: | Line 886: | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|Seminiferous tubules | |||
|Deeksha Dwivedi | |||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 806: | Line 895: | ||
|[[नर जर्म कोशिकाएँ]] | |[[नर जर्म कोशिकाएँ]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Male germ cells (spermatogonia) | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 815: | Line 905: | ||
|[[सर्टोली कोशिकाएं]] | |[[सर्टोली कोशिकाएं]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Sertoli cells | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 824: | Line 915: | ||
|[[यूरेथ्रल मीटस]] | |[[यूरेथ्रल मीटस]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Urethral meatus. | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 834: | Line 926: | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|Ovaries | |||
|Deeksha Dwivedi | |||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 842: | Line 935: | ||
|[[अंडवाहिनियां]] | |[[अंडवाहिनियां]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Oviducts | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 852: | Line 946: | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|Uterus | |||
|Deeksha Dwivedi | |||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 860: | Line 955: | ||
|[[गर्भाशय ग्रीवा.|गर्भाशय ग्रीवा]] | |[[गर्भाशय ग्रीवा.|गर्भाशय ग्रीवा]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Cervix | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 870: | Line 966: | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|Mammary glands | |||
|Deeksha Dwivedi | |||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 878: | Line 975: | ||
|[[इन्फंडिबुलम]] | |[[इन्फंडिबुलम]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Infundibulum | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 887: | Line 985: | ||
|[[फिम्ब्रिए]] | |[[फिम्ब्रिए]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Fimbriae | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 896: | Line 995: | ||
|[[भगशेफ]] | |[[भगशेफ]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Mammary lobes | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 905: | Line 1,005: | ||
|[[स्तन वाहिनी]] | |[[स्तन वाहिनी]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Mammary duct | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 914: | Line 1,015: | ||
|[[दुग्ध वाहिनी]] | |[[दुग्ध वाहिनी]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|lactiferous duct | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 923: | Line 1,025: | ||
|[[युग्मकजनन.|युग्मकजनन]] | |[[युग्मकजनन.|युग्मकजनन]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Gametogenesis | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 932: | Line 1,035: | ||
|[[शुक्र जनन]] | |[[शुक्र जनन]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Spermatogenesis | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 941: | Line 1,045: | ||
|[[वीर्यसेचन]] | |[[वीर्यसेचन]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Spermiation | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 950: | Line 1,055: | ||
|[[अण्डजनन]] | |[[अण्डजनन]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|oogenesis | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 959: | Line 1,065: | ||
|[[अण्डजननी]] | |[[अण्डजननी]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|oogonia | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 968: | Line 1,075: | ||
|[[एंट्रम]] | |[[एंट्रम]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Antrum | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 977: | Line 1,085: | ||
|[[ग्राफियन पुटिका]] | |[[ग्राफियन पुटिका]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Graafian follicle | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 986: | Line 1,095: | ||
|[[अंडावरण]] | |[[अंडावरण]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|zona pellucida | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 995: | Line 1,105: | ||
|[[अण्डोत्सर्ग]] | |[[अण्डोत्सर्ग]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|ovulation | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,004: | Line 1,115: | ||
|[[आर्तव चक्र]] | |[[आर्तव चक्र]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Menstrual cycle | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,013: | Line 1,125: | ||
|[[रजोदर्शन]] | |[[रजोदर्शन]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Menarche | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,021: | Line 1,134: | ||
| | | | ||
|[[पीत-पिण्ड]] | |[[पीत-पिण्ड]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|Corpus luteum | |Corpus luteum | ||
|- | | | ||
| | |||
|- | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,031: | Line 1,145: | ||
|[[रजोनिवृत्ति]] | |[[रजोनिवृत्ति]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Menopause | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,040: | Line 1,155: | ||
|[[निषेचन.|निषेचन]] | |[[निषेचन.|निषेचन]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Fertilisation | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,049: | Line 1,165: | ||
|[[विदलन]] | |[[विदलन]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Cleavage | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,058: | Line 1,175: | ||
|[[कोरक खंड]] | |[[कोरक खंड]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Blastomeres | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,067: | Line 1,185: | ||
|[[पोषकोरक]] | |[[पोषकोरक]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Trophoblast | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,076: | Line 1,195: | ||
|[[जरायु अंकुरक]] | |[[जरायु अंकुरक]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Implantation | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,085: | Line 1,205: | ||
|[[अपरा]] | |[[अपरा]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Placenta | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,094: | Line 1,215: | ||
|[[ह्यूमन कोरिओनिक गोनाडोट्रोपिन]] | |[[ह्यूमन कोरिओनिक गोनाडोट्रोपिन]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Human chorionic gonadotropin | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,103: | Line 1,225: | ||
|[[मानव अपरा लैक्टोजन]] | |[[मानव अपरा लैक्टोजन]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Human placental lactogen | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,112: | Line 1,235: | ||
|[[एस्ट्रोजेन]] | |[[एस्ट्रोजेन]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Estrogens | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,121: | Line 1,245: | ||
|[[प्रोजेस्टोजन,]] | |[[प्रोजेस्टोजन,]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Progestogens, | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,130: | Line 1,255: | ||
|[[रिलैक्सिन]] | |[[रिलैक्सिन]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Relaxin | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,139: | Line 1,265: | ||
|[[स्टेम कोशिकाएँ]] | |[[स्टेम कोशिकाएँ]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Stem cells | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,148: | Line 1,275: | ||
|[[प्रसव]] | |[[प्रसव]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Parturition | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,157: | Line 1,285: | ||
|[[भ्रूण उत्क्षेपन प्रतिवर्त]] | |[[भ्रूण उत्क्षेपन प्रतिवर्त]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Foetal ejection reflex. | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,166: | Line 1,295: | ||
|[[दुग्धस्रवण]] | |[[दुग्धस्रवण]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Lactation | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,175: | Line 1,305: | ||
|[[कोलोस्ट्रम]] | |[[कोलोस्ट्रम]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Colostrum | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
|'''4''' | |'''4''' | ||
Line 1,183: | Line 1,314: | ||
|'''[[जनन स्वास्थ्य]]''' | |'''[[जनन स्वास्थ्य]]''' | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|'''Reproductive health''' | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
Line 1,194: | Line 1,326: | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|Amniocentesis | |||
|Ekatah | |||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,202: | Line 1,335: | ||
|[[मातृ मृत्यु दर]] | |[[मातृ मृत्यु दर]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Maternal mortality rate (MMR) | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,211: | Line 1,345: | ||
|[[शिशु मृत्यु दर]] | |[[शिशु मृत्यु दर]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Infant mortality rate | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,220: | Line 1,355: | ||
|[[वाह्य स्खलन या अंतरित मैथुन]] | |[[वाह्य स्खलन या अंतरित मैथुन]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Withdrawal or coitus interruptus | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,229: | Line 1,365: | ||
|[[स्तनपान अमेनोरेरिया]] | |[[स्तनपान अमेनोरेरिया]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Lactational amenorrhea | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,238: | Line 1,375: | ||
|[[अन्तः गर्भाशयी युक्ति]] | |[[अन्तः गर्भाशयी युक्ति]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Intra Uterine Devices (IUDs0 | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,247: | Line 1,385: | ||
|[[बंध्यकरण]] | |[[बंध्यकरण]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Sterilisation, | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,256: | Line 1,395: | ||
|[[गर्भावस्था का चिकित्सीय सगर्भता समापन]] | |[[गर्भावस्था का चिकित्सीय सगर्भता समापन]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Medical termination of pregnancy | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,265: | Line 1,405: | ||
|[[यौन संचारित संक्रमण (STIS)]] | |[[यौन संचारित संक्रमण (STIS)]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs) | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,274: | Line 1,415: | ||
|[[बंध्यता]] | |[[बंध्यता]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Infertility | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,284: | Line 1,426: | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|Assisted reproductive technologies (ART) | |||
|Ekatah | |||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,293: | Line 1,436: | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|In vitro fertilisation | |||
|Ekatah | |||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,301: | Line 1,445: | ||
|[[भ्रूण स्थानांतरण]] | |[[भ्रूण स्थानांतरण]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Embryo transfer | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,311: | Line 1,456: | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|Test tube baby | |||
|Ekatah | |||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,320: | Line 1,466: | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|zygote intra fallopian transfer | |||
|Ekatah . S | |||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,328: | Line 1,475: | ||
|[[अंतः डिंबवाहिनी स्थानांतरण]] | |[[अंतः डिंबवाहिनी स्थानांतरण]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Intra uterine transfer | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,337: | Line 1,485: | ||
|[[इंट्रा यूटेराइन ट्रांसफर]] | |[[इंट्रा यूटेराइन ट्रांसफर]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|In-vivo fertilisation | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,346: | Line 1,495: | ||
|[[जीवे निषेचन]] | |[[जीवे निषेचन]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|in-vivo fertilisation | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,355: | Line 1,505: | ||
|[[फैलोपी नलिका में स्थानांतरित]] | |[[फैलोपी नलिका में स्थानांतरित]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Gamete intra fallopian transfer | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,364: | Line 1,515: | ||
|[[कोशिकीय शुक्राणु निक्षेपण]] | |[[कोशिकीय शुक्राणु निक्षेपण]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Intra cytoplasmic sperm injection | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,373: | Line 1,525: | ||
|[[कृत्रिम वीर्यसेचन]] | |[[कृत्रिम वीर्यसेचन]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Artificial insemination | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,381: | Line 1,534: | ||
| | | | ||
|[[गर्भाशय वीर्यसेचन]] | |[[गर्भाशय वीर्यसेचन]] | ||
|'''Unit - 7''' | |'''Unit - 7''' | ||
| | | | ||
|Intra-uterine insemination | |Intra-uterine insemination | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
|'''आनुवंशिकी और विकास''' | |'''आनुवंशिकी और विकास''' | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|'''Genetics and evolution''' | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,399: | Line 1,554: | ||
|'''[[वंशागति तथा विविधता के सिद्धांत]]''' | |'''[[वंशागति तथा विविधता के सिद्धांत]]''' | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|'''Principles of heredity and variation''' | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
Line 1,409: | Line 1,565: | ||
|[[आनुवंशिकी]] | |[[आनुवंशिकी]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Genetics | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,417: | Line 1,574: | ||
| | | | ||
|[[जीन]] | |[[जीन]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|Genes | |Genes | ||
|- | | | ||
| | |||
|- | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,427: | Line 1,585: | ||
|[[एलील्स]] | |[[एलील्स]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Alleles | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,436: | Line 1,595: | ||
|[[जीनोटाइप]] | |[[जीनोटाइप]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Genotype | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,445: | Line 1,605: | ||
|[[फीनोटाइप]] | |[[फीनोटाइप]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Phenotype | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,454: | Line 1,615: | ||
|[[प्रथम संतति पीढ़ी]] | |[[प्रथम संतति पीढ़ी]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Filial progeny | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,463: | Line 1,625: | ||
|[[प्रभावी कारक]] | |[[प्रभावी कारक]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Dominant factor | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,472: | Line 1,635: | ||
|[[अप्रभावी कारक]] | |[[अप्रभावी कारक]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Recessive Factor | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,481: | Line 1,645: | ||
|[[एक संकर क्रॉस]] | |[[एक संकर क्रॉस]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Monohybrid cross | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,490: | Line 1,655: | ||
|[[विषमयुग्मकी]] | |[[विषमयुग्मकी]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Heterozygous. | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,499: | Line 1,665: | ||
|[[पनेट वर्ग]] | |[[पनेट वर्ग]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Punnett Square | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,508: | Line 1,675: | ||
|[[परीक्षार्थ संकरण]] | |[[परीक्षार्थ संकरण]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Test cross | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,517: | Line 1,685: | ||
|[[वंशागति के नियम]] | |[[वंशागति के नियम]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Laws of Inheritance | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,526: | Line 1,695: | ||
|[[प्रभाविता का नियम]] | |[[प्रभाविता का नियम]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Law of Dominance | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,535: | Line 1,705: | ||
|[[विसंयोजन का नियम]] | |[[विसंयोजन का नियम]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Law of Segregation | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,544: | Line 1,715: | ||
|[[अपूर्ण प्रभाविता का नियम]] | |[[अपूर्ण प्रभाविता का नियम]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Incomplete Dominance | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,553: | Line 1,725: | ||
|[[सह प्रभाविता का नियम]] | |[[सह प्रभाविता का नियम]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Co-dominance | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,562: | Line 1,735: | ||
|[[बहु अलील]] | |[[बहु अलील]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Multiple alleles | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,571: | Line 1,745: | ||
|[[द्विसंकर क्रॉस]] | |[[द्विसंकर क्रॉस]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Dihybrid crosses | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,580: | Line 1,755: | ||
|[[गुणसूत्र.|गुणसूत्र]] | |[[गुणसूत्र.|गुणसूत्र]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Chromosomes | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,589: | Line 1,765: | ||
|[[वंशागति का गुणसूत्र सिद्धांत]] | |[[वंशागति का गुणसूत्र सिद्धांत]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Chromosomal theory of inheritance | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,598: | Line 1,775: | ||
|[[ड्रोसोफिला मेलानोगास्टर]] | |[[ड्रोसोफिला मेलानोगास्टर]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Drosophila melanogaster | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,607: | Line 1,785: | ||
|[[सहलग्नता और पुनर्योजन]] | |[[सहलग्नता और पुनर्योजन]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Linkage and Recombination | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,616: | Line 1,795: | ||
|[[बहुजीनी वंशागति]] | |[[बहुजीनी वंशागति]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Polygenic inheritance | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,625: | Line 1,805: | ||
|[[बहुप्रभाविता]] | |[[बहुप्रभाविता]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Pleiotropy | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,634: | Line 1,815: | ||
|[[लिंग निर्धारण]] | |[[लिंग निर्धारण]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Sex determination | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,643: | Line 1,825: | ||
|[[लिंग गुणसूत्र]] | |[[लिंग गुणसूत्र]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Sex chromosome | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,652: | Line 1,835: | ||
|[[ऑटोसोम]] | |[[ऑटोसोम]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Autosomes | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,661: | Line 1,845: | ||
|[[नर विषमयुग्मता]] | |[[नर विषमयुग्मता]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Male heterogamety | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,669: | Line 1,854: | ||
| | | | ||
|[[मादा विषमयुग्मता]] | |[[मादा विषमयुग्मता]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|Female heterogamety | |Female heterogamety | ||
|- | | | ||
| | |||
|- | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,679: | Line 1,865: | ||
|[[मधुमक्खी में लिंग निर्धारण]] | |[[मधुमक्खी में लिंग निर्धारण]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Sex Determination in Honey Bee | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,688: | Line 1,875: | ||
|[[उत्परिवर्तन]] | |[[उत्परिवर्तन]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Mutation | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,697: | Line 1,885: | ||
|[[वंशावली विश्लेषण]] | |[[वंशावली विश्लेषण]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Pedigree Analysis | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,706: | Line 1,895: | ||
|[[वर्णांधता]] | |[[वर्णांधता]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Colour Blidness | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,715: | Line 1,905: | ||
|[[हीमोफीलिया]] | |[[हीमोफीलिया]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Haemophilia | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,724: | Line 1,915: | ||
|[[सिकल सेल एनीमिया]] | |[[सिकल सेल एनीमिया]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Sickle-cell anaemia | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,733: | Line 1,925: | ||
|[[फीनाइल कीटोन्यूरिया]] | |[[फीनाइल कीटोन्यूरिया]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Phenylketonuria | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,742: | Line 1,935: | ||
|[[थैलेसीमिया]] | |[[थैलेसीमिया]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Thalassemia | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,751: | Line 1,945: | ||
|[[असुगुणिता]] | |[[असुगुणिता]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Aneuploidy | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,760: | Line 1,955: | ||
|[[बहुगुणिता]] | |[[बहुगुणिता]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Polyploidy | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,769: | Line 1,965: | ||
|[[डाउन सिंड्रोम]] | |[[डाउन सिंड्रोम]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Down’s Syndrome | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,778: | Line 1,975: | ||
|[[क्लाइनफेल्टर सिंड्रोम]] | |[[क्लाइनफेल्टर सिंड्रोम]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Klinefelter’s Syndrome | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,787: | Line 1,985: | ||
|[[टर्नर सिंड्रोम]] | |[[टर्नर सिंड्रोम]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Turner’s Syndrome | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
|'''6''' | |'''6''' | ||
| | | | ||
|'''[[वंशागति का आणविक आधार]]''' | |'''[[वंशागति का आणविक आधार]]''' | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|'''Molecular basis of Inheritance''' | |'''Molecular basis of Inheritance''' | ||
| | |||
| | |||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
Line 1,806: | Line 2,006: | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|DNA | |||
| | | | ||
| | |Ekatah | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,814: | Line 2,015: | ||
|[[पॉलीन्यूक्लियोटाइड श्रृंखला]] | |[[पॉलीन्यूक्लियोटाइड श्रृंखला]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Polynucleotide Chain | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,824: | Line 2,026: | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|Double Helix | |||
| | | | ||
| | |Ekatah | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,832: | Line 2,035: | ||
|[[डीएनए कुंडली का पैकेजिंग]] | |[[डीएनए कुंडली का पैकेजिंग]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Packaging of DNA Helix | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,841: | Line 2,045: | ||
|[[हिस्टोन]] | |[[हिस्टोन]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Histones | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,850: | Line 2,055: | ||
|[[न्यूक्लियोसोम]] | |[[न्यूक्लियोसोम]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Nucleosome | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,859: | Line 2,065: | ||
|[[क्रोमेटिन]] | |[[क्रोमेटिन]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Chromatin | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,868: | Line 2,075: | ||
|[[यूक्रोमैटिन]] | |[[यूक्रोमैटिन]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Euchromatin | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,877: | Line 2,085: | ||
|[[हेट्रोक्रोमैटिन]] | |[[हेट्रोक्रोमैटिन]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Heterochromatin | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,886: | Line 2,095: | ||
|[[रूपांतिरत सिद्धांत]] | |[[रूपांतिरत सिद्धांत]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Transforming Principle | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,895: | Line 2,105: | ||
|[[आनुवंशिक पदार्थ]] | |[[आनुवंशिक पदार्थ]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Genetic Material | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,904: | Line 2,115: | ||
|[[आरएनए]] | |[[आरएनए]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|RNA | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,913: | Line 2,125: | ||
|[[प्रतिकृति]] | |[[प्रतिकृति]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Replication | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,922: | Line 2,135: | ||
|[[डीएनए पॉलीमरेज]] | |[[डीएनए पॉलीमरेज]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|DNA polymerase | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,931: | Line 2,145: | ||
|[[ट्रांसक्रिप्शन]] | |[[ट्रांसक्रिप्शन]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Transcription | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,940: | Line 2,155: | ||
|[[कूटलेखन रज्जुक]] | |[[कूटलेखन रज्जुक]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Coding strand | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,949: | Line 2,165: | ||
|[[टेम्पलेट रज्जुक]] | |[[टेम्पलेट रज्जुक]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Template strand | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,958: | Line 2,175: | ||
|[[मोनोसिस्ट्रोनिक]] | |[[मोनोसिस्ट्रोनिक]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Monocistronic | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,967: | Line 2,185: | ||
|[[पॉलीसिस्ट्रॉनिक]] | |[[पॉलीसिस्ट्रॉनिक]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Polycistronic | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,976: | Line 2,195: | ||
|[[एक्सॉन]] | |[[एक्सॉन]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Exons | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,985: | Line 2,205: | ||
|[[इंट्रोन्स]] | |[[इंट्रोन्स]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Introns | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,994: | Line 2,215: | ||
|[[लैक ऑपेरॉन]] | |[[लैक ऑपेरॉन]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Lac operon | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,003: | Line 2,225: | ||
|[[मानव जीनोम परियोजना]] | |[[मानव जीनोम परियोजना]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Human Genome Project | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,012: | Line 2,235: | ||
|[[जैव सूचना विज्ञान]] | |[[जैव सूचना विज्ञान]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Bioinformatics | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,021: | Line 2,245: | ||
|[[व्यक्त अनुक्रम टैग (ईएसटी)]] | |[[व्यक्त अनुक्रम टैग (ईएसटी)]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Expressed Sequence Tags (ESTs) | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,030: | Line 2,255: | ||
|[[SNPs - एकल न्यूक्लियोटाइड बहुरूपता]] | |[[SNPs - एकल न्यूक्लियोटाइड बहुरूपता]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|SNPs – single nucleotide polymorphism | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,039: | Line 2,265: | ||
|[[डीएनए फिंगरप्रिंटिंग]] | |[[डीएनए फिंगरप्रिंटिंग]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|DNA fingerprinting | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,048: | Line 2,275: | ||
|[[बहुरूपता]] | |[[बहुरूपता]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Polymorphism | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
|'''7''' | |'''7''' | ||
| | | | ||
|'''[[विकास]]''' | |'''[[विकास]]''' | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|'''Evolution''' | |'''Evolution''' | ||
| | | | ||
|- | | | ||
| | |||
|- | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,066: | Line 2,295: | ||
|[[बिग बैंग सिद्धांत]] | |[[बिग बैंग सिद्धांत]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Big Bang theory | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,075: | Line 2,305: | ||
|[[मिलर का प्रयोग]] | |[[मिलर का प्रयोग]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Miller’s experiment | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,084: | Line 2,315: | ||
|[[अपसारी विकास]] | |[[अपसारी विकास]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Divergent evolution | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,093: | Line 2,325: | ||
|[[अभिसारी विकास]] | |[[अभिसारी विकास]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Convergent evolution | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,102: | Line 2,335: | ||
|[[जैव विकास]] | |[[जैव विकास]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Biological evolution | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,111: | Line 2,345: | ||
|[[प्राकृतिक वरण]] | |[[प्राकृतिक वरण]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Adaptive radiation | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,120: | Line 2,355: | ||
|[[प्राकृतिक चयन]] | |[[प्राकृतिक चयन]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Natural selection | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,129: | Line 2,365: | ||
|[[सालटेशन]] | |[[सालटेशन]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Saltation | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,138: | Line 2,375: | ||
|[[हार्डी-वेनबर्ग सिद्धांत]] | |[[हार्डी-वेनबर्ग सिद्धांत]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Hardy-Weinberg Principle | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,147: | Line 2,385: | ||
|[[निएंडरथल मानव]] | |[[निएंडरथल मानव]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Neanderthal man | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,156: | Line 2,395: | ||
|[[जावा मानव]] | |[[जावा मानव]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Java man | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,165: | Line 2,405: | ||
|[[ड्रायोपिथेकस और रामापिथेकस]] | |[[ड्रायोपिथेकस और रामापिथेकस]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Dryopithecus and Ramapithecus | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
|'''इकाई - 8''' | |'''इकाई - 8''' | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|'''Unit - 8''' | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,180: | Line 2,422: | ||
| | | | ||
|'''[[मानव कल्याण में जीव विज्ञान]]''' | |'''[[मानव कल्याण में जीव विज्ञान]]''' | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|'''Biology in human welfare''' | |'''Biology in human welfare''' | ||
| | |||
| | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,191: | Line 2,434: | ||
|'''[[मानव स्वास्थ्य तथा रोग]]''' | |'''[[मानव स्वास्थ्य तथा रोग]]''' | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|'''Human health and Disease''' | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
Line 2,201: | Line 2,445: | ||
|[[स्वास्थ्य]] | |[[स्वास्थ्य]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Health | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,210: | Line 2,455: | ||
|[[संक्रामक रोग]] | |[[संक्रामक रोग]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Infectious diseases | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,219: | Line 2,465: | ||
|[[असंक्रामक रोग]] | |[[असंक्रामक रोग]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Non-infectious diseases | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,228: | Line 2,475: | ||
|[[रोगजनक]] | |[[रोगजनक]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Pathogens | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,237: | Line 2,485: | ||
|[[टाइफाइड]] | |[[टाइफाइड]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Typhoid | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,246: | Line 2,495: | ||
|[[विडाल परीक्षण]] | |[[विडाल परीक्षण]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Widal test | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,255: | Line 2,505: | ||
|[[न्यूमोनिया]] | |[[न्यूमोनिया]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Pneumonia | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,264: | Line 2,515: | ||
|[[सामान्य जुकाम]] | |[[सामान्य जुकाम]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Common cold | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,274: | Line 2,526: | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|Malaria | |||
|Deeksha Dwivedi | |||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,282: | Line 2,535: | ||
|[[अमीबाइसिस (अमीबिक पेचिश)]] | |[[अमीबाइसिस (अमीबिक पेचिश)]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Amoebiasis (amoebic dysentery) | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,291: | Line 2,545: | ||
|[[एस्केरिएसिस]] | |[[एस्केरिएसिस]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Ascariasis. | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,300: | Line 2,555: | ||
|[[हाथीपांव या फाइलेरिया]] | |[[हाथीपांव या फाइलेरिया]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Elephantiasis or filariasis | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,308: | Line 2,564: | ||
| | | | ||
|[[दाद]] | |[[दाद]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|Ringworms | |Ringworms | ||
|- | | | ||
| | |||
|- | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,318: | Line 2,575: | ||
|[[प्रतिरक्षा]] | |[[प्रतिरक्षा]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Immunity | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,327: | Line 2,585: | ||
|[[सहज प्रतिरक्षा]] | |[[सहज प्रतिरक्षा]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Innate Immunity | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,336: | Line 2,595: | ||
|[[उपार्जित प्रतिरक्षा]] | |[[उपार्जित प्रतिरक्षा]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Acquired immunity | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,345: | Line 2,605: | ||
|[[ह्यूमरल प्रतिरक्षा प्रतिक्रिया]] | |[[ह्यूमरल प्रतिरक्षा प्रतिक्रिया]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Humoral immune response | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,354: | Line 2,615: | ||
|[[कोशिका-मध्यस्थ प्रतिरक्षा]] | |[[कोशिका-मध्यस्थ प्रतिरक्षा]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Cell-mediated immunity | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,363: | Line 2,625: | ||
|[[सक्रिय और निष्क्रिय प्रतिरक्षा]] | |[[सक्रिय और निष्क्रिय प्रतिरक्षा]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Active and Passive Immunity | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,372: | Line 2,635: | ||
|[[टीकाकरण और प्रतिरक्षण]] | |[[टीकाकरण और प्रतिरक्षण]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Vaccination and Immunisation | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,381: | Line 2,645: | ||
|[[एलर्जी]] | |[[एलर्जी]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Allergies | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,390: | Line 2,655: | ||
|[[लसीकाभ अंग]] | |[[लसीकाभ अंग]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Lymphoid organs | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,399: | Line 2,665: | ||
|[[अस्थि मज्जा]] | |[[अस्थि मज्जा]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Bone marrow | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,409: | Line 2,676: | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|Thymus | |||
|Ekatah | |||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,417: | Line 2,685: | ||
|[[श्लेष्म संबद्ध लसीकाभ ऊतक]] | |[[श्लेष्म संबद्ध लसीकाभ ऊतक]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Mucosaassociated lymphoid tissue (MALT) | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,427: | Line 2,696: | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|Acquired Immuno Deficiency Syndrome | |||
|Deeksha Dwivedi | |||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,436: | Line 2,706: | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|Cancer | |||
|Deeksga Dwivedi | |||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,444: | Line 2,715: | ||
|[[सुदम अर्बुद]] | |[[सुदम अर्बुद]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Benign tumors | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,453: | Line 2,725: | ||
|[[दुर्दम अर्बुद]] | |[[दुर्दम अर्बुद]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Malignant tumor | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,462: | Line 2,735: | ||
|[[कार्सिनोजन]] | |[[कार्सिनोजन]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Carcinogens | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,471: | Line 2,745: | ||
|[[α-इंटरफेरॉन]] | |[[α-इंटरफेरॉन]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|α-interferon | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,480: | Line 2,755: | ||
|[[ओपिओइड्स]] | |[[ओपिओइड्स]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Opioids | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,489: | Line 2,765: | ||
|[[कैनाबिनॉइड्स]] | |[[कैनाबिनॉइड्स]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Cannabinoids | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,498: | Line 2,775: | ||
|[[कोकीन]] | |[[कोकीन]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Cocaine | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,507: | Line 2,785: | ||
|[[किशोरावस्था और नशीली दवाओं / शराब का दुरुपयोग]] | |[[किशोरावस्था और नशीली दवाओं / शराब का दुरुपयोग]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Adolescence and Drug/Alcohol Abuse | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,516: | Line 2,795: | ||
|[[विनिवर्तन संलक्षण]] | |[[विनिवर्तन संलक्षण]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Withdrawal syndrome | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,525: | Line 2,805: | ||
|[[सिरोसिस]] | |[[सिरोसिस]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Cirrhosis | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
|'''9''' | |'''9''' | ||
Line 2,533: | Line 2,814: | ||
|'''[[खाद्य उत्पादन में वृद्धि की कार्य नीतियां]]''' | |'''[[खाद्य उत्पादन में वृद्धि की कार्य नीतियां]]''' | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|'''Strategies for Enhancement in food production''' | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
Line 2,543: | Line 2,825: | ||
|[[पशुपालन]] | |[[पशुपालन]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Animal husbandry | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,552: | Line 2,835: | ||
|[[डेयरी फार्म प्रबंधन]] | |[[डेयरी फार्म प्रबंधन]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Dairy Farm Management | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,561: | Line 2,845: | ||
|[[कुक्कुट फार्म प्रबंधन]] | |[[कुक्कुट फार्म प्रबंधन]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Poultry Farm Management | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,570: | Line 2,855: | ||
|[[पशु प्रजनन]] | |[[पशु प्रजनन]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Animal Breeding | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,579: | Line 2,865: | ||
|[[अंत:प्रजनन]] | |[[अंत:प्रजनन]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Inbreeding | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,588: | Line 2,875: | ||
|[[समयुग्मता]] | |[[समयुग्मता]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|homozygosity | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,597: | Line 2,885: | ||
|[[बहि: प्रजनन]] | |[[बहि: प्रजनन]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Out-breeding | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,606: | Line 2,895: | ||
|[[बहि:संकरण]] | |[[बहि:संकरण]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Out-crossing | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,615: | Line 2,905: | ||
|[[संकरण.|संकरण]] | |[[संकरण.|संकरण]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Cross-breeding | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,624: | Line 2,915: | ||
|[[अंतः विशिष्ट संकरण]] | |[[अंतः विशिष्ट संकरण]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Interspecific hybridisation | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,633: | Line 2,925: | ||
|[[मधुमक्खी पालन]] | |[[मधुमक्खी पालन]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Bee-keeping / apiculture | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,642: | Line 2,935: | ||
|[[मत्स्यकी]] | |[[मत्स्यकी]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Fisheries | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,651: | Line 2,945: | ||
|[[हरित क्रांति]] | |[[हरित क्रांति]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Green Revolution | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,660: | Line 2,955: | ||
|[[पादप प्रजनन]] | |[[पादप प्रजनन]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Plant Breeding | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,669: | Line 2,965: | ||
|[[जर्मप्लास्म संग्रह]] | |[[जर्मप्लास्म संग्रह]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Germplasm collection | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,678: | Line 2,975: | ||
|[[उत्परिवर्तन]] | |[[उत्परिवर्तन]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Mutation | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,687: | Line 2,985: | ||
|[[बायोफोर्टिफिकेशन]] | |[[बायोफोर्टिफिकेशन]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Biofortification | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,695: | Line 2,994: | ||
| | | | ||
|[[एकल सेल प्रोटीन]] | |[[एकल सेल प्रोटीन]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|Single Cell Protein (SCP). | |Single Cell Protein (SCP). | ||
|- | | | ||
| | |||
|- | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,705: | Line 3,005: | ||
|[[ऊतक संवर्धन]] | |[[ऊतक संवर्धन]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Tissue culture | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,714: | Line 3,015: | ||
|[[पूर्णशक्तता]] | |[[पूर्णशक्तता]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Totipotency | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,723: | Line 3,025: | ||
|[[सूक्ष्मप्रवर्धन]] | |[[सूक्ष्मप्रवर्धन]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Micropropagation | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,732: | Line 3,035: | ||
|[[विभज्योतक]] | |[[विभज्योतक]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|meristem | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,741: | Line 3,045: | ||
|[[कायिक संकरण]] | |[[कायिक संकरण]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Somatic hybridisation | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
|'''10''' | |'''10''' | ||
Line 2,749: | Line 3,054: | ||
|'''[[मानव कल्याण में सूक्ष्मजीव]]''' | |'''[[मानव कल्याण में सूक्ष्मजीव]]''' | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|'''Microbes in human welfare''' | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
Line 2,759: | Line 3,065: | ||
|[[विषाणु]] | |[[विषाणु]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Viruses | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,768: | Line 3,075: | ||
|[[जीवाणुभोजी विषाणु]] | |[[जीवाणुभोजी विषाणु]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Bacteriophage | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,777: | Line 3,085: | ||
|[[तंबाकू मोज़ेक वायरस (टीएमवी)]] | |[[तंबाकू मोज़ेक वायरस (टीएमवी)]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Tobacco Mosaic Virus (TMV) | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,786: | Line 3,095: | ||
|[[जीवाणु]] | |[[जीवाणु]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Bacteria | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,795: | Line 3,105: | ||
|[[लैक्टिक एसिड बैक्टीरिया (एलएबी)]] | |[[लैक्टिक एसिड बैक्टीरिया (एलएबी)]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|lactic acid bacteria (LAB) | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,804: | Line 3,115: | ||
|[[किण्वक]] | |[[किण्वक]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Fermentors | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,814: | Line 3,126: | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|Antibiotics | |||
|Deeksha Dwivedi | |||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,822: | Line 3,135: | ||
|[[एस्परगिलस नाइगर]] | |[[एस्परगिलस नाइगर]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Aspergillus niger | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,831: | Line 3,145: | ||
|[[एसीटोबैक्टर एसिटाई]] | |[[एसीटोबैक्टर एसिटाई]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Acetobacter aceti | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,840: | Line 3,155: | ||
|[[क्लोस्ट्रीडियम ब्यूटिलिकम]] | |[[क्लोस्ट्रीडियम ब्यूटिलिकम]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Clostridium butylicum | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,849: | Line 3,165: | ||
|[[सैक्रोमाइसेस सेरेविसी]] | |[[सैक्रोमाइसेस सेरेविसी]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Saccharomyces cerevisiae | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,858: | Line 3,175: | ||
|[[जैव सक्रिय अणु]] | |[[जैव सक्रिय अणु]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Bioactive Molecules | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,867: | Line 3,185: | ||
|[[सीवेज उपचार में सूक्ष्मजीव]] | |[[सीवेज उपचार में सूक्ष्मजीव]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Microbes in sewage treatment | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,877: | Line 3,196: | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|BOD (biochemical oxygen demand) | |||
|Ekatah | |||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,885: | Line 3,205: | ||
|[[बायोगैस]] | |[[बायोगैस]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Biogas | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,894: | Line 3,215: | ||
|[[गंगा एक्शन प्लान और यमुना एक्शन प्लान]] | |[[गंगा एक्शन प्लान और यमुना एक्शन प्लान]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Ganga Action Plan and Yamuna Action Plan | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,903: | Line 3,225: | ||
|[[मेथेनोजेन]] | |[[मेथेनोजेन]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Methanogens | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,912: | Line 3,235: | ||
|[[बीटी-कॉटन]] | |[[बीटी-कॉटन]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Bt-cotton | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,922: | Line 3,246: | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|Organic farming | |||
|Ekatah | |||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,930: | Line 3,255: | ||
|[[जैव उर्वरक]] | |[[जैव उर्वरक]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Biofertilisers | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,939: | Line 3,265: | ||
|[[माइकोराइजा]] | |[[माइकोराइजा]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Mycorrhiza | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
|'''इकाई - 9''' | |'''इकाई - 9''' | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|'''Unit - 9''' | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,954: | Line 3,282: | ||
| | | | ||
|'''जैव प्रौद्योगिकी''' | |'''जैव प्रौद्योगिकी''' | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|'''Biotechnology''' | |'''Biotechnology''' | ||
| | |||
| | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,965: | Line 3,294: | ||
|'''[[जैव प्रौद्योगिकी: सिद्धांत व प्रक्रम]]''' | |'''[[जैव प्रौद्योगिकी: सिद्धांत व प्रक्रम]]''' | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|'''Biotechnology: Principles and procedures''' | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
Line 2,976: | Line 3,306: | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|In vitro fertilisation | |||
|Ekatah | |||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,984: | Line 3,315: | ||
|[[जैव प्रौद्योगिकी के सिद्धांत]] | |[[जैव प्रौद्योगिकी के सिद्धांत]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Principles of biotechnology | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,993: | Line 3,325: | ||
|[[आनुवंशिक अभियांत्रिकी]] | |[[आनुवंशिक अभियांत्रिकी]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Genetic engineering | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 3,002: | Line 3,335: | ||
|[[जैव प्रक्रिया इंजीनियरिंग]] | |[[जैव प्रक्रिया इंजीनियरिंग]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Bioprocess engineering | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 3,011: | Line 3,345: | ||
|[[पुनर्योगज डीएनए]] | |[[पुनर्योगज डीएनए]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Recombinant DNA | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 3,020: | Line 3,355: | ||
|[[जीन क्लोनिंग और जीन स्थानांतरण,]] | |[[जीन क्लोनिंग और जीन स्थानांतरण,]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Gene cloning and gene transfer, | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 3,029: | Line 3,365: | ||
|[[प्रतिकृतीयन की उत्पत्ति]] | |[[प्रतिकृतीयन की उत्पत्ति]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Origin of replication, | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 3,038: | Line 3,375: | ||
|[[क्लोनिंग]] | |[[क्लोनिंग]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Cloning | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 3,047: | Line 3,385: | ||
|[[प्रतिबंधन एंजाइम]] | |[[प्रतिबंधन एंजाइम]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Restriction Enzymes | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 3,056: | Line 3,395: | ||
|[[प्रतिबंध एंडोन्यूक्लिएज]] | |[[प्रतिबंध एंडोन्यूक्लिएज]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Restriction endonuclease | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 3,065: | Line 3,405: | ||
|[[विशिष्ट क्षारक अनुक्रम]] | |[[विशिष्ट क्षारक अनुक्रम]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Recognition sequence | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 3,074: | Line 3,415: | ||
|[[एक्सोन्यूक्लिएज और एंडोन्यूक्लिएज डीएनए]] | |[[एक्सोन्यूक्लिएज और एंडोन्यूक्लिएज डीएनए]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Exonucleases and endonucleases DNA | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 3,083: | Line 3,425: | ||
|[[पैलिंड्रोमिक न्यूक्लियोटाइड सीक्वेंस]] | |[[पैलिंड्रोमिक न्यूक्लियोटाइड सीक्वेंस]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Palindromic nucleotide sequences | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 3,092: | Line 3,435: | ||
|[[डीएनए खंड का पृथक्करण और विलगन]] | |[[डीएनए खंड का पृथक्करण और विलगन]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Separation and isolation of DNA fragments | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 3,101: | Line 3,445: | ||
|[[जेल इलेक्ट्रोफोरोसिस]] | |[[जेल इलेक्ट्रोफोरोसिस]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Gel electrophoresis | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 3,110: | Line 3,455: | ||
|[[क्लोनिंग संवाहक]] | |[[क्लोनिंग संवाहक]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Cloning Vectors | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 3,119: | Line 3,465: | ||
|[[रूपांतरण]] | |[[रूपांतरण]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Transformation | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 3,128: | Line 3,475: | ||
|[[निवेशी निष्क्रियता]] | |[[निवेशी निष्क्रियता]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Insertional inactivation | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 3,137: | Line 3,485: | ||
|[[अर्बुद]] | |[[अर्बुद]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Tumor | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 3,146: | Line 3,495: | ||
|[[कैंसरयुक्त कोशिकाएँ]] | |[[कैंसरयुक्त कोशिकाएँ]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Cancerous cells | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 3,155: | Line 3,505: | ||
|[[सूक्ष्म अंतःक्षेपण]] | |[[सूक्ष्म अंतःक्षेपण]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Micro-injection | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 3,164: | Line 3,515: | ||
|[[बायोलिस्टिक्स या जीन गन]] | |[[बायोलिस्टिक्स या जीन गन]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Biolistics or gene gun | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 3,173: | Line 3,525: | ||
|[[लाइसोजाइम (जीवाणु)]] | |[[लाइसोजाइम (जीवाणु)]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|lysozyme (bacteria) | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 3,182: | Line 3,535: | ||
|[[सेल्यूलस (पादप की कोशिकाएं)]] | |[[सेल्यूलस (पादप की कोशिकाएं)]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Cellulase (plant cells) | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 3,191: | Line 3,545: | ||
|[[काइटिनेज (कवक)]] | |[[काइटिनेज (कवक)]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Chitinase (fungus) | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 3,200: | Line 3,555: | ||
|[[पॉलिमरेज श्रृंखला अभिक्रिया]] | |[[पॉलिमरेज श्रृंखला अभिक्रिया]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Polymerase Chain Reaction | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 3,209: | Line 3,565: | ||
|[[वरण योग्य चिन्हक]] | |[[वरण योग्य चिन्हक]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Selectable marker | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 3,218: | Line 3,575: | ||
|[[पुनर्योगज प्रोटीन]] | |[[पुनर्योगज प्रोटीन]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Recombinant protein | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 3,227: | Line 3,585: | ||
|[[बायोरिएक्टर]] | |[[बायोरिएक्टर]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Bioreactors | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 3,236: | Line 3,595: | ||
|[[अनुप्रवाह संसाधन]] | |[[अनुप्रवाह संसाधन]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Downstream Processing | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
|'''12''' | |'''12''' | ||
Line 3,244: | Line 3,604: | ||
|'''[[जैव प्रौद्योगिकी एवं उसके अनुप्रयोग]]''' | |'''[[जैव प्रौद्योगिकी एवं उसके अनुप्रयोग]]''' | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|'''Biotechnology and its application''' | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
Line 3,254: | Line 3,615: | ||
|[[हरित क्रांति]] | |[[हरित क्रांति]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Green Revolution | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 3,263: | Line 3,625: | ||
|[[आनुवंशिकता रूपांतरित जीव (GMO)]] | |[[आनुवंशिकता रूपांतरित जीव (GMO)]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Genetically Modified Organisms (GMO) | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 3,272: | Line 3,635: | ||
|[[कीटनाशक प्रोटीन]] | |[[कीटनाशक प्रोटीन]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Insecticidal protein | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 3,281: | Line 3,645: | ||
|[[आरएनए अंतरक्षेप]] | |[[आरएनए अंतरक्षेप]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|RNA interference | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 3,291: | Line 3,656: | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|Genetically Engineered Insulin | |||
|Deeksha Dwivedi | |||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 3,299: | Line 3,665: | ||
|[[पेप्टाइड सी]] | |[[पेप्टाइड सी]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|C peptide | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 3,308: | Line 3,675: | ||
|[[जीन चिकित्सा]] | |[[जीन चिकित्सा]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Gene Therapy | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 3,317: | Line 3,685: | ||
|[[आणविक निदान]] | |[[आणविक निदान]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Molecular Diagnosis | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 3,326: | Line 3,695: | ||
|[[पारजीवी जंतु]] | |[[पारजीवी जंतु]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Transgenic animals | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 3,335: | Line 3,705: | ||
|[[नैतिक मुद्दे]] | |[[नैतिक मुद्दे]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Ethical issues | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 3,343: | Line 3,714: | ||
| | | | ||
|[[GEAC (जेनेटिक इंजीनियरिंग स्वीकृति समिति)]] | |[[GEAC (जेनेटिक इंजीनियरिंग स्वीकृति समिति)]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|GEAC (Genetic Engineering Approval Committee) | |GEAC (Genetic Engineering Approval Committee) | ||
|- | | | ||
| | |||
|- | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
Line 3,353: | Line 3,725: | ||
|[[बायोपाइरेसी]] | |[[बायोपाइरेसी]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Biopiracy | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
|'''इकाई - 10''' | |'''इकाई - 10''' | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|'''Unit - 10''' | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
Line 3,369: | Line 3,743: | ||
|'''पारिस्थितिकी''' | |'''पारिस्थितिकी''' | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|'''Ecosystem''' | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
Line 3,379: | Line 3,754: | ||
|'''[[जीव और समष्टियाँ]]''' | |'''[[जीव और समष्टियाँ]]''' | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|'''Organism and population''' | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
Line 3,389: | Line 3,765: | ||
|[[निकेत]] | |[[निकेत]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Niche | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 3,398: | Line 3,775: | ||
|[[अजैविक कारक]] | |[[अजैविक कारक]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Abiotic Factors | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 3,407: | Line 3,785: | ||
|[[जैविक कारक]] | |[[जैविक कारक]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Biotic Factors | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 3,416: | Line 3,795: | ||
|[[अनुकूलन]] | |[[अनुकूलन]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Adaptations | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 3,425: | Line 3,805: | ||
|[[समष्टि गुण]] | |[[समष्टि गुण]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Population Attributes | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 3,434: | Line 3,815: | ||
|[[जनसंख्या घनत्व]] | |[[जनसंख्या घनत्व]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Population density | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 3,444: | Line 3,826: | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|Growth Models | |||
|Deeksha Dwivedi | |||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 3,452: | Line 3,835: | ||
|[[लॉजिस्टिक ग्रोथ]] | |[[लॉजिस्टिक ग्रोथ]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Logistic growth | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 3,461: | Line 3,845: | ||
|[[जीवन वृत्त विभिन्नता]] | |[[जीवन वृत्त विभिन्नता]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Life History Variation | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 3,470: | Line 3,855: | ||
|[[सहोपकारिता]] | |[[सहोपकारिता]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Mutualism | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 3,479: | Line 3,865: | ||
|[[स्पर्धा]] | |[[स्पर्धा]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Competition | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 3,488: | Line 3,875: | ||
|[[परजीविता और परभक्षण]] | |[[परजीविता और परभक्षण]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Parasitism & Predation | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 3,497: | Line 3,885: | ||
|[[सहभोजिता]] | |[[सहभोजिता]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Commensalism. | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 3,506: | Line 3,895: | ||
|[[सहजीविता]] | |[[सहजीविता]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Symbiosis | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
|'''14''' | |'''14''' | ||
Line 3,514: | Line 3,904: | ||
|'''[[पारितंत्र]]''' | |'''[[पारितंत्र]]''' | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|'''Ecosystem''' | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
Line 3,524: | Line 3,915: | ||
|[[स्तर-विन्यास]] | |[[स्तर-विन्यास]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Stratification | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 3,533: | Line 3,925: | ||
|[[प्राथमिक उत्पादन]] | |[[प्राथमिक उत्पादन]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Primary production | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 3,542: | Line 3,935: | ||
|[[उत्पादकता]] | |[[उत्पादकता]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Productivity | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 3,551: | Line 3,945: | ||
|[[सकल प्राथमिक उत्पादकता]] | |[[सकल प्राथमिक उत्पादकता]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Gross primary productivity | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 3,560: | Line 3,955: | ||
|[[द्वितीयक उत्पादकता]] | |[[द्वितीयक उत्पादकता]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Secondary productivity | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 3,569: | Line 3,965: | ||
|[[अपघटन]] | |[[अपघटन]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Decomposition | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 3,578: | Line 3,975: | ||
|[[अपरदाहारी]] | |[[अपरदाहारी]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Detritivores | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 3,587: | Line 3,985: | ||
|[[ह्यूमिफिकेशन]] | |[[ह्यूमिफिकेशन]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Humification | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 3,595: | Line 3,994: | ||
| | | | ||
|[[खनिजीकरण]] | |[[खनिजीकरण]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|Mineralisation | |Mineralisation | ||
|- | | | ||
| | |||
|- | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
Line 3,605: | Line 4,005: | ||
|[[प्रकाश संश्लेषक सक्रिय विकिरण]] | |[[प्रकाश संश्लेषक सक्रिय विकिरण]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Photosynthetically active radiation | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 3,614: | Line 4,015: | ||
|[[उत्पादक]] | |[[उत्पादक]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Producers | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 3,623: | Line 4,025: | ||
|[[उपभोक्ता]] | |[[उपभोक्ता]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Consumers | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 3,632: | Line 4,035: | ||
|[[शाकाहारी]] | |[[शाकाहारी]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Herbivores | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 3,641: | Line 4,045: | ||
|[[अपरद खाद्य श्रृंखला]] | |[[अपरद खाद्य श्रृंखला]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Detritus food chain | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 3,650: | Line 4,055: | ||
|[[मृतजीवी]] | |[[मृतजीवी]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Saprotrophs | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 3,659: | Line 4,065: | ||
|[[खाद्यजाल]] | |[[खाद्यजाल]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Food web | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 3,668: | Line 4,075: | ||
|[[जैवमात्रा]] | |[[जैवमात्रा]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Biomass | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 3,677: | Line 4,085: | ||
|[[पारिस्थितिक पिरामिड]] | |[[पारिस्थितिक पिरामिड]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Ecological Pyramid | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 3,686: | Line 4,095: | ||
|[[पारिस्थितिक अनुक्रमण]] | |[[पारिस्थितिक अनुक्रमण]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Ecological succession | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 3,695: | Line 4,105: | ||
|[[पोषण चक्रण]] | |[[पोषण चक्रण]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Succession of Plants | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 3,704: | Line 4,115: | ||
|[[जलारंभी अनुक्रमण]] | |[[जलारंभी अनुक्रमण]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Hydrarch succession | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 3,713: | Line 4,125: | ||
|[[शुष्कतारंभी अनुक्रमण]] | |[[शुष्कतारंभी अनुक्रमण]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|xerarch succession | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 3,722: | Line 4,135: | ||
|[[मूल अन्वेषक]] | |[[मूल अन्वेषक]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Pioneer species | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 3,731: | Line 4,145: | ||
|[[पोषक चक्रण]] | |[[पोषक चक्रण]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Nutrient cycling | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 3,740: | Line 4,155: | ||
|[[जैव भू-रासायनिक चक्र]] | |[[जैव भू-रासायनिक चक्र]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Biogeochemical cycles | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 3,749: | Line 4,165: | ||
|[[पारितंत्र - कार्बन चक्र]] | |[[पारितंत्र - कार्बन चक्र]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Ecosystem – Carbon Cycle | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 3,758: | Line 4,175: | ||
|[[पारितंत्र - फास्फोरस चक्र]] | |[[पारितंत्र - फास्फोरस चक्र]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Ecosystem – Phosphorus Cycle | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 3,767: | Line 4,185: | ||
|[[पारितंत्र सेवाएं]] | |[[पारितंत्र सेवाएं]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Ecosystem services | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
|'''15''' | |'''15''' | ||
Line 3,775: | Line 4,194: | ||
|'''[[जैव विविधता एवं संरक्षण]]''' | |'''[[जैव विविधता एवं संरक्षण]]''' | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|'''Biodiversity and Conservation''' | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
Line 3,786: | Line 4,206: | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|Biodiversity | |||
|Ekatah | |||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 3,795: | Line 4,216: | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|Genetic diversity: | |||
|Ekatah | |||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 3,804: | Line 4,226: | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|Species diversity | |||
|Ekatah | |||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 3,813: | Line 4,236: | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|Ecological diversity | |||
|Ekatah | |||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 3,821: | Line 4,245: | ||
|[[अक्षांशीय प्रवणता]] | |[[अक्षांशीय प्रवणता]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Latitudinal gradients | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 3,830: | Line 4,255: | ||
|[[जातीय-क्षेत्र संबंध]] | |[[जातीय-क्षेत्र संबंध]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Species-Area relationships | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 3,839: | Line 4,265: | ||
|[[आवासीय क्षति तथा विखंडन]] | |[[आवासीय क्षति तथा विखंडन]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Habitat loss and fragmentation | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 3,848: | Line 4,275: | ||
|[[विदेशी जातियों का आक्रमण]] | |[[विदेशी जातियों का आक्रमण]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Alien species invasions | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 3,857: | Line 4,285: | ||
|[[सह-विलुप्तता]] | |[[सह-विलुप्तता]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Co-extinctions: | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 3,866: | Line 4,295: | ||
|[[यथास्थान संरक्षण]] | |[[यथास्थान संरक्षण]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|In situ conservation | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 3,875: | Line 4,305: | ||
|[[बाह्यस्थाने संरक्षण]] | |[[बाह्यस्थाने संरक्षण]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Ex situ Conservation | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
|'''16''' | |'''16''' | ||
Line 3,883: | Line 4,314: | ||
|'''[[पर्यावरण के मुद्दें]]''' | |'''[[पर्यावरण के मुद्दें]]''' | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|'''Environmental issues''' | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
Line 3,893: | Line 4,325: | ||
|[[वैधुत अवक्षेपित]] | |[[वैधुत अवक्षेपित]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Electrostatic precipitator | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 3,902: | Line 4,335: | ||
|[[संपीड़ित प्राकृतिक गैस (CNG)]] | |[[संपीड़ित प्राकृतिक गैस (CNG)]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Compressed natural gas (CNG) | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 3,911: | Line 4,345: | ||
|[[जल (रोकथाम और प्रदूषण नियंत्रण) अधिनियम]] | |[[जल (रोकथाम और प्रदूषण नियंत्रण) अधिनियम]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 3,920: | Line 4,355: | ||
|[[बायोकेमिकल ऑक्सीजन डिमांड (बीओडी)]] | |[[बायोकेमिकल ऑक्सीजन डिमांड (बीओडी)]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Domestic Sewage and Industrial Effluents | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 3,930: | Line 4,366: | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|Biomagnification | |||
|Deeksha Dwivedi | |||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 3,938: | Line 4,375: | ||
|[[सांस्कृतिक या त्वरित सुपोषण]] | |[[सांस्कृतिक या त्वरित सुपोषण]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Cultural or Accelerated Eutrophication | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 3,947: | Line 4,385: | ||
|[[सेनेटरी लैंडफिल]] | |[[सेनेटरी लैंडफिल]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Sanitary landfills | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 3,956: | Line 4,395: | ||
|[[इलेक्ट्रॉनिक अपशिष्ट (ई-अपशिष्ट)]] | |[[इलेक्ट्रॉनिक अपशिष्ट (ई-अपशिष्ट)]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Electronic wastes (e-wastes) | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 3,965: | Line 4,405: | ||
|[[कृषि रसायन]] | |[[कृषि रसायन]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Agro chemicals | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 3,974: | Line 4,415: | ||
|[[जैविक खेती]] | |[[जैविक खेती]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Organic Farming | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 3,983: | Line 4,425: | ||
|[[रेडियोधर्मी अपशिष्ट]] | |[[रेडियोधर्मी अपशिष्ट]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Radioactive waste | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 3,992: | Line 4,435: | ||
|[[ग्रीनहाउस प्रभाव]] | |[[ग्रीनहाउस प्रभाव]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Greenhouse effect | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 4,001: | Line 4,445: | ||
|[[ओजोन अवक्षय]] | |[[ओजोन अवक्षय]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Ozone depletion | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 4,011: | Line 4,456: | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|Stratosphere | |||
|Deeksha Dwivedi | |||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 4,019: | Line 4,465: | ||
|[[क्लोरोफ्लोरोकार्बन]] | |[[क्लोरोफ्लोरोकार्बन]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 4,029: | Line 4,476: | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|Ozone hole | |||
|Ekatah | |||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 4,038: | Line 4,486: | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|Snow-blindness | |||
|Ekatah | |||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 4,046: | Line 4,495: | ||
|[[मॉन्ट्रियल प्रोटोकॉल]] | |[[मॉन्ट्रियल प्रोटोकॉल]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Montreal Protocol | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 4,055: | Line 4,505: | ||
|[[मृदा अपरदन और मरुस्थलीकरण]] | |[[मृदा अपरदन और मरुस्थलीकरण]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Soil erosion and desertification | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 4,064: | Line 4,515: | ||
|[[जलाक्रांति और मृदा लवणता]] | |[[जलाक्रांति और मृदा लवणता]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Waterlogging and soil salinity | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 4,074: | Line 4,526: | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|Deforestation | |||
|Deeksha Dwivedi | |||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 4,082: | Line 4,535: | ||
|[[काटो और जलाओ कृषि]] | |[[काटो और जलाओ कृषि]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Slash and burn agriculture | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
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|[[अमृता देवी बिश्नोई वन्यजीव संरक्षण पुरस्कार]] | |[[अमृता देवी बिश्नोई वन्यजीव संरक्षण पुरस्कार]] | ||
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|Amrita Devi Bishnoi Wildlife Protection Award | |||
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Latest revision as of 21:08, 6 May 2024
S.No. | इकाई | अध्याय | विषय | Unit | Chapter | Topic | Article Creator Name | Review by IIT Kanpur |
इकाई - 6 | Unit - 6 | |||||||
जनन | Reproduction | |||||||
1 | जीवों में जनन | Reproduction in Organisms | ||||||
जीवों में जनन | Reproduction in Organisms | |||||||
लैंगिक जनन | Sexual reproduction | Deeksha Dwivedi | ||||||
अलैंगिक जनन | Asexual reproduction | Deeksha Dwivedi | ||||||
क्लोन | Clone | |||||||
कोशिका विभाजन | Cell division | Deeksha Dwivedi | ||||||
पुटीभवन | Encystation | |||||||
बीजाणुजनन | Sporulation | |||||||
कायिक प्रवर्धन | Vegetative propagation | |||||||
पुनरुद्भवन | Fragmentation | |||||||
किशोर प्रावस्था | Juvenile phase | |||||||
कायिक प्रावस्था | Vegetative phase | |||||||
मद चक्र | Oestrus cycle | |||||||
ऋतुस्राव चक्र | Menstrual cycle. | Deeksha Dwivedi | ||||||
पूर्व निषेचन | Pre-fertilisation | |||||||
निषेचन | Fertilization | Kiran Mishra | ||||||
पश्च निषेचन | Post fertilization | |||||||
युग्मकजनन | Gametogenesis | |||||||
संयुग्मकी | Homogametes (isogametes) | |||||||
विषमयुग्मक | Heterogametes | |||||||
पुमणु या शुक्राणु | Antherozoid or sperm | |||||||
अंडा या डिंब | Egg or ovum | |||||||
समथैलसी | Homothallic | |||||||
विषमथैलसी | Heterothallic | |||||||
युग्मक निर्माण के दौरान कोशिका विभाजन | Cell division during gamete formation | |||||||
युग्मक स्थानांतरण | Gamete Transfer | |||||||
परागण | Pollination | |||||||
निषेचन | Fertilisation | |||||||
अनिषेक जनन | Parthenogenesis | |||||||
युग्मनज | Zygote | |||||||
अंडाप्रजक | Embryogenesis | |||||||
सजीव प्रजक | Oviparous | |||||||
Viviparous | ||||||||
2 | पुष्पी पादपों में लैंगिक जनन | Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants | Deeksha Dwivedi | |||||
पुंकेसर | Stamen | Deeksha Dwivedi | ||||||
डंठल | Filament | Deeksha Dwivedi | ||||||
परागकोश | Anther | Deeksha Dwivedi | ||||||
लघुबीजाणुधानी | Microsporangia | Deeksha Dwivedi | ||||||
परागपुटी | Pollen sacs | |||||||
टेपीटम | Tapetum | |||||||
बीजाणुजन ऊतक | Sporogenous tissue | |||||||
लघुबीजाणुजनन | Microsporogenesis | Deeksha Dwivedi | ||||||
लघुबीजाणु चतुष्क | Microspore tetrad | Deeksha Dwivedi | ||||||
कायिक कोशिका | Vegetative cell | |||||||
जनन कोशिकाएं | Generative cell | |||||||
पार्थेनियम | Parthenium | |||||||
एकअण्डपी | Monocarpellary | |||||||
बहुअंडपी | Multicarpellary | |||||||
युक्ताण्डपी | Syncarpous | |||||||
वियुक्तांडपी | Apocarpous | |||||||
वर्तिकाग्र | Stigma | |||||||
वर्तिका | Style | |||||||
अंडाशय | Ovary | |||||||
बीजांड | Placenta | |||||||
गुरुबीजाणुधानी | Megasporangia | Deeksha Dwivedi | ||||||
मादा युग्मकोद्भिद् | Female gametophyte | Deeksha Dwivedi | ||||||
परागण | Pollination | Deeksha Dwivedi | ||||||
ऑटोगैमी | Autogamy | Deeksha Dwivedi | ||||||
सजातपुष्पी परागण | Geitonogamy | Deeksha Dwivedi | ||||||
पर-निषेचन | Xenogamy | Deeksha Dwivedi | ||||||
कृत्रिम संकरीकरण | Artificial hybridisation | |||||||
विपुंसन | Emasculation. | |||||||
बैगिंग | Bagging | |||||||
युग्मनज | zygote | |||||||
त्रिसंलयन | Triple fusion | |||||||
प्राथमिक भ्रूणपोष कोशिका (पीईसी) | Primary endosperm cell (PEC) | |||||||
भ्रूणपोष | Endosperm | |||||||
भ्रूण | Embryo | |||||||
भ्रूणोद्भव | Embryogeny | |||||||
स्कुटेलम | Scutellum | |||||||
कोलोराइजा | Coleorrhiza | |||||||
प्रांकुर | Coleoptile | |||||||
गैर-एल्बुमिनस | Non-albuminous | |||||||
परिभ्रूणपोष | Perisperm | |||||||
प्रसुप्ति | Dormancy | Ekatah sharma | ||||||
आभासी फल | False fruits | Ekatah | ||||||
वास्तविक फल | True fruit | |||||||
अनिषेकफलक फल | Parthenocarpic fruits | Ekatah | ||||||
असंगजनन | Apomixis. | |||||||
बहुभ्रूणता | Polyembryony | |||||||
3 | मानव जनन | Human reproduction | ||||||
वृषण | Testes | Deeksha Dwivedi | ||||||
बाह्य जननेंद्रिय | External genitalia | |||||||
वृषण कोष | Scrotum | |||||||
वृषण पालिका | Testicular lobules | |||||||
शुक्रजनक नलिकाएं | Seminiferous tubules | Deeksha Dwivedi | ||||||
नर जर्म कोशिकाएँ | Male germ cells (spermatogonia) | |||||||
सर्टोली कोशिकाएं | Sertoli cells | |||||||
यूरेथ्रल मीटस | Urethral meatus. | |||||||
अंडाशय | Ovaries | Deeksha Dwivedi | ||||||
अंडवाहिनियां | Oviducts | |||||||
गर्भाशय | Uterus | Deeksha Dwivedi | ||||||
गर्भाशय ग्रीवा | Cervix | |||||||
स्तन ग्रंथियां | Mammary glands | Deeksha Dwivedi | ||||||
इन्फंडिबुलम | Infundibulum | |||||||
फिम्ब्रिए | Fimbriae | |||||||
भगशेफ | Mammary lobes | |||||||
स्तन वाहिनी | Mammary duct | |||||||
दुग्ध वाहिनी | lactiferous duct | |||||||
युग्मकजनन | Gametogenesis | |||||||
शुक्र जनन | Spermatogenesis | |||||||
वीर्यसेचन | Spermiation | |||||||
अण्डजनन | oogenesis | |||||||
अण्डजननी | oogonia | |||||||
एंट्रम | Antrum | |||||||
ग्राफियन पुटिका | Graafian follicle | |||||||
अंडावरण | zona pellucida | |||||||
अण्डोत्सर्ग | ovulation | |||||||
आर्तव चक्र | Menstrual cycle | |||||||
रजोदर्शन | Menarche | |||||||
पीत-पिण्ड | Corpus luteum | |||||||
रजोनिवृत्ति | Menopause | |||||||
निषेचन | Fertilisation | |||||||
विदलन | Cleavage | |||||||
कोरक खंड | Blastomeres | |||||||
पोषकोरक | Trophoblast | |||||||
जरायु अंकुरक | Implantation | |||||||
अपरा | Placenta | |||||||
ह्यूमन कोरिओनिक गोनाडोट्रोपिन | Human chorionic gonadotropin | |||||||
मानव अपरा लैक्टोजन | Human placental lactogen | |||||||
एस्ट्रोजेन | Estrogens | |||||||
प्रोजेस्टोजन, | Progestogens, | |||||||
रिलैक्सिन | Relaxin | |||||||
स्टेम कोशिकाएँ | Stem cells | |||||||
प्रसव | Parturition | |||||||
भ्रूण उत्क्षेपन प्रतिवर्त | Foetal ejection reflex. | |||||||
दुग्धस्रवण | Lactation | |||||||
कोलोस्ट्रम | Colostrum | |||||||
4 | जनन स्वास्थ्य | Reproductive health | ||||||
उल्ववेधन | Amniocentesis | Ekatah | ||||||
मातृ मृत्यु दर | Maternal mortality rate (MMR) | |||||||
शिशु मृत्यु दर | Infant mortality rate | |||||||
वाह्य स्खलन या अंतरित मैथुन | Withdrawal or coitus interruptus | |||||||
स्तनपान अमेनोरेरिया | Lactational amenorrhea | |||||||
अन्तः गर्भाशयी युक्ति | Intra Uterine Devices (IUDs0 | |||||||
बंध्यकरण | Sterilisation, | |||||||
गर्भावस्था का चिकित्सीय सगर्भता समापन | Medical termination of pregnancy | |||||||
यौन संचारित संक्रमण (STIS) | Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs) | |||||||
बंध्यता | Infertility | |||||||
सहायक प्रजनन प्रौद्योगिकियां (एआरटी) | Assisted reproductive technologies (ART) | Ekatah | ||||||
पात्रे निषेचन | In vitro fertilisation | Ekatah | ||||||
भ्रूण स्थानांतरण | Embryo transfer | |||||||
टेस्ट ट्यूब बच्चा | Test tube baby | Ekatah | ||||||
युग्मनज या प्रारंभिक भ्रूण | zygote intra fallopian transfer | Ekatah . S | ||||||
अंतः डिंबवाहिनी स्थानांतरण | Intra uterine transfer | |||||||
इंट्रा यूटेराइन ट्रांसफर | In-vivo fertilisation | |||||||
जीवे निषेचन | in-vivo fertilisation | |||||||
फैलोपी नलिका में स्थानांतरित | Gamete intra fallopian transfer | |||||||
कोशिकीय शुक्राणु निक्षेपण | Intra cytoplasmic sperm injection | |||||||
कृत्रिम वीर्यसेचन | Artificial insemination | |||||||
इकाई - 7 | गर्भाशय वीर्यसेचन | Unit - 7 | Intra-uterine insemination | |||||
आनुवंशिकी और विकास | Genetics and evolution | |||||||
5 | वंशागति तथा विविधता के सिद्धांत | Principles of heredity and variation | ||||||
फर्स्ट हिन्दी | आनुवंशिकी | Genetics | ||||||
जीन | Genes | |||||||
एलील्स | Alleles | |||||||
जीनोटाइप | Genotype | |||||||
फीनोटाइप | Phenotype | |||||||
प्रथम संतति पीढ़ी | Filial progeny | |||||||
प्रभावी कारक | Dominant factor | |||||||
अप्रभावी कारक | Recessive Factor | |||||||
एक संकर क्रॉस | Monohybrid cross | |||||||
विषमयुग्मकी | Heterozygous. | |||||||
पनेट वर्ग | Punnett Square | |||||||
परीक्षार्थ संकरण | Test cross | |||||||
वंशागति के नियम | Laws of Inheritance | |||||||
प्रभाविता का नियम | Law of Dominance | |||||||
विसंयोजन का नियम | Law of Segregation | |||||||
अपूर्ण प्रभाविता का नियम | Incomplete Dominance | |||||||
सह प्रभाविता का नियम | Co-dominance | |||||||
बहु अलील | Multiple alleles | |||||||
द्विसंकर क्रॉस | Dihybrid crosses | |||||||
गुणसूत्र | Chromosomes | |||||||
वंशागति का गुणसूत्र सिद्धांत | Chromosomal theory of inheritance | |||||||
ड्रोसोफिला मेलानोगास्टर | Drosophila melanogaster | |||||||
सहलग्नता और पुनर्योजन | Linkage and Recombination | |||||||
बहुजीनी वंशागति | Polygenic inheritance | |||||||
बहुप्रभाविता | Pleiotropy | |||||||
लिंग निर्धारण | Sex determination | |||||||
लिंग गुणसूत्र | Sex chromosome | |||||||
ऑटोसोम | Autosomes | |||||||
नर विषमयुग्मता | Male heterogamety | |||||||
मादा विषमयुग्मता | Female heterogamety | |||||||
मधुमक्खी में लिंग निर्धारण | Sex Determination in Honey Bee | |||||||
उत्परिवर्तन | Mutation | |||||||
वंशावली विश्लेषण | Pedigree Analysis | |||||||
वर्णांधता | Colour Blidness | |||||||
हीमोफीलिया | Haemophilia | |||||||
सिकल सेल एनीमिया | Sickle-cell anaemia | |||||||
फीनाइल कीटोन्यूरिया | Phenylketonuria | |||||||
थैलेसीमिया | Thalassemia | |||||||
असुगुणिता | Aneuploidy | |||||||
बहुगुणिता | Polyploidy | |||||||
डाउन सिंड्रोम | Down’s Syndrome | |||||||
क्लाइनफेल्टर सिंड्रोम | Klinefelter’s Syndrome | |||||||
टर्नर सिंड्रोम | Turner’s Syndrome | |||||||
6 | वंशागति का आणविक आधार | Molecular basis of Inheritance | ||||||
डीएनए | DNA | Ekatah | ||||||
पॉलीन्यूक्लियोटाइड श्रृंखला | Polynucleotide Chain | |||||||
द्विकुंडली | Double Helix | Ekatah | ||||||
डीएनए कुंडली का पैकेजिंग | Packaging of DNA Helix | |||||||
हिस्टोन | Histones | |||||||
न्यूक्लियोसोम | Nucleosome | |||||||
क्रोमेटिन | Chromatin | |||||||
यूक्रोमैटिन | Euchromatin | |||||||
हेट्रोक्रोमैटिन | Heterochromatin | |||||||
रूपांतिरत सिद्धांत | Transforming Principle | |||||||
आनुवंशिक पदार्थ | Genetic Material | |||||||
आरएनए | RNA | |||||||
प्रतिकृति | Replication | |||||||
डीएनए पॉलीमरेज | DNA polymerase | |||||||
ट्रांसक्रिप्शन | Transcription | |||||||
कूटलेखन रज्जुक | Coding strand | |||||||
टेम्पलेट रज्जुक | Template strand | |||||||
मोनोसिस्ट्रोनिक | Monocistronic | |||||||
पॉलीसिस्ट्रॉनिक | Polycistronic | |||||||
एक्सॉन | Exons | |||||||
इंट्रोन्स | Introns | |||||||
लैक ऑपेरॉन | Lac operon | |||||||
मानव जीनोम परियोजना | Human Genome Project | |||||||
जैव सूचना विज्ञान | Bioinformatics | |||||||
व्यक्त अनुक्रम टैग (ईएसटी) | Expressed Sequence Tags (ESTs) | |||||||
SNPs - एकल न्यूक्लियोटाइड बहुरूपता | SNPs – single nucleotide polymorphism | |||||||
डीएनए फिंगरप्रिंटिंग | DNA fingerprinting | |||||||
बहुरूपता | Polymorphism | |||||||
7 | विकास | Evolution | ||||||
बिग बैंग सिद्धांत | Big Bang theory | |||||||
मिलर का प्रयोग | Miller’s experiment | |||||||
अपसारी विकास | Divergent evolution | |||||||
अभिसारी विकास | Convergent evolution | |||||||
जैव विकास | Biological evolution | |||||||
प्राकृतिक वरण | Adaptive radiation | |||||||
प्राकृतिक चयन | Natural selection | |||||||
सालटेशन | Saltation | |||||||
हार्डी-वेनबर्ग सिद्धांत | Hardy-Weinberg Principle | |||||||
निएंडरथल मानव | Neanderthal man | |||||||
जावा मानव | Java man | |||||||
ड्रायोपिथेकस और रामापिथेकस | Dryopithecus and Ramapithecus | |||||||
इकाई - 8 | Unit - 8 | |||||||
मानव कल्याण में जीव विज्ञान | Biology in human welfare | |||||||
8 | मानव स्वास्थ्य तथा रोग | Human health and Disease | ||||||
स्वास्थ्य | Health | |||||||
संक्रामक रोग | Infectious diseases | |||||||
असंक्रामक रोग | Non-infectious diseases | |||||||
रोगजनक | Pathogens | |||||||
टाइफाइड | Typhoid | |||||||
विडाल परीक्षण | Widal test | |||||||
न्यूमोनिया | Pneumonia | |||||||
सामान्य जुकाम | Common cold | |||||||
मलेरिया | Malaria | Deeksha Dwivedi | ||||||
अमीबाइसिस (अमीबिक पेचिश) | Amoebiasis (amoebic dysentery) | |||||||
एस्केरिएसिस | Ascariasis. | |||||||
हाथीपांव या फाइलेरिया | Elephantiasis or filariasis | |||||||
दाद | Ringworms | |||||||
प्रतिरक्षा | Immunity | |||||||
सहज प्रतिरक्षा | Innate Immunity | |||||||
उपार्जित प्रतिरक्षा | Acquired immunity | |||||||
ह्यूमरल प्रतिरक्षा प्रतिक्रिया | Humoral immune response | |||||||
कोशिका-मध्यस्थ प्रतिरक्षा | Cell-mediated immunity | |||||||
सक्रिय और निष्क्रिय प्रतिरक्षा | Active and Passive Immunity | |||||||
टीकाकरण और प्रतिरक्षण | Vaccination and Immunisation | |||||||
एलर्जी | Allergies | |||||||
लसीकाभ अंग | Lymphoid organs | |||||||
अस्थि मज्जा | Bone marrow | |||||||
थाइमस | Thymus | Ekatah | ||||||
श्लेष्म संबद्ध लसीकाभ ऊतक | Mucosaassociated lymphoid tissue (MALT) | |||||||
उपार्जित प्रतिरक्षा न्यूनता संलक्षण | Acquired Immuno Deficiency Syndrome | Deeksha Dwivedi | ||||||
कैंसर | Cancer | Deeksga Dwivedi | ||||||
सुदम अर्बुद | Benign tumors | |||||||
दुर्दम अर्बुद | Malignant tumor | |||||||
कार्सिनोजन | Carcinogens | |||||||
α-इंटरफेरॉन | α-interferon | |||||||
ओपिओइड्स | Opioids | |||||||
कैनाबिनॉइड्स | Cannabinoids | |||||||
कोकीन | Cocaine | |||||||
किशोरावस्था और नशीली दवाओं / शराब का दुरुपयोग | Adolescence and Drug/Alcohol Abuse | |||||||
विनिवर्तन संलक्षण | Withdrawal syndrome | |||||||
सिरोसिस | Cirrhosis | |||||||
9 | खाद्य उत्पादन में वृद्धि की कार्य नीतियां | Strategies for Enhancement in food production | ||||||
पशुपालन | Animal husbandry | |||||||
डेयरी फार्म प्रबंधन | Dairy Farm Management | |||||||
कुक्कुट फार्म प्रबंधन | Poultry Farm Management | |||||||
पशु प्रजनन | Animal Breeding | |||||||
अंत:प्रजनन | Inbreeding | |||||||
समयुग्मता | homozygosity | |||||||
बहि: प्रजनन | Out-breeding | |||||||
बहि:संकरण | Out-crossing | |||||||
संकरण | Cross-breeding | |||||||
अंतः विशिष्ट संकरण | Interspecific hybridisation | |||||||
मधुमक्खी पालन | Bee-keeping / apiculture | |||||||
मत्स्यकी | Fisheries | |||||||
हरित क्रांति | Green Revolution | |||||||
पादप प्रजनन | Plant Breeding | |||||||
जर्मप्लास्म संग्रह | Germplasm collection | |||||||
उत्परिवर्तन | Mutation | |||||||
बायोफोर्टिफिकेशन | Biofortification | |||||||
एकल सेल प्रोटीन | Single Cell Protein (SCP). | |||||||
ऊतक संवर्धन | Tissue culture | |||||||
पूर्णशक्तता | Totipotency | |||||||
सूक्ष्मप्रवर्धन | Micropropagation | |||||||
विभज्योतक | meristem | |||||||
कायिक संकरण | Somatic hybridisation | |||||||
10 | मानव कल्याण में सूक्ष्मजीव | Microbes in human welfare | ||||||
विषाणु | Viruses | |||||||
जीवाणुभोजी विषाणु | Bacteriophage | |||||||
तंबाकू मोज़ेक वायरस (टीएमवी) | Tobacco Mosaic Virus (TMV) | |||||||
जीवाणु | Bacteria | |||||||
लैक्टिक एसिड बैक्टीरिया (एलएबी) | lactic acid bacteria (LAB) | |||||||
किण्वक | Fermentors | |||||||
प्रतिजैविक पदार्थ | Antibiotics | Deeksha Dwivedi | ||||||
एस्परगिलस नाइगर | Aspergillus niger | |||||||
एसीटोबैक्टर एसिटाई | Acetobacter aceti | |||||||
क्लोस्ट्रीडियम ब्यूटिलिकम | Clostridium butylicum | |||||||
सैक्रोमाइसेस सेरेविसी | Saccharomyces cerevisiae | |||||||
जैव सक्रिय अणु | Bioactive Molecules | |||||||
सीवेज उपचार में सूक्ष्मजीव | Microbes in sewage treatment | |||||||
बीओडी (बायोकेमिकल ऑक्सीजन डिमांड) | BOD (biochemical oxygen demand) | Ekatah | ||||||
बायोगैस | Biogas | |||||||
गंगा एक्शन प्लान और यमुना एक्शन प्लान | Ganga Action Plan and Yamuna Action Plan | |||||||
मेथेनोजेन | Methanogens | |||||||
बीटी-कॉटन | Bt-cotton | |||||||
जैविक खेती | Organic farming | Ekatah | ||||||
जैव उर्वरक | Biofertilisers | |||||||
माइकोराइजा | Mycorrhiza | |||||||
इकाई - 9 | Unit - 9 | |||||||
जैव प्रौद्योगिकी | Biotechnology | |||||||
11 | जैव प्रौद्योगिकी: सिद्धांत व प्रक्रम | Biotechnology: Principles and procedures | ||||||
इन विट्रो निषेचन | In vitro fertilisation | Ekatah | ||||||
जैव प्रौद्योगिकी के सिद्धांत | Principles of biotechnology | |||||||
आनुवंशिक अभियांत्रिकी | Genetic engineering | |||||||
जैव प्रक्रिया इंजीनियरिंग | Bioprocess engineering | |||||||
पुनर्योगज डीएनए | Recombinant DNA | |||||||
जीन क्लोनिंग और जीन स्थानांतरण, | Gene cloning and gene transfer, | |||||||
प्रतिकृतीयन की उत्पत्ति | Origin of replication, | |||||||
क्लोनिंग | Cloning | |||||||
प्रतिबंधन एंजाइम | Restriction Enzymes | |||||||
प्रतिबंध एंडोन्यूक्लिएज | Restriction endonuclease | |||||||
विशिष्ट क्षारक अनुक्रम | Recognition sequence | |||||||
एक्सोन्यूक्लिएज और एंडोन्यूक्लिएज डीएनए | Exonucleases and endonucleases DNA | |||||||
पैलिंड्रोमिक न्यूक्लियोटाइड सीक्वेंस | Palindromic nucleotide sequences | |||||||
डीएनए खंड का पृथक्करण और विलगन | Separation and isolation of DNA fragments | |||||||
जेल इलेक्ट्रोफोरोसिस | Gel electrophoresis | |||||||
क्लोनिंग संवाहक | Cloning Vectors | |||||||
रूपांतरण | Transformation | |||||||
निवेशी निष्क्रियता | Insertional inactivation | |||||||
अर्बुद | Tumor | |||||||
कैंसरयुक्त कोशिकाएँ | Cancerous cells | |||||||
सूक्ष्म अंतःक्षेपण | Micro-injection | |||||||
बायोलिस्टिक्स या जीन गन | Biolistics or gene gun | |||||||
लाइसोजाइम (जीवाणु) | lysozyme (bacteria) | |||||||
सेल्यूलस (पादप की कोशिकाएं) | Cellulase (plant cells) | |||||||
काइटिनेज (कवक) | Chitinase (fungus) | |||||||
पॉलिमरेज श्रृंखला अभिक्रिया | Polymerase Chain Reaction | |||||||
वरण योग्य चिन्हक | Selectable marker | |||||||
पुनर्योगज प्रोटीन | Recombinant protein | |||||||
बायोरिएक्टर | Bioreactors | |||||||
अनुप्रवाह संसाधन | Downstream Processing | |||||||
12 | जैव प्रौद्योगिकी एवं उसके अनुप्रयोग | Biotechnology and its application | ||||||
हरित क्रांति | Green Revolution | |||||||
आनुवंशिकता रूपांतरित जीव (GMO) | Genetically Modified Organisms (GMO) | |||||||
कीटनाशक प्रोटीन | Insecticidal protein | |||||||
आरएनए अंतरक्षेप | RNA interference | |||||||
आनुवंशिकतः निर्मित इंसुलिन | Genetically Engineered Insulin | Deeksha Dwivedi | ||||||
पेप्टाइड सी | C peptide | |||||||
जीन चिकित्सा | Gene Therapy | |||||||
आणविक निदान | Molecular Diagnosis | |||||||
पारजीवी जंतु | Transgenic animals | |||||||
नैतिक मुद्दे | Ethical issues | |||||||
GEAC (जेनेटिक इंजीनियरिंग स्वीकृति समिति) | GEAC (Genetic Engineering Approval Committee) | |||||||
बायोपाइरेसी | Biopiracy | |||||||
इकाई - 10 | Unit - 10 | |||||||
पारिस्थितिकी | Ecosystem | |||||||
13 | जीव और समष्टियाँ | Organism and population | ||||||
निकेत | Niche | |||||||
अजैविक कारक | Abiotic Factors | |||||||
जैविक कारक | Biotic Factors | |||||||
अनुकूलन | Adaptations | |||||||
समष्टि गुण | Population Attributes | |||||||
जनसंख्या घनत्व | Population density | |||||||
वृद्धि मॉडल | Growth Models | Deeksha Dwivedi | ||||||
लॉजिस्टिक ग्रोथ | Logistic growth | |||||||
जीवन वृत्त विभिन्नता | Life History Variation | |||||||
सहोपकारिता | Mutualism | |||||||
स्पर्धा | Competition | |||||||
परजीविता और परभक्षण | Parasitism & Predation | |||||||
सहभोजिता | Commensalism. | |||||||
सहजीविता | Symbiosis | |||||||
14 | पारितंत्र | Ecosystem | ||||||
स्तर-विन्यास | Stratification | |||||||
प्राथमिक उत्पादन | Primary production | |||||||
उत्पादकता | Productivity | |||||||
सकल प्राथमिक उत्पादकता | Gross primary productivity | |||||||
द्वितीयक उत्पादकता | Secondary productivity | |||||||
अपघटन | Decomposition | |||||||
अपरदाहारी | Detritivores | |||||||
ह्यूमिफिकेशन | Humification | |||||||
खनिजीकरण | Mineralisation | |||||||
प्रकाश संश्लेषक सक्रिय विकिरण | Photosynthetically active radiation | |||||||
उत्पादक | Producers | |||||||
उपभोक्ता | Consumers | |||||||
शाकाहारी | Herbivores | |||||||
अपरद खाद्य श्रृंखला | Detritus food chain | |||||||
मृतजीवी | Saprotrophs | |||||||
खाद्यजाल | Food web | |||||||
जैवमात्रा | Biomass | |||||||
पारिस्थितिक पिरामिड | Ecological Pyramid | |||||||
पारिस्थितिक अनुक्रमण | Ecological succession | |||||||
पोषण चक्रण | Succession of Plants | |||||||
जलारंभी अनुक्रमण | Hydrarch succession | |||||||
शुष्कतारंभी अनुक्रमण | xerarch succession | |||||||
मूल अन्वेषक | Pioneer species | |||||||
पोषक चक्रण | Nutrient cycling | |||||||
जैव भू-रासायनिक चक्र | Biogeochemical cycles | |||||||
पारितंत्र - कार्बन चक्र | Ecosystem – Carbon Cycle | |||||||
पारितंत्र - फास्फोरस चक्र | Ecosystem – Phosphorus Cycle | |||||||
पारितंत्र सेवाएं | Ecosystem services | |||||||
15 | जैव विविधता एवं संरक्षण | Biodiversity and Conservation | ||||||
जैव विविधता | Biodiversity | Ekatah | ||||||
आनुवंशिक विविधता | Genetic diversity: | Ekatah | ||||||
जातीय विविधता | Species diversity | Ekatah | ||||||
पारिस्थितिकीय विविधता | Ecological diversity | Ekatah | ||||||
अक्षांशीय प्रवणता | Latitudinal gradients | |||||||
जातीय-क्षेत्र संबंध | Species-Area relationships | |||||||
आवासीय क्षति तथा विखंडन | Habitat loss and fragmentation | |||||||
विदेशी जातियों का आक्रमण | Alien species invasions | |||||||
सह-विलुप्तता | Co-extinctions: | |||||||
यथास्थान संरक्षण | In situ conservation | |||||||
बाह्यस्थाने संरक्षण | Ex situ Conservation | |||||||
16 | पर्यावरण के मुद्दें | Environmental issues | ||||||
वैधुत अवक्षेपित | Electrostatic precipitator | |||||||
संपीड़ित प्राकृतिक गैस (CNG) | Compressed natural gas (CNG) | |||||||
जल (रोकथाम और प्रदूषण नियंत्रण) अधिनियम | Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act | |||||||
बायोकेमिकल ऑक्सीजन डिमांड (बीओडी) | Domestic Sewage and Industrial Effluents | |||||||
जैव आवर्धन | Biomagnification | Deeksha Dwivedi | ||||||
सांस्कृतिक या त्वरित सुपोषण | Cultural or Accelerated Eutrophication | |||||||
सेनेटरी लैंडफिल | Sanitary landfills | |||||||
इलेक्ट्रॉनिक अपशिष्ट (ई-अपशिष्ट) | Electronic wastes (e-wastes) | |||||||
कृषि रसायन | Agro chemicals | |||||||
जैविक खेती | Organic Farming | |||||||
रेडियोधर्मी अपशिष्ट | Radioactive waste | |||||||
ग्रीनहाउस प्रभाव | Greenhouse effect | |||||||
ओजोन अवक्षय | Ozone depletion | |||||||
समताप मंडल | Stratosphere | Deeksha Dwivedi | ||||||
क्लोरोफ्लोरोकार्बन | chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) | |||||||
ओजोन छिद्र | Ozone hole | Ekatah | ||||||
हिमांधता, | Snow-blindness | Ekatah | ||||||
मॉन्ट्रियल प्रोटोकॉल | Montreal Protocol | |||||||
मृदा अपरदन और मरुस्थलीकरण | Soil erosion and desertification | |||||||
जलाक्रांति और मृदा लवणता | Waterlogging and soil salinity | |||||||
वनोन्मूलन | Deforestation | Deeksha Dwivedi | ||||||
काटो और जलाओ कृषि | Slash and burn agriculture | |||||||
झूम खेती | Jhum cultivation | |||||||
पुनर्वनीकरण | Reforestation | |||||||
अमृता देवी बिश्नोई वन्यजीव संरक्षण पुरस्कार | Amrita Devi Bishnoi Wildlife Protection Award | |||||||
चिपको आंदोलन | Chipko Movement | |||||||
संयुक्त वन प्रबंधन | Joint Forest Management (JFM) | |||||||