Taxonomy for Biology Articles-11th Class: Difference between revisions
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|'''Chapter''' | |'''Chapter''' | ||
|'''Topic''' | |'''Topic''' | ||
|'''Article Creator Name''' | |||
|'''[https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1W0E_JcTAuGojSdK8vcLmC9v91rRN0oWZOtUxlijjZBc/edit#gid=629091502 Review by IIT Kanpur]''' | |||
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|'''इकाई - एक''' | |'''इकाई - एक''' | ||
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|'''Diversity in the living world''' | |'''Diversity in the living world''' | ||
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|'''The living world''' | |'''The living world''' | ||
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|living | |living | ||
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|Growth | |Growth | ||
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|Reproduction | |Reproduction | ||
|Deeksha Dwivedi | |||
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|Metabolism | |Metabolism | ||
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Line 71: | Line 87: | ||
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|Biodiversity | |Biodiversity | ||
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|Nomenclature | |Nomenclature | ||
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|Binomial Nomenclature | |Binomial Nomenclature | ||
|Deeksha Dwivedi | |||
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|Taxa | |Taxa | ||
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|Taxonomy | |Taxonomy | ||
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|Species | |Species | ||
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|Genus | |Genus | ||
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Line 127: | Line 157: | ||
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|order | |order | ||
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Line 135: | Line 167: | ||
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|Phylum | |Phylum | ||
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Line 143: | Line 177: | ||
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|Herbarium | |Herbarium | ||
|Deeksha Dwivedi | |||
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Line 151: | Line 187: | ||
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|Botanical Garden | |Botanical Garden | ||
|Deeksha Dwivedi | |||
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Line 159: | Line 197: | ||
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|Museum | |Museum | ||
|Deeksha Dwivedi | |||
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Line 167: | Line 207: | ||
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|Zoological park | |Zoological park | ||
|Deeksha Dwivedi | |||
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|'''2''' | |'''2''' | ||
Line 174: | Line 216: | ||
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|'''Biological Classification''' | |'''Biological Classification''' | ||
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Line 183: | Line 227: | ||
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|Dual system | |Dual system | ||
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Line 191: | Line 237: | ||
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|Archaebacteria | |Archaebacteria | ||
|shahana rizvi | |||
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Line 199: | Line 247: | ||
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|Eubacteria | |Eubacteria | ||
|shahana rizvi | |||
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Line 207: | Line 257: | ||
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|Cyanobacteria | |Cyanobacteria | ||
|shahana rizvi | |||
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Line 215: | Line 267: | ||
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|Parasitic Bacteria | |Parasitic Bacteria | ||
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Line 223: | Line 277: | ||
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|Protista Kingdom | |Protista Kingdom | ||
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Line 231: | Line 287: | ||
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|Chrysophytes | |Chrysophytes | ||
|shahana rizvi | |||
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Line 239: | Line 297: | ||
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|Dinoflagellates | |Dinoflagellates | ||
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Line 247: | Line 307: | ||
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|Euglenoids | |Euglenoids | ||
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Line 255: | Line 317: | ||
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|scale fungus | |scale fungus | ||
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Line 263: | Line 327: | ||
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|Protozoa | |Protozoa | ||
|shahana rizvi | |||
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Line 271: | Line 337: | ||
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|Fungi | |Fungi | ||
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|[[फाइकोमाइसिटीज]] | |[[फाइकोमाइसिटीज]] | ||
Line 279: | Line 347: | ||
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|Phycomycetes | |Phycomycetes | ||
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Line 287: | Line 357: | ||
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|Ascomycetes | |Ascomycetes | ||
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Line 295: | Line 367: | ||
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|Basidiomycetes | |Basidiomycetes | ||
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Line 303: | Line 377: | ||
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|Deuteromycetes | |Deuteromycetes | ||
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Line 311: | Line 387: | ||
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|Plantae Kingdom | |Plantae Kingdom | ||
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Line 319: | Line 397: | ||
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|Animal kingdom | |Animal kingdom | ||
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Line 327: | Line 407: | ||
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|Virus | |Virus | ||
|shahana rizvi | |||
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Line 335: | Line 417: | ||
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|Viroid | |Viroid | ||
|shahana rizvi | |||
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Line 343: | Line 427: | ||
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|Prione | |Prione | ||
|shahana rizvi | |||
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Line 351: | Line 437: | ||
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|Lichen | |Lichen | ||
|shahana rizvi | |||
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Line 359: | Line 447: | ||
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|Algae | |Algae | ||
|shahana rizvi | |||
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Line 367: | Line 457: | ||
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|Mycovyant | |Mycovyant | ||
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|'''3''' | |'''3''' | ||
Line 374: | Line 466: | ||
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|'''Plant Kingdom''' | |'''Plant Kingdom''' | ||
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Line 383: | Line 477: | ||
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|Algae | |Algae | ||
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Line 391: | Line 487: | ||
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|Zoospores | |Zoospores | ||
|shahana rizvi | |||
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Line 399: | Line 497: | ||
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|homozygous | |homozygous | ||
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Line 407: | Line 507: | ||
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|heterozygous | |heterozygous | ||
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Line 415: | Line 517: | ||
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|Male gametes | |Male gametes | ||
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Line 423: | Line 527: | ||
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|Red algae | |Red algae | ||
|shahana rizvi | |||
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Line 431: | Line 537: | ||
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|carrageen | |carrageen | ||
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Line 439: | Line 547: | ||
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|Chlorophyceae (green algae) | |Chlorophyceae (green algae) | ||
|shahana rizvi | |||
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Line 447: | Line 557: | ||
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|phaeophyceae (Brown Algae) | |phaeophyceae (Brown Algae) | ||
|shahana rizvi | |||
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Line 455: | Line 567: | ||
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|Rhodophyceae | |Rhodophyceae | ||
|shahana rizvi | |||
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|- | |- | ||
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Line 463: | Line 577: | ||
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|Bryophytes | |Bryophytes | ||
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|- | |- | ||
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Line 471: | Line 587: | ||
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|Gametophyte | |Gametophyte | ||
|shahana rizvi | |||
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Line 479: | Line 597: | ||
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|Antheridium | |Antheridium | ||
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Line 487: | Line 607: | ||
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|Archegonium | |Archegonium | ||
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Line 495: | Line 617: | ||
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|Sporophyte | |Sporophyte | ||
|shahana rizvi | |||
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|- | |- | ||
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Line 503: | Line 627: | ||
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|Livervart | |Livervart | ||
|shahana rizvi | |||
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|- | |- | ||
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Line 511: | Line 637: | ||
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|Moss | |Moss | ||
|shahana rizvi | |||
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|- | |- | ||
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Line 519: | Line 647: | ||
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|pteridophytes | |pteridophytes | ||
|shahana rizvi | |||
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|- | |- | ||
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Line 527: | Line 657: | ||
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|Gymnosperm | |Gymnosperm | ||
|Deeksha Dwivedi | |||
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|- | |- | ||
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Line 535: | Line 667: | ||
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|Angiosperms | |Angiosperms | ||
|Deeksha Dwivedi | |||
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Line 543: | Line 677: | ||
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|pollination | |pollination | ||
|Deeksha Dwivedi | |||
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Line 551: | Line 687: | ||
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|Alternation of generations | |Alternation of generations | ||
|Deeksha Dwivedi | |||
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Line 559: | Line 697: | ||
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|Sporophyte | |Sporophyte | ||
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|- | |- | ||
|'''4''' | |'''4''' | ||
Line 566: | Line 706: | ||
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|'''Animal Kingdom''' | |'''Animal Kingdom''' | ||
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|- | |- | ||
Line 575: | Line 717: | ||
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|Ectoderm | |Ectoderm | ||
|shahana rizvi | |||
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|- | |- | ||
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Line 583: | Line 727: | ||
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|Endoderm | |Endoderm | ||
|shahana rizvi | |||
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|- | |- | ||
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Line 591: | Line 737: | ||
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|Mesoderm | |Mesoderm | ||
|shahana rizvi | |||
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|- | |- | ||
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Line 599: | Line 747: | ||
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|Coelom | |Coelom | ||
|shahana rizvi | |||
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|- | |- | ||
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Line 607: | Line 757: | ||
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|Segmentation | |Segmentation | ||
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Line 615: | Line 767: | ||
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|metameric segmentation | |metameric segmentation | ||
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|- | |- | ||
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Line 623: | Line 777: | ||
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|Notochord | |Notochord | ||
|shahana rizvi | |||
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|- | |- | ||
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Line 631: | Line 787: | ||
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|Phylum Porifera | |Phylum Porifera | ||
|Deeksha Dwivedi | |||
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|- | |- | ||
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Line 639: | Line 797: | ||
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|Austia | |Austia | ||
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Line 647: | Line 807: | ||
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|Spongocoel | |Spongocoel | ||
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|- | |- | ||
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Line 655: | Line 817: | ||
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|Osculam | |Osculam | ||
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|- | |- | ||
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Line 663: | Line 827: | ||
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|Choanocytes | |Choanocytes | ||
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|- | |- | ||
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Line 671: | Line 837: | ||
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|canals | |canals | ||
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|- | |- | ||
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Line 679: | Line 847: | ||
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|Ostia | |Ostia | ||
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|- | |- | ||
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Line 687: | Line 857: | ||
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|Spongilla | |Spongilla | ||
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|- | |- | ||
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Line 695: | Line 867: | ||
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|Euspongia | |Euspongia | ||
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|- | |- | ||
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Line 703: | Line 877: | ||
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|Phylum – Coelenterata (Cnidaria) | |Phylum – Coelenterata (Cnidaria) | ||
|Deeksha Dwivedi | |||
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|- | |- | ||
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Line 711: | Line 887: | ||
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|Nematocysts | |Nematocysts | ||
|shahana rizvi | |||
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|- | |- | ||
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Line 719: | Line 897: | ||
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|Cnidoblasts | |Cnidoblasts | ||
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|- | |- | ||
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Line 727: | Line 907: | ||
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|Phylum – Ctenophora | |Phylum – Ctenophora | ||
|Deeksha Dwivedi | |||
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|- | |- | ||
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Line 735: | Line 917: | ||
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|Phylum – Platyhelminthes | |Phylum – Platyhelminthes | ||
|Deeksha Dwivedi | |||
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|- | |- | ||
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Line 743: | Line 927: | ||
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|Phylum – Aschelminthes | |Phylum – Aschelminthes | ||
|Deeksha Dwivedi | |||
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|- | |- | ||
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Line 751: | Line 937: | ||
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|Phylum – Annelida | |Phylum – Annelida | ||
|Deeksha Dwivedi | |||
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|- | |- | ||
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Line 759: | Line 947: | ||
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|Parapodia | |Parapodia | ||
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|- | |- | ||
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Line 767: | Line 957: | ||
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|Nephridia | |Nephridia | ||
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|- | |- | ||
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Line 775: | Line 967: | ||
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|Nephridium | |Nephridium | ||
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|- | |- | ||
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Line 783: | Line 977: | ||
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|Phylum – Arthropoda | |Phylum – Arthropoda | ||
|Deeksha Dwivedi | |||
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|- | |- | ||
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Line 791: | Line 987: | ||
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|Jointed appendages | |Jointed appendages | ||
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|- | |- | ||
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Line 799: | Line 997: | ||
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|Malpighian tubules | |Malpighian tubules | ||
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|- | |- | ||
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Line 807: | Line 1,007: | ||
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|Phylum mollusca | |Phylum mollusca | ||
|Deeksha Dwivedi | |||
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|- | |- | ||
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Line 815: | Line 1,017: | ||
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|Radula | |Radula | ||
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|- | |- | ||
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Line 823: | Line 1,027: | ||
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|Phylum Echinodermata | |Phylum Echinodermata | ||
|Deeksha Dwivedi | |||
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|- | |- | ||
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Line 831: | Line 1,037: | ||
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|Water vascular system | |Water vascular system | ||
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|- | |- | ||
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Line 839: | Line 1,047: | ||
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|Phylum – Hemichordata | |Phylum – Hemichordata | ||
|Deeksha Dwivedi | |||
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|- | |- | ||
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Line 847: | Line 1,057: | ||
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|Gill slits | |Gill slits | ||
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|- | |- | ||
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Line 855: | Line 1,067: | ||
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|Notochord | |Notochord | ||
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|- | |- | ||
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Line 863: | Line 1,077: | ||
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|Class – Cyclostomata | |Class – Cyclostomata | ||
|shahana rizvi | |||
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|- | |- | ||
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Line 871: | Line 1,087: | ||
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|Class – Chondrichthyes | |Class – Chondrichthyes | ||
|shahana rizvi | |||
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|- | |- | ||
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Line 879: | Line 1,097: | ||
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|Operculum | |Operculum | ||
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|- | |- | ||
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Line 887: | Line 1,107: | ||
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|Class – Amphibia | |Class – Amphibia | ||
|shahana rizvi | |||
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|- | |- | ||
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Line 895: | Line 1,117: | ||
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|Tympanum | |Tympanum | ||
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|- | |- | ||
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Line 903: | Line 1,127: | ||
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|Cloaca | |Cloaca | ||
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|- | |- | ||
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Line 911: | Line 1,137: | ||
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|Class – Reptilia | |Class – Reptilia | ||
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|- | |- | ||
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Line 919: | Line 1,147: | ||
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|Scales | |Scales | ||
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|- | |- | ||
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Line 927: | Line 1,157: | ||
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|Class – Aves | |Class – Aves | ||
|shahana rizvi | |||
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|- | |- | ||
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Line 935: | Line 1,167: | ||
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|Homoiothermous | |Homoiothermous | ||
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|- | |- | ||
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Line 943: | Line 1,177: | ||
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|Class – Mammalia | |Class – Mammalia | ||
|shahana rizvi | |||
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|- | |- | ||
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Line 951: | Line 1,187: | ||
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|Mammary glands | |Mammary glands | ||
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|- | |- | ||
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Line 957: | Line 1,195: | ||
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|'''Unit- 2''' | |'''Unit- 2''' | ||
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Line 965: | Line 1,205: | ||
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|'''Structural Organisation in Plants and Animals''' | |'''Structural Organisation in Plants and Animals''' | ||
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Line 974: | Line 1,216: | ||
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|'''Morphology of Flowering Plants''' | |'''Morphology of Flowering Plants''' | ||
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|- | |- | ||
Line 983: | Line 1,227: | ||
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|Morphology | |Morphology | ||
|shahana rizvi | |||
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|- | |- | ||
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Line 991: | Line 1,237: | ||
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|Primary root | |Primary root | ||
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|- | |- | ||
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Line 999: | Line 1,247: | ||
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|Secondary Root | |Secondary Root | ||
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|- | |- | ||
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Line 1,007: | Line 1,257: | ||
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|Tertiary root | |Tertiary root | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,015: | Line 1,267: | ||
| | | | ||
|Tap root system | |Tap root system | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,023: | Line 1,277: | ||
| | | | ||
|Fibrous root | |Fibrous root | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,031: | Line 1,287: | ||
| | | | ||
|Adventitious roots | |Adventitious roots | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,039: | Line 1,297: | ||
| | | | ||
|Root cap | |Root cap | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,047: | Line 1,307: | ||
| | | | ||
|Region of meristematic activity | |Region of meristematic activity | ||
|- | | | ||
| | |||
|- | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,055: | Line 1,317: | ||
| | | | ||
|Region of elongation | |Region of elongation | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,063: | Line 1,327: | ||
| | | | ||
|Region of maturation | |Region of maturation | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,071: | Line 1,337: | ||
| | | | ||
|Root hairs | |Root hairs | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,079: | Line 1,347: | ||
| | | | ||
|Prop roots | |Prop roots | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,087: | Line 1,357: | ||
| | | | ||
|Stilt roots | |Stilt roots | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,095: | Line 1,367: | ||
| | | | ||
|pneumatophores | |pneumatophores | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,103: | Line 1,377: | ||
| | | | ||
|Tendrils | |Tendrils | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,111: | Line 1,387: | ||
| | | | ||
|leaf base | |leaf base | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,119: | Line 1,397: | ||
| | | | ||
|Petiole | |Petiole | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,127: | Line 1,407: | ||
| | | | ||
|Petiole | |Petiole | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,135: | Line 1,417: | ||
| | | | ||
|lamina | |lamina | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,143: | Line 1,427: | ||
| | | | ||
|Midrib | |Midrib | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,151: | Line 1,437: | ||
| | | | ||
|venation | |venation | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,159: | Line 1,447: | ||
| | | | ||
|simple leaf | |simple leaf | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,167: | Line 1,457: | ||
| | | | ||
|compound leaf | |compound leaf | ||
|shahana rizvi | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,175: | Line 1,467: | ||
| | | | ||
|foliage | |foliage | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,183: | Line 1,477: | ||
| | | | ||
|metamorphosis of leaf | |metamorphosis of leaf | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,191: | Line 1,487: | ||
| | | | ||
|inflorescence | |inflorescence | ||
|shahana | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,199: | Line 1,497: | ||
| | | | ||
|Racemose | |Racemose | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,207: | Line 1,507: | ||
| | | | ||
|cymose | |cymose | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,215: | Line 1,517: | ||
| | | | ||
|flowers | |flowers | ||
|shahana rizvi | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,223: | Line 1,527: | ||
| | | | ||
|Thalamus or receptacle. | |Thalamus or receptacle. | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,231: | Line 1,537: | ||
| | | | ||
|Bracteate | |Bracteate | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,239: | Line 1,547: | ||
| | | | ||
|Ebracteate | |Ebracteate | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,247: | Line 1,557: | ||
| | | | ||
|Hypogynous | |Hypogynous | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,255: | Line 1,567: | ||
| | | | ||
|Perigynous | |Perigynous | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,263: | Line 1,577: | ||
| | | | ||
|Epigynous | |Epigynous | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,271: | Line 1,587: | ||
| | | | ||
|downward | |downward | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,279: | Line 1,597: | ||
| | | | ||
|vertical | |vertical | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,287: | Line 1,607: | ||
| | | | ||
|Calyx | |Calyx | ||
|shahana rizvi | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,295: | Line 1,617: | ||
| | | | ||
|Gamosepalous | |Gamosepalous | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,303: | Line 1,627: | ||
| | | | ||
|Polysepalous | |Polysepalous | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,311: | Line 1,637: | ||
| | | | ||
|Corolla | |Corolla | ||
|shahana rizvi | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,319: | Line 1,647: | ||
| | | | ||
|Valvate | |Valvate | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,327: | Line 1,657: | ||
| | | | ||
|Twisted | |Twisted | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,335: | Line 1,667: | ||
| | | | ||
|Imbricate | |Imbricate | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,343: | Line 1,677: | ||
| | | | ||
|vaccillary | |vaccillary | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,351: | Line 1,687: | ||
| | | | ||
|stamen | |stamen | ||
|shahana rizvi | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,359: | Line 1,697: | ||
| | | | ||
|Staminode | |Staminode | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,367: | Line 1,707: | ||
| | | | ||
|Epipetalus | |Epipetalus | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,375: | Line 1,717: | ||
| | | | ||
|Epiphyllus | |Epiphyllus | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,383: | Line 1,727: | ||
| | | | ||
|Gynoecium | |Gynoecium | ||
|shahana rizvi | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,391: | Line 1,737: | ||
| | | | ||
|style | |style | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,399: | Line 1,747: | ||
| | | | ||
|stigma | |stigma | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,407: | Line 1,757: | ||
| | | | ||
|Placenta | |Placenta | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,415: | Line 1,767: | ||
| | | | ||
|Apocarpous | |Apocarpous | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,423: | Line 1,777: | ||
| | | | ||
|Syncarpous | |Syncarpous | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,431: | Line 1,787: | ||
| | | | ||
|Placentation | |Placentation | ||
|shahana rizvi | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,439: | Line 1,797: | ||
| | | | ||
|Parthenocarpic | |Parthenocarpic | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,447: | Line 1,807: | ||
| | | | ||
|Pericarp | |Pericarp | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,455: | Line 1,817: | ||
| | | | ||
|Epicarp | |Epicarp | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,463: | Line 1,827: | ||
| | | | ||
|Mesocarp | |Mesocarp | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,471: | Line 1,837: | ||
| | | | ||
|Endocarp | |Endocarp | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,479: | Line 1,847: | ||
| | | | ||
|Testa | |Testa | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,487: | Line 1,857: | ||
| | | | ||
|tegmen. | |tegmen. | ||
|- | | | ||
| | |||
|- | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,495: | Line 1,867: | ||
| | | | ||
|Micropyle | |Micropyle | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,503: | Line 1,877: | ||
| | | | ||
|Radicle. | |Radicle. | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,511: | Line 1,887: | ||
| | | | ||
|Endosperm | |Endosperm | ||
|shahana rizvi | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,519: | Line 1,897: | ||
| | | | ||
|Aleurone layer | |Aleurone layer | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,527: | Line 1,907: | ||
| | | | ||
|scutellum | |scutellum | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,535: | Line 1,917: | ||
| | | | ||
|Plumule | |Plumule | ||
|shahana rizvi | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,543: | Line 1,927: | ||
| | | | ||
|Radicle | |Radicle | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,551: | Line 1,937: | ||
| | | | ||
|Coleoptile | |Coleoptile | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,559: | Line 1,947: | ||
| | | | ||
|Coleorhiza | |Coleorhiza | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,567: | Line 1,957: | ||
| | | | ||
|Fabaceae | |Fabaceae | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,575: | Line 1,967: | ||
| | | | ||
|Solanaceae | |Solanaceae | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,583: | Line 1,977: | ||
| | | | ||
|Liliaceae | |Liliaceae | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
|'''6''' | |'''6''' | ||
Line 1,590: | Line 1,986: | ||
| | | | ||
|'''Anatomy of Flowering Plants''' | |'''Anatomy of Flowering Plants''' | ||
| | |||
| | |||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
Line 1,599: | Line 1,997: | ||
| | | | ||
|Tissues | |Tissues | ||
|shahana rizvi | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,607: | Line 2,007: | ||
| | | | ||
|Meristematic Tissues | |Meristematic Tissues | ||
|shahana rizvi | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,615: | Line 2,017: | ||
| | | | ||
|Meristems | |Meristems | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,623: | Line 2,027: | ||
| | | | ||
|Apical meristems | |Apical meristems | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,631: | Line 2,037: | ||
| | | | ||
|Axillary bud | |Axillary bud | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,639: | Line 2,047: | ||
| | | | ||
|Intercalary Meristem | |Intercalary Meristem | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,647: | Line 2,057: | ||
| | | | ||
|Primary meristem | |Primary meristem | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,655: | Line 2,067: | ||
| | | | ||
|Secondary or lateral meristem | |Secondary or lateral meristem | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,663: | Line 2,077: | ||
| | | | ||
|Permanent or mature cells | |Permanent or mature cells | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,671: | Line 2,087: | ||
| | | | ||
|Simple tissues | |Simple tissues | ||
|shahana rizvi | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,679: | Line 2,097: | ||
| | | | ||
|Parenchyma | |Parenchyma | ||
|shahana rizvi | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,687: | Line 2,107: | ||
| | | | ||
|Collenchyma | |Collenchyma | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,695: | Line 2,117: | ||
| | | | ||
|Sclerenchyma | |Sclerenchyma | ||
|shahana rizvi | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,703: | Line 2,127: | ||
| | | | ||
|sclereids | |sclereids | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,711: | Line 2,137: | ||
| | | | ||
|Complex Tissues | |Complex Tissues | ||
|shahana rizvi | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,719: | Line 2,147: | ||
| | | | ||
|Xylem | |Xylem | ||
|shahana rizvi | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,727: | Line 2,157: | ||
| | | | ||
|Tracheids | |Tracheids | ||
|shahana rizvi | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,735: | Line 2,167: | ||
| | | | ||
|Vessel | |Vessel | ||
|shahana rizvi | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,743: | Line 2,177: | ||
| | | | ||
|Xylem fibres | |Xylem fibres | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,751: | Line 2,187: | ||
| | | | ||
|Xylem parenchyma | |Xylem parenchyma | ||
|shahana rizvi | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,759: | Line 2,197: | ||
| | | | ||
|protoxylem | |protoxylem | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,767: | Line 2,207: | ||
| | | | ||
|Metaxylem | |Metaxylem | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,775: | Line 2,217: | ||
| | | | ||
|Endarch | |Endarch | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,783: | Line 2,227: | ||
| | | | ||
|exarch | |exarch | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,791: | Line 2,237: | ||
| | | | ||
|Phloem | |Phloem | ||
|shahana rizvi | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,799: | Line 2,247: | ||
| | | | ||
|Sieve tube elements | |Sieve tube elements | ||
|shahana rizvi | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,807: | Line 2,257: | ||
| | | | ||
|Companion cells | |Companion cells | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,815: | Line 2,267: | ||
| | | | ||
|Phloem parenchyma | |Phloem parenchyma | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,823: | Line 2,277: | ||
| | | | ||
|Phloem fibres | |Phloem fibres | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,831: | Line 2,287: | ||
| | | | ||
|Protophloem | |Protophloem | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,839: | Line 2,297: | ||
| | | | ||
|Metaphloem. | |Metaphloem. | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,847: | Line 2,307: | ||
| | | | ||
|Cuticle | |Cuticle | ||
|shahana rizvi | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,855: | Line 2,317: | ||
| | | | ||
|Stomata | |Stomata | ||
|shahana rizvi | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,863: | Line 2,327: | ||
| | | | ||
|Subsidiary cells | |Subsidiary cells | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,871: | Line 2,337: | ||
| | | | ||
|Stomatal apparatus | |Stomatal apparatus | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,879: | Line 2,347: | ||
| | | | ||
|Root hairs | |Root hairs | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,887: | Line 2,357: | ||
| | | | ||
|Trichomes | |Trichomes | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,895: | Line 2,367: | ||
| | | | ||
|Ground tissue | |Ground tissue | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,903: | Line 2,377: | ||
| | | | ||
|Mesophyll | |Mesophyll | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,911: | Line 2,387: | ||
| | | | ||
|Cambium | |Cambium | ||
|shahana rizvi | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,919: | Line 2,397: | ||
| | | | ||
|Open vascular bundles. | |Open vascular bundles. | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,927: | Line 2,407: | ||
| | | | ||
|Closed vascular bundles | |Closed vascular bundles | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,935: | Line 2,417: | ||
| | | | ||
|Radial vascular bundles | |Radial vascular bundles | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,943: | Line 2,427: | ||
| | | | ||
|Epiblema | |Epiblema | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,951: | Line 2,437: | ||
| | | | ||
|Cortex | |Cortex | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,959: | Line 2,447: | ||
| | | | ||
|Casparian strips. | |Casparian strips. | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,967: | Line 2,457: | ||
| | | | ||
|Pericycle | |Pericycle | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,975: | Line 2,467: | ||
| | | | ||
|Conjuctive tissue | |Conjuctive tissue | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,983: | Line 2,477: | ||
| | | | ||
|pith | |pith | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,991: | Line 2,487: | ||
| | | | ||
|palisade parenchyma | |palisade parenchyma | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,996: | Line 2,494: | ||
| | | | ||
|[[आवर्ध त्वक्कोशिका]] | |[[आवर्ध त्वक्कोशिका]] | ||
| | |||
| | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,007: | Line 2,507: | ||
| | | | ||
|Secondary growth | |Secondary growth | ||
|shahana rizvi | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,015: | Line 2,517: | ||
| | | | ||
|lateral meristem | |lateral meristem | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,023: | Line 2,527: | ||
| | | | ||
|vascular cambium | |vascular cambium | ||
|shahana rizvi | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,031: | Line 2,537: | ||
| | | | ||
|Cork Cambium | |Cork Cambium | ||
|shahana rizvi | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,039: | Line 2,547: | ||
| | | | ||
|Intyracalary Cambium | |Intyracalary Cambium | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,047: | Line 2,557: | ||
| | | | ||
|Intercalary cambium | |Intercalary cambium | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,055: | Line 2,567: | ||
| | | | ||
|Secondary Xylem | |Secondary Xylem | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,063: | Line 2,577: | ||
| | | | ||
|Secondary Phloem | |Secondary Phloem | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,071: | Line 2,587: | ||
| | | | ||
|Secondary medullary | |Secondary medullary | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,079: | Line 2,597: | ||
| | | | ||
|Spring wood | |Spring wood | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,087: | Line 2,607: | ||
| | | | ||
|Early wood | |Early wood | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,095: | Line 2,617: | ||
| | | | ||
|Annual ring | |Annual ring | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,103: | Line 2,627: | ||
| | | | ||
|sapwood | |sapwood | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,111: | Line 2,637: | ||
| | | | ||
|Heartwood | |Heartwood | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,119: | Line 2,647: | ||
| | | | ||
|cork cambium | |cork cambium | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,127: | Line 2,657: | ||
| | | | ||
|Secondary cortex or Phelloderm | |Secondary cortex or Phelloderm | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,135: | Line 2,667: | ||
| | | | ||
|Periderm | |Periderm | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,143: | Line 2,677: | ||
| | | | ||
|Bark | |Bark | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,151: | Line 2,687: | ||
| | | | ||
|Lenticels | |Lenticels | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
|'''7''' | |'''7''' | ||
Line 2,158: | Line 2,696: | ||
| | | | ||
|'''Structural Organsation in Animals''' | |'''Structural Organsation in Animals''' | ||
| | |||
| | |||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
Line 2,167: | Line 2,707: | ||
| | | | ||
|simple epithelium | |simple epithelium | ||
|shahana rizvi | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,175: | Line 2,717: | ||
| | | | ||
|compound epithelium | |compound epithelium | ||
|shahana rizvi | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,183: | Line 2,727: | ||
| | | | ||
|Squamous epithelium | |Squamous epithelium | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,191: | Line 2,737: | ||
| | | | ||
|Cuboidal epithelium | |Cuboidal epithelium | ||
|- | | | ||
| | |||
|- | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,199: | Line 2,747: | ||
| | | | ||
|Columnar epithelium | |Columnar epithelium | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,207: | Line 2,757: | ||
| | | | ||
|Ciliated epithelium | |Ciliated epithelium | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,215: | Line 2,767: | ||
| | | | ||
|Glandular epithelium | |Glandular epithelium | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,223: | Line 2,777: | ||
| | | | ||
|Exocrine | |Exocrine | ||
|shahana rizvi | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,231: | Line 2,787: | ||
| | | | ||
|Endocrine | |Endocrine | ||
|shahana rizvi | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,239: | Line 2,797: | ||
| | | | ||
|Compound epithelium | |Compound epithelium | ||
|shahana rizvi | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,247: | Line 2,807: | ||
| | | | ||
|Tight junctions | |Tight junctions | ||
|shahana rizvi | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,255: | Line 2,817: | ||
| | | | ||
|Adhering junctions | |Adhering junctions | ||
|shahana rizvi | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,263: | Line 2,827: | ||
| | | | ||
|Gap junctions | |Gap junctions | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,271: | Line 2,837: | ||
| | | | ||
|Areolar tissue | |Areolar tissue | ||
|shahana rizvi | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,279: | Line 2,847: | ||
| | | | ||
|Dense connective tissues | |Dense connective tissues | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,287: | Line 2,857: | ||
| | | | ||
|Adipose tissue | |Adipose tissue | ||
|shahana rizvi | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,295: | Line 2,867: | ||
| | | | ||
|specialised connective tissues | |specialised connective tissues | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,303: | Line 2,877: | ||
| | | | ||
|Bones | |Bones | ||
|shahana rizvi | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,311: | Line 2,887: | ||
| | | | ||
|Blood | |Blood | ||
|shahana rizvi | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,319: | Line 2,897: | ||
| | | | ||
|Skeletal muscle | |Skeletal muscle | ||
|shahana rizvi | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,327: | Line 2,907: | ||
| | | | ||
|smooth muscle | |smooth muscle | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,335: | Line 2,917: | ||
| | | | ||
|Cardiac muscle tissue | |Cardiac muscle tissue | ||
|shahana rizvi | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,343: | Line 2,927: | ||
| | | | ||
|Neural Tissue | |Neural Tissue | ||
|Ekatah | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,351: | Line 2,937: | ||
| | | | ||
|Organ and organ System | |Organ and organ System | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,359: | Line 2,947: | ||
| | | | ||
|Earthworm | |Earthworm | ||
|shahana rizvi | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,367: | Line 2,957: | ||
| | | | ||
|Clitellum | |Clitellum | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,375: | Line 2,967: | ||
| | | | ||
|Setae | |Setae | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,383: | Line 2,977: | ||
| | | | ||
|Typhlosole | |Typhlosole | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,391: | Line 2,987: | ||
| | | | ||
|Nephridia | |Nephridia | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,399: | Line 2,997: | ||
| | | | ||
|Cockroache | |Cockroache | ||
|shahana rizvi | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,407: | Line 3,007: | ||
| | | | ||
|Malpighian tubules | |Malpighian tubules | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,415: | Line 3,017: | ||
| | | | ||
|Uricotelic | |Uricotelic | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,423: | Line 3,027: | ||
| | | | ||
|ommatidia | |ommatidia | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,429: | Line 3,035: | ||
| | | | ||
|'''Unit - 3''' | |'''Unit - 3''' | ||
| | |||
| | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,437: | Line 3,045: | ||
| | | | ||
|'''Structure and functions''' | |'''Structure and functions''' | ||
| | |||
| | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,447: | Line 3,057: | ||
|'''cell: The unit of life''' | |'''cell: The unit of life''' | ||
| | | | ||
|- | | | ||
| | |||
|- | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,455: | Line 3,067: | ||
| | | | ||
|Cell | |Cell | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,463: | Line 3,077: | ||
| | | | ||
|Anton Von Leeuwenhoek | |Anton Von Leeuwenhoek | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,471: | Line 3,087: | ||
| | | | ||
|Cell theory | |Cell theory | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,479: | Line 3,097: | ||
| | | | ||
|Schleiden and Schwann | |Schleiden and Schwann | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,487: | Line 3,107: | ||
| | | | ||
|Prokaryotic cells | |Prokaryotic cells | ||
|shahana rizvi | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,495: | Line 3,117: | ||
| | | | ||
|DNA | |DNA | ||
|Ekatah | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,503: | Line 3,127: | ||
| | | | ||
|Gram positive bacteria | |Gram positive bacteria | ||
|shahana rizvi | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,511: | Line 3,137: | ||
| | | | ||
|Gram negative bacteria | |Gram negative bacteria | ||
|shahana rizvi | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,519: | Line 3,147: | ||
| | | | ||
|Slime layer | |Slime layer | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,527: | Line 3,157: | ||
| | | | ||
|Capsule | |Capsule | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,543: | Line 3,167: | ||
| | | | ||
|Mesosome | |Mesosome | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,551: | Line 3,177: | ||
| | | | ||
|Form of vesicles | |Form of vesicles | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,559: | Line 3,187: | ||
| | | | ||
|Tubules | |Tubules | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,567: | Line 3,197: | ||
| | | | ||
|Lamellae | |Lamellae | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,575: | Line 3,207: | ||
| | | | ||
|Filament | |Filament | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,583: | Line 3,217: | ||
| | | | ||
|Flagellum | |Flagellum | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,591: | Line 3,227: | ||
| | | | ||
|Pili | |Pili | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,599: | Line 3,237: | ||
| | | | ||
|Fimbriae | |Fimbriae | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,607: | Line 3,247: | ||
| | | | ||
|Ribosomes | |Ribosomes | ||
|shahana rizvi | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,615: | Line 3,257: | ||
| | | | ||
|Polyribosomes or polysome | |Polyribosomes or polysome | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,623: | Line 3,267: | ||
| | | | ||
|Inclusion bodies | |Inclusion bodies | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,631: | Line 3,277: | ||
| | | | ||
|Central vacuole | |Central vacuole | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,639: | Line 3,287: | ||
| | | | ||
|Centrioles | |Centrioles | ||
|shahana rizvi | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,647: | Line 3,297: | ||
| | | | ||
|Eukaryotic cells | |Eukaryotic cells | ||
|shahana rizvi | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,655: | Line 3,307: | ||
| | | | ||
|Cell Membrane | |Cell Membrane | ||
|shahana rizvi | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,663: | Line 3,317: | ||
| | | | ||
|Fluid mosaic model | |Fluid mosaic model | ||
|shahana rizvi | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,671: | Line 3,327: | ||
| | | | ||
|Passive transport | |Passive transport | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,679: | Line 3,337: | ||
| | | | ||
|Active transport | |Active transport | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,687: | Line 3,347: | ||
| | | | ||
|Osmosis. | |Osmosis. | ||
|shahana rizvi | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,695: | Line 3,357: | ||
| | | | ||
|Cell wall | |Cell wall | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,703: | Line 3,367: | ||
| | | | ||
|Primary wall | |Primary wall | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,711: | Line 3,377: | ||
| | | | ||
|Endomembrane system | |Endomembrane system | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,719: | Line 3,387: | ||
| | | | ||
|Endoplasmic Reticulum | |Endoplasmic Reticulum | ||
|shahana rizvi | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,727: | Line 3,397: | ||
| | | | ||
|Golgi apparatus | |Golgi apparatus | ||
| | |shahana rizvi | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,743: | Line 3,407: | ||
| | | | ||
|Lysosomes | |Lysosomes | ||
|Ekatah | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,751: | Line 3,417: | ||
| | | | ||
|Contractile vacuole | |Contractile vacuole | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,759: | Line 3,427: | ||
| | | | ||
|Food vacuoles | |Food vacuoles | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,767: | Line 3,437: | ||
| | | | ||
|Mitochondria | |Mitochondria | ||
|shahana rizvi | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,775: | Line 3,447: | ||
| | | | ||
|Matrix | |Matrix | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,783: | Line 3,457: | ||
| | | | ||
|Cristae | |Cristae | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|[[ | |[[पर्णहरित]] | ||
| | |||
| | | | ||
|Chlorophyll | |||
|Ekatah | |||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|[[ | |[[कैरोटेनॉइड]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
| | |Carotenoid | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
| | |[[मंड लवक]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
| | |Amyloplasts | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|[[ | |[[तेल लवक]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
| | |Elaioplasts | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
| | |[[प्रोटीन लवक]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
| | |Aleuroplasts | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|[[ | |[[थाइलेकोइड]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
| | |Thylakoids | ||
|shahana rizvi | |||
| | |||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,871: | Line 3,527: | ||
| | | | ||
|Cytoskeleton | |Cytoskeleton | ||
|shahana rizvi | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,879: | Line 3,537: | ||
| | | | ||
|Cilia | |Cilia | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,887: | Line 3,547: | ||
| | | | ||
|Flagella | |Flagella | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,895: | Line 3,557: | ||
| | | | ||
|Axoneme | |Axoneme | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,911: | Line 3,567: | ||
| | | | ||
|Chromatin | |Chromatin | ||
|shahana rizvi | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,919: | Line 3,577: | ||
| | | | ||
|Nucleoli | |Nucleoli | ||
|shahana rizvi | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,927: | Line 3,587: | ||
| | | | ||
|Perinuclear space | |Perinuclear space | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,935: | Line 3,597: | ||
| | | | ||
|Nucleoplasm | |Nucleoplasm | ||
|shahana rizvi | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,943: | Line 3,607: | ||
| | | | ||
|Microbodies | |Microbodies | ||
|shahana rizvi | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
|'''9''' | |'''9''' | ||
Line 2,950: | Line 3,616: | ||
| | | | ||
|'''Biomolecules''' | |'''Biomolecules''' | ||
| | |||
| | |||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
Line 2,959: | Line 3,627: | ||
| | | | ||
|zwitterion | |zwitterion | ||
|shahana rizvi | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,967: | Line 3,637: | ||
| | | | ||
|Amino acids | |Amino acids | ||
|shahana rizvi | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,975: | Line 3,647: | ||
| | | | ||
|Sugars (Carbohydrates) | |Sugars (Carbohydrates) | ||
|shahana rizvi | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,983: | Line 3,657: | ||
| | | | ||
|Glycine | |Glycine | ||
|shahana rizvi | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,991: | Line 3,667: | ||
| | | | ||
|Alanine | |Alanine | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,999: | Line 3,677: | ||
| | | | ||
|Serine | |Serine | ||
|shahana rizvi | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 3,007: | Line 3,687: | ||
| | | | ||
|Palmitic acid | |Palmitic acid | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 3,015: | Line 3,697: | ||
| | | | ||
|Glycerol | |Glycerol | ||
|shahana rizvi | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 3,023: | Line 3,707: | ||
| | | | ||
|Triglyceride | |Triglyceride | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 3,031: | Line 3,717: | ||
| | | | ||
|Phospholipid (Lecithin) | |Phospholipid (Lecithin) | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 3,039: | Line 3,727: | ||
| | | | ||
|Cholesterol | |Cholesterol | ||
|shahana rizvi | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 3,047: | Line 3,737: | ||
| | | | ||
|Adenine (Purine) | |Adenine (Purine) | ||
|shahana rizvi | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 3,055: | Line 3,747: | ||
| | | | ||
|Adenosine | |Adenosine | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 3,063: | Line 3,757: | ||
| | | | ||
|Adenylic acid | |Adenylic acid | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 3,071: | Line 3,767: | ||
| | | | ||
|Uracil (Pyrimidine) | |Uracil (Pyrimidine) | ||
|shahana rizvi | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 3,079: | Line 3,777: | ||
| | | | ||
|Uridine | |Uridine | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 3,087: | Line 3,787: | ||
| | | | ||
|Nucleosides | |Nucleosides | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 3,095: | Line 3,797: | ||
| | | | ||
|Nucleotide | |Nucleotide | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 3,103: | Line 3,807: | ||
| | | | ||
|Secondary metabolites | |Secondary metabolites | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 3,111: | Line 3,817: | ||
| | | | ||
|Primary metabolites | |Primary metabolites | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 3,119: | Line 3,827: | ||
| | | | ||
|Biomacromolecules | |Biomacromolecules | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 3,127: | Line 3,837: | ||
| | | | ||
|Proteins | |Proteins | ||
|shahana rizvi | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 3,135: | Line 3,847: | ||
| | | | ||
|Polysaccharides | |Polysaccharides | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 3,143: | Line 3,857: | ||
| | | | ||
|Nucleic acid | |Nucleic acid | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 3,151: | Line 3,867: | ||
| | | | ||
|Structure of protein | |Structure of protein | ||
|shahana rizvi | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 3,159: | Line 3,877: | ||
| | | | ||
|Alpha – Helix | |Alpha – Helix | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 3,167: | Line 3,887: | ||
| | | | ||
|Beta– plated sheet | |Beta– plated sheet | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 3,175: | Line 3,897: | ||
| | | | ||
|Peptide bond | |Peptide bond | ||
|shahana rizvi | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 3,183: | Line 3,907: | ||
| | | | ||
|Glycosidic bond | |Glycosidic bond | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 3,191: | Line 3,917: | ||
| | | | ||
|Catalysed Reaction | |Catalysed Reaction | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 3,199: | Line 3,927: | ||
| | | | ||
|Anabolic pathways | |Anabolic pathways | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 3,207: | Line 3,937: | ||
| | | | ||
|Catabolic pathways. | |Catabolic pathways. | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 3,215: | Line 3,947: | ||
| | | | ||
|Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) | |Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) | ||
| | |Ekatah | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 3,231: | Line 3,957: | ||
| | | | ||
|Chemical Reaction | |Chemical Reaction | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 3,239: | Line 3,967: | ||
| | | | ||
|Activation energy | |Activation energy | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 3,247: | Line 3,977: | ||
| | | | ||
|Nature of Enzyme Action | |Nature of Enzyme Action | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 3,255: | Line 3,987: | ||
| | | | ||
|Factors Affecting Enzyme Activity | |Factors Affecting Enzyme Activity | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 3,263: | Line 3,997: | ||
| | | | ||
|Inhibition | |Inhibition | ||
|shahana rizvi | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 3,271: | Line 4,007: | ||
| | | | ||
|Oxidoreductases/dehydrogenases | |Oxidoreductases/dehydrogenases | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 3,279: | Line 4,017: | ||
| | | | ||
|Transferases | |Transferases | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 3,287: | Line 4,027: | ||
| | | | ||
|Hydrolases | |Hydrolases | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 3,295: | Line 4,037: | ||
| | | | ||
|Lyases | |Lyases | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 3,303: | Line 4,047: | ||
| | | | ||
|Isomerases | |Isomerases | ||
|shahana rizvi | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 3,311: | Line 4,057: | ||
| | | | ||
|Ligases: | |Ligases: | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 3,319: | Line 4,067: | ||
| | | | ||
|Co-factors | |Co-factors | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
|'''10''' | |'''10''' | ||
Line 3,326: | Line 4,076: | ||
| | | | ||
|'''Cell Cycle and Cell Division''' | |'''Cell Cycle and Cell Division''' | ||
| | |||
| | |||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
Line 3,335: | Line 4,087: | ||
| | | | ||
|Cell cycle | |Cell cycle | ||
|Ekatah | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 3,343: | Line 4,097: | ||
| | | | ||
|Interphase | |Interphase | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 3,351: | Line 4,107: | ||
| | | | ||
|M Phase (Mitosis phase) | |M Phase (Mitosis phase) | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 3,359: | Line 4,117: | ||
| | | | ||
|Karyokinesis | |Karyokinesis | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 3,367: | Line 4,127: | ||
| | | | ||
|Cytokinesis | |Cytokinesis | ||
|Ekatah | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 3,375: | Line 4,137: | ||
| | | | ||
|G1 phase (Gap 1) | |G1 phase (Gap 1) | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 3,383: | Line 4,147: | ||
| | | | ||
|S phase (Synthesis) | |S phase (Synthesis) | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 3,391: | Line 4,157: | ||
| | | | ||
|G2 phase (Gap 2) | |G2 phase (Gap 2) | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 3,399: | Line 4,167: | ||
| | | | ||
|Quiescent stage (G0 ) | |Quiescent stage (G0 ) | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 3,407: | Line 4,177: | ||
| | | | ||
|M Phase (Mitosis phase) | |M Phase (Mitosis phase) | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 3,415: | Line 4,187: | ||
| | | | ||
|Prophase | |Prophase | ||
|Ekatah | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 3,423: | Line 4,197: | ||
| | | | ||
|Metaphase | |Metaphase | ||
|Ekatah | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 3,431: | Line 4,207: | ||
| | | | ||
|Anaphase | |Anaphase | ||
|Ekatah | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 3,439: | Line 4,217: | ||
| | | | ||
|Telophase | |Telophase | ||
|Ekatah | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 3,447: | Line 4,227: | ||
| | | | ||
|Cytokinesis | |Cytokinesis | ||
|Ekatah | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 3,455: | Line 4,237: | ||
| | | | ||
|Meiosis | |Meiosis | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 3,463: | Line 4,247: | ||
| | | | ||
|leptotene | |leptotene | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 3,471: | Line 4,257: | ||
| | | | ||
|Zygotene | |Zygotene | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 3,479: | Line 4,267: | ||
| | | | ||
|Pachytene | |Pachytene | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 3,487: | Line 4,277: | ||
| | | | ||
|Diplotene | |Diplotene | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 3,495: | Line 4,287: | ||
| | | | ||
|Chiasmata | |Chiasmata | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 3,503: | Line 4,297: | ||
| | | | ||
|Diakinesis | |Diakinesis | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 3,509: | Line 4,305: | ||
| | | | ||
|'''Unit - 4''' | |'''Unit - 4''' | ||
| | |||
| | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
Line 3,517: | Line 4,315: | ||
| | | | ||
|'''Plant Physiology''' | |'''Plant Physiology''' | ||
| | |||
| | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
Line 3,526: | Line 4,326: | ||
| | | | ||
|'''Transport in Plants''' | |'''Transport in Plants''' | ||
| | |||
| | |||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
Line 3,535: | Line 4,337: | ||
| | | | ||
|Translocation | |Translocation | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 3,543: | Line 4,347: | ||
| | | | ||
|Diffusion | |Diffusion | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 3,551: | Line 4,357: | ||
| | | | ||
|Facilitated diffusion | |Facilitated diffusion | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 3,559: | Line 4,367: | ||
| | | | ||
|Porins | |Porins | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 3,567: | Line 4,377: | ||
| | | | ||
|Aquaporins | |Aquaporins | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 3,575: | Line 4,387: | ||
| | | | ||
|Symport | |Symport | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 3,583: | Line 4,397: | ||
| | | | ||
|Antiport | |Antiport | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 3,591: | Line 4,407: | ||
| | | | ||
|Uniport. | |Uniport. | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 3,599: | Line 4,417: | ||
| | | | ||
|Active transport | |Active transport | ||
|shahana | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 3,607: | Line 4,427: | ||
| | | | ||
|Passive transport | |Passive transport | ||
| | |shahana | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 3,623: | Line 4,437: | ||
| | | | ||
|Water potential (Ψw ) | |Water potential (Ψw ) | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 3,631: | Line 4,447: | ||
| | | | ||
|Solute potential (Ψs ) | |Solute potential (Ψs ) | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 3,639: | Line 4,457: | ||
| | | | ||
|Pressure potential (Ψp ) | |Pressure potential (Ψp ) | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 3,647: | Line 4,467: | ||
| | | | ||
|Pressure gradient | |Pressure gradient | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 3,655: | Line 4,477: | ||
| | | | ||
|Concentration gradient | |Concentration gradient | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 3,663: | Line 4,487: | ||
| | | | ||
|Plasmolysis | |Plasmolysis | ||
|shahana | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 3,671: | Line 4,497: | ||
| | | | ||
|Isotonic | |Isotonic | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 3,679: | Line 4,507: | ||
| | | | ||
|Hypotonic | |Hypotonic | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 3,687: | Line 4,517: | ||
| | | | ||
|Hypertonic | |Hypertonic | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 3,695: | Line 4,527: | ||
| | | | ||
|Turgor pressure | |Turgor pressure | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 3,703: | Line 4,537: | ||
| | | | ||
|Imbibition | |Imbibition | ||
|shahana | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 3,711: | Line 4,547: | ||
| | | | ||
|Mass or bulk flow | |Mass or bulk flow | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 3,719: | Line 4,557: | ||
| | | | ||
|Apoplast pathway | |Apoplast pathway | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 3,727: | Line 4,567: | ||
| | | | ||
|Symplast pathway | |Symplast pathway | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 3,735: | Line 4,577: | ||
| | | | ||
|Casparian strips | |Casparian strips | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 3,743: | Line 4,587: | ||
| | | | ||
|Mycorrhiza | |Mycorrhiza | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 3,751: | Line 4,597: | ||
| | | | ||
|Root Pressure | |Root Pressure | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 3,759: | Line 4,607: | ||
| | | | ||
|Guttation | |Guttation | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 3,767: | Line 4,617: | ||
| | | | ||
|Cohesion-tension-transpiration pull mode | |Cohesion-tension-transpiration pull mode | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 3,775: | Line 4,627: | ||
| | | | ||
|Stomatal aperture, | |Stomatal aperture, | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 3,783: | Line 4,637: | ||
| | | | ||
|Guard cells | |Guard cells | ||
|Ekatah | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 3,791: | Line 4,647: | ||
| | | | ||
|Cohesion | |Cohesion | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 3,799: | Line 4,657: | ||
| | | | ||
|Adhesion | |Adhesion | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 3,815: | Line 4,667: | ||
| | | | ||
|Tensile strength | |Tensile strength | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 3,823: | Line 4,677: | ||
| | | | ||
|Tracheids and vessel elements | |Tracheids and vessel elements | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 3,831: | Line 4,687: | ||
| | | | ||
|Active absorption | |Active absorption | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 3,839: | Line 4,697: | ||
| | | | ||
|The Pressure Flow or Mass Flow Hypothesis | |The Pressure Flow or Mass Flow Hypothesis | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
|'''12''' | |'''12''' | ||
Line 3,846: | Line 4,706: | ||
| | | | ||
|'''Mineral nutrition''' | |'''Mineral nutrition''' | ||
| | |||
| | |||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
Line 3,855: | Line 4,717: | ||
| | | | ||
|Hydroponics. | |Hydroponics. | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 3,863: | Line 4,727: | ||
| | | | ||
|Macronutrients | |Macronutrients | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 3,871: | Line 4,737: | ||
| | | | ||
|Micronutrients | |Micronutrients | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 3,879: | Line 4,747: | ||
| | | | ||
|Critical concentration | |Critical concentration | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 3,887: | Line 4,757: | ||
| | | | ||
|Toxicity of Micronutrients | |Toxicity of Micronutrients | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 3,895: | Line 4,767: | ||
| | | | ||
|Flux | |Flux | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 3,903: | Line 4,777: | ||
| | | | ||
|Influx | |Influx | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 3,911: | Line 4,787: | ||
| | | | ||
|Efflux | |Efflux | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 3,919: | Line 4,797: | ||
| | | | ||
|Nitrogen Cycle | |Nitrogen Cycle | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 3,927: | Line 4,807: | ||
| | | | ||
|Nitrogenfixation | |Nitrogenfixation | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 3,935: | Line 4,817: | ||
| | | | ||
|Nitrification | |Nitrification | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 3,943: | Line 4,827: | ||
| | | | ||
|Chemoautotrophs | |Chemoautotrophs | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 3,951: | Line 4,837: | ||
| | | | ||
|Biological nitrogen fixation | |Biological nitrogen fixation | ||
|- | | | ||
| | |||
|- | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
Line 3,959: | Line 4,847: | ||
| | | | ||
|Symbiotic biological nitrogen fixation | |Symbiotic biological nitrogen fixation | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 3,967: | Line 4,857: | ||
| | | | ||
|Rhizobium | |Rhizobium | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 3,975: | Line 4,867: | ||
| | | | ||
|Fate of ammonia | |Fate of ammonia | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 3,983: | Line 4,877: | ||
| | | | ||
|Reductive amination | |Reductive amination | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 3,991: | Line 4,887: | ||
| | | | ||
|Transamination | |Transamination | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
|'''13''' | |'''13''' | ||
Line 3,998: | Line 4,896: | ||
| | | | ||
|'''Photosynthesis In Higher Plants''' | |'''Photosynthesis In Higher Plants''' | ||
| | |||
| | |||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
Line 4,007: | Line 4,907: | ||
| | | | ||
|light reactions (photochemical reactions) | |light reactions (photochemical reactions) | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 4,015: | Line 4,917: | ||
| | | | ||
|Dark reactions (carbon reactions) | |Dark reactions (carbon reactions) | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 4,023: | Line 4,927: | ||
| | | | ||
|Chlorophyll a | |Chlorophyll a | ||
|Ekatah | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 4,031: | Line 4,937: | ||
| | | | ||
|Chlorophyll b | |Chlorophyll b | ||
|Ekatah | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 4,039: | Line 4,947: | ||
| | | | ||
|xanthophylls | |xanthophylls | ||
|shahana rizvi | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 4,047: | Line 4,957: | ||
| | | | ||
|carotenoids | |carotenoids | ||
|shahana rizvi | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 4,055: | Line 4,967: | ||
| | | | ||
|light harvesting complexes (LHC) | |light harvesting complexes (LHC) | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 4,063: | Line 4,977: | ||
| | | | ||
|Photosystem I (PS I) | |Photosystem I (PS I) | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 4,071: | Line 4,987: | ||
| | | | ||
|Photosystem II (PS II) | |Photosystem II (PS II) | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 4,079: | Line 4,997: | ||
| | | | ||
|antennae | |antennae | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 4,087: | Line 5,007: | ||
| | | | ||
|Reaction centre | |Reaction centre | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 4,095: | Line 5,017: | ||
| | | | ||
|P700 | |P700 | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 4,103: | Line 5,027: | ||
| | | | ||
|P680 | |P680 | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 4,111: | Line 5,037: | ||
| | | | ||
|Electrons transport | |Electrons transport | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 4,119: | Line 5,047: | ||
| | | | ||
|Z scheme | |Z scheme | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 4,127: | Line 5,057: | ||
| | | | ||
|Splitting of Water | |Splitting of Water | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 4,135: | Line 5,067: | ||
| | | | ||
|Cyclic and Non-cyclic Photo-phosphorylation | |Cyclic and Non-cyclic Photo-phosphorylation | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 4,143: | Line 5,077: | ||
| | | | ||
|Chemiosmotic Hypothesis | |Chemiosmotic Hypothesis | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 4,151: | Line 5,087: | ||
| | | | ||
|Biosynthetic phase | |Biosynthetic phase | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 4,159: | Line 5,097: | ||
| | | | ||
|Calvin cycle | |Calvin cycle | ||
|shahana rizvi | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 4,167: | Line 5,107: | ||
| | | | ||
|C3 pathway | |C3 pathway | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 4,175: | Line 5,117: | ||
| | | | ||
|C4 pathway | |C4 pathway | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 4,183: | Line 5,127: | ||
| | | | ||
|Bundle sheath cells | |Bundle sheath cells | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 4,191: | Line 5,137: | ||
| | | | ||
|Kranz’ anatomy | |Kranz’ anatomy | ||
|shahana rizvi | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 4,199: | Line 5,147: | ||
| | | | ||
|Hatch and Slack Pathway | |Hatch and Slack Pathway | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 4,207: | Line 5,157: | ||
| | | | ||
|Photorespiration | |Photorespiration | ||
|shahana rizvi | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 4,215: | Line 5,167: | ||
| | | | ||
|Factors Affecting Photosynthesis | |Factors Affecting Photosynthesis | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 4,223: | Line 5,177: | ||
| | | | ||
|Law of Limiting Factors | |Law of Limiting Factors | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
|'''14''' | |'''14''' | ||
Line 4,230: | Line 5,186: | ||
| | | | ||
|'''Respiration in plants''' | |'''Respiration in plants''' | ||
| | |||
| | |||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
Line 4,239: | Line 5,197: | ||
| | | | ||
|Cellular respiration | |Cellular respiration | ||
|shahana rizvi | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 4,247: | Line 5,207: | ||
| | | | ||
|Respiratory substrates | |Respiratory substrates | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 4,255: | Line 5,217: | ||
| | | | ||
|glycolysis | |glycolysis | ||
|shahana rizvi | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 4,263: | Line 5,227: | ||
| | | | ||
|Krebs’ cycle | |Krebs’ cycle | ||
|shahana rizvi | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 4,271: | Line 5,237: | ||
| | | | ||
|Fermentation | |Fermentation | ||
|shahana rizvi | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 4,279: | Line 5,247: | ||
| | | | ||
|Aerobic respiration | |Aerobic respiration | ||
|shahana rizvi | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 4,287: | Line 5,257: | ||
| | | | ||
|Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle | |Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle | ||
|shahana rizvi | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 4,295: | Line 5,267: | ||
| | | | ||
|Electron Transport System (ETS) | |Electron Transport System (ETS) | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 4,303: | Line 5,277: | ||
| | | | ||
|Oxidative Phosphorylation | |Oxidative Phosphorylation | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 4,311: | Line 5,287: | ||
| | | | ||
|Amphibolic Pathway | |Amphibolic Pathway | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 4,319: | Line 5,297: | ||
| | | | ||
|Respiratory quotient | |Respiratory quotient | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 4,327: | Line 5,307: | ||
| | | | ||
|Citric acid Cycle | |Citric acid Cycle | ||
|shahana rizvi | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 4,335: | Line 5,317: | ||
| | | | ||
|ATP synthesis in mitochondria | |ATP synthesis in mitochondria | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 4,343: | Line 5,327: | ||
| | | | ||
|Anaerobic respiration | |Anaerobic respiration | ||
|shahana rizvi | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 4,351: | Line 5,337: | ||
| | | | ||
|ATP | |ATP | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
|'''15''' | |'''15''' | ||
Line 4,358: | Line 5,346: | ||
| | | | ||
|'''Plant growth and development''' | |'''Plant growth and development''' | ||
| | |||
| | |||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
Line 4,367: | Line 5,357: | ||
| | | | ||
|Growth | |Growth | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 4,375: | Line 5,367: | ||
| | | | ||
|Phases of Growth | |Phases of Growth | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 4,383: | Line 5,377: | ||
| | | | ||
|Growth Rates | |Growth Rates | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 4,391: | Line 5,387: | ||
| | | | ||
|Conditions for Growth | |Conditions for Growth | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 4,399: | Line 5,397: | ||
| | | | ||
|Differentiation | |Differentiation | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 4,407: | Line 5,407: | ||
| | | | ||
|Dedifferentiation | |Dedifferentiation | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 4,415: | Line 5,417: | ||
| | | | ||
|Redifferentiated | |Redifferentiated | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 4,423: | Line 5,427: | ||
| | | | ||
|Development | |Development | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 4,431: | Line 5,437: | ||
| | | | ||
|Plasticity | |Plasticity | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 4,439: | Line 5,447: | ||
| | | | ||
|Plant growth regulators (PGRs) | |Plant growth regulators (PGRs) | ||
|Ekatah | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 4,447: | Line 5,457: | ||
| | | | ||
|Auxins | |Auxins | ||
|Ekatah | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 4,455: | Line 5,467: | ||
| | | | ||
|Apical dominance | |Apical dominance | ||
|Ekatah | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 4,463: | Line 5,477: | ||
| | | | ||
|Gibberellins | |Gibberellins | ||
|Ekatah | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 4,471: | Line 5,487: | ||
| | | | ||
|Cytokinins | |Cytokinins | ||
|Ekatah | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 4,479: | Line 5,497: | ||
| | | | ||
|Ethylene | |Ethylene | ||
|Ekatah | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 4,487: | Line 5,507: | ||
| | | | ||
|Abscisic acid | |Abscisic acid | ||
|Ekatah | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 4,495: | Line 5,517: | ||
| | | | ||
|Photoperiodism | |Photoperiodism | ||
|Ekatah | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 4,503: | Line 5,527: | ||
| | | | ||
|long day plants | |long day plants | ||
|Ekatah | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 4,511: | Line 5,537: | ||
| | | | ||
|short day plants | |short day plants | ||
|Ekatah | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 4,519: | Line 5,547: | ||
| | | | ||
|Day-neutral plants | |Day-neutral plants | ||
|Ekatah | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 4,527: | Line 5,557: | ||
| | | | ||
|Vernalisation | |Vernalisation | ||
|Ekatah | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 4,535: | Line 5,567: | ||
| | | | ||
|Seed dormancy | |Seed dormancy | ||
|Ekatah | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 4,541: | Line 5,575: | ||
| | | | ||
|'''Unit - 4''' | |'''Unit - 4''' | ||
| | |||
| | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
Line 4,549: | Line 5,585: | ||
| | | | ||
|'''Human Physiology''' | |'''Human Physiology''' | ||
| | |||
| | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
Line 4,558: | Line 5,596: | ||
| | | | ||
|'''Digestion and Absorption''' | |'''Digestion and Absorption''' | ||
| | |||
| | |||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
Line 4,567: | Line 5,607: | ||
| | | | ||
|Digestion | |Digestion | ||
|shahana rizvi | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 4,575: | Line 5,617: | ||
| | | | ||
|Digestive system | |Digestive system | ||
|shahana rizvi | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 4,583: | Line 5,627: | ||
| | | | ||
|Alimentary Canal | |Alimentary Canal | ||
|shahana rizvi | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 4,591: | Line 5,637: | ||
| | | | ||
|Thecodont | |Thecodont | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 4,599: | Line 5,647: | ||
| | | | ||
|Diphyodont | |Diphyodont | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 4,607: | Line 5,657: | ||
| | | | ||
|Cardiac | |Cardiac | ||
|shahana rizvi | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 4,615: | Line 5,667: | ||
| | | | ||
|Fundic region | |Fundic region | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 4,623: | Line 5,677: | ||
| | | | ||
|Pyloric portion | |Pyloric portion | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 4,631: | Line 5,687: | ||
| | | | ||
|Digestive glands | |Digestive glands | ||
|shahana rizvi | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 4,639: | Line 5,697: | ||
| | | | ||
|Bolus | |Bolus | ||
|shahana rizvi | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 4,647: | Line 5,707: | ||
| | | | ||
|Chyme | |Chyme | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 4,655: | Line 5,717: | ||
| | | | ||
|Goblet cells | |Goblet cells | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 4,663: | Line 5,727: | ||
| | | | ||
|Succus entericus | |Succus entericus | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 4,671: | Line 5,737: | ||
| | | | ||
|Absorption of digested products | |Absorption of digested products | ||
|shahana rizvi | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 4,679: | Line 5,747: | ||
| | | | ||
|Mouth | |Mouth | ||
|shahana rizvi | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 4,687: | Line 5,757: | ||
| | | | ||
|Stomach | |Stomach | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 4,695: | Line 5,767: | ||
| | | | ||
|Small Intestine | |Small Intestine | ||
|shahana rizvi | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 4,703: | Line 5,777: | ||
| | | | ||
|Large Intestine | |Large Intestine | ||
|shahana rizvi | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 4,711: | Line 5,787: | ||
| | | | ||
|Jaundice | |Jaundice | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 4,719: | Line 5,797: | ||
| | | | ||
|Vomiting | |Vomiting | ||
|shahana rizvi | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 4,727: | Line 5,807: | ||
| | | | ||
|Diarrhoea | |Diarrhoea | ||
|shahana rizvi | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 4,735: | Line 5,817: | ||
| | | | ||
|Constipation | |Constipation | ||
|shahana | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 4,743: | Line 5,827: | ||
| | | | ||
|Indigestion | |Indigestion | ||
|shahana rizvi | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 4,751: | Line 5,837: | ||
| | | | ||
|Protein-energy malnutrition (PEM) | |Protein-energy malnutrition (PEM) | ||
|shahana rizvi | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
|'''17''' | |'''17''' | ||
Line 4,758: | Line 5,846: | ||
| | | | ||
|'''Breathing and exchange of gases''' | |'''Breathing and exchange of gases''' | ||
| | |||
| | |||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
Line 4,767: | Line 5,857: | ||
| | | | ||
|Respiration | |Respiration | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 4,775: | Line 5,867: | ||
| | | | ||
|Breathing | |Breathing | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 4,783: | Line 5,877: | ||
| | | | ||
|Gills | |Gills | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 4,791: | Line 5,887: | ||
| | | | ||
|lungs | |lungs | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 4,799: | Line 5,897: | ||
| | | | ||
|Pharynx | |Pharynx | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 4,807: | Line 5,907: | ||
| | | | ||
|Trachea | |Trachea | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 4,815: | Line 5,917: | ||
| | | | ||
|Sound box | |Sound box | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 4,823: | Line 5,927: | ||
| | | | ||
|Bronchi | |Bronchi | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 4,831: | Line 5,937: | ||
| | | | ||
|Alveoli | |Alveoli | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 4,839: | Line 5,947: | ||
| | | | ||
|Inspiration | |Inspiration | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 4,847: | Line 5,957: | ||
| | | | ||
|Expiration | |Expiration | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 4,855: | Line 5,967: | ||
| | | | ||
|Tidal Volume (TV) | |Tidal Volume (TV) | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 4,863: | Line 5,977: | ||
| | | | ||
|Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV) | |Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV) | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 4,871: | Line 5,987: | ||
| | | | ||
|Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV) | |Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV) | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 4,879: | Line 5,997: | ||
| | | | ||
|Residual Volume (RV) | |Residual Volume (RV) | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 4,887: | Line 6,007: | ||
| | | | ||
|Inspiratory Capacity (IC) | |Inspiratory Capacity (IC) | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 4,895: | Line 6,017: | ||
| | | | ||
|Expiratory Capacity (EC) | |Expiratory Capacity (EC) | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 4,903: | Line 6,027: | ||
| | | | ||
|Functional Residual Capacity (FRC) | |Functional Residual Capacity (FRC) | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 4,911: | Line 6,037: | ||
| | | | ||
|Vital Capacity (VC) | |Vital Capacity (VC) | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 4,919: | Line 6,047: | ||
| | | | ||
|Total Lung Capacity (TLC) | |Total Lung Capacity (TLC) | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 4,927: | Line 6,057: | ||
| | | | ||
|Exchange of gases | |Exchange of gases | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 4,935: | Line 6,067: | ||
| | | | ||
|Transportation of gases | |Transportation of gases | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 4,943: | Line 6,077: | ||
| | | | ||
|Oxyhaemoglobin | |Oxyhaemoglobin | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 4,951: | Line 6,087: | ||
| | | | ||
|Carbamino-haemoglobin | |Carbamino-haemoglobin | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 4,959: | Line 6,097: | ||
| | | | ||
|Asthma | |Asthma | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 4,967: | Line 6,107: | ||
| | | | ||
|Emphysema | |Emphysema | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 4,975: | Line 6,117: | ||
| | | | ||
|Occupational Respiratory Disorders | |Occupational Respiratory Disorders | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
|'''18''' | |'''18''' | ||
Line 4,982: | Line 6,126: | ||
| | | | ||
|'''Body fluids and circulation''' | |'''Body fluids and circulation''' | ||
| | |||
| | |||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
Line 4,991: | Line 6,137: | ||
| | | | ||
|Blood | |Blood | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 4,999: | Line 6,147: | ||
| | | | ||
|lymph | |lymph | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 5,007: | Line 6,157: | ||
| | | | ||
|Plasma | |Plasma | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 5,015: | Line 6,167: | ||
| | | | ||
|Erythrocytes | |Erythrocytes | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 5,023: | Line 6,177: | ||
| | | | ||
|Leucocytes | |Leucocytes | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 5,031: | Line 6,187: | ||
| | | | ||
|Thrombocytes | |Thrombocytes | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 5,039: | Line 6,197: | ||
| | | | ||
|Blood Groups | |Blood Groups | ||
|shahana rizvi | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 5,047: | Line 6,207: | ||
| | | | ||
|ABO grouping | |ABO grouping | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 5,055: | Line 6,217: | ||
| | | | ||
|Rh grouping | |Rh grouping | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 5,063: | Line 6,227: | ||
| | | | ||
|Rh positive | |Rh positive | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 5,071: | Line 6,237: | ||
| | | | ||
|Rh negative | |Rh negative | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 5,079: | Line 6,247: | ||
| | | | ||
|Coagulation of Blood | |Coagulation of Blood | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 5,087: | Line 6,257: | ||
| | | | ||
|CIRCULATORY PATHWAYS | |CIRCULATORY PATHWAYS | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 5,095: | Line 6,267: | ||
| | | | ||
|Atrium | |Atrium | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 5,103: | Line 6,277: | ||
| | | | ||
|Ventricles | |Ventricles | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 5,111: | Line 6,287: | ||
| | | | ||
|Heart | |Heart | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 5,119: | Line 6,297: | ||
| | | | ||
|pericardium | |pericardium | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 5,127: | Line 6,307: | ||
| | | | ||
|sino-atrial node | |sino-atrial node | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 5,135: | Line 6,317: | ||
| | | | ||
|atrio-ventricular node | |atrio-ventricular node | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 5,143: | Line 6,327: | ||
| | | | ||
|Cardiac Cycle | |Cardiac Cycle | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 5,151: | Line 6,337: | ||
| | | | ||
|Electrocardiograph (ECG) | |Electrocardiograph (ECG) | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 5,159: | Line 6,347: | ||
| | | | ||
|excitation (or depolarisation) of the atria | |excitation (or depolarisation) of the atria | ||
|- | | | ||
| | |||
|- | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
Line 5,167: | Line 6,357: | ||
| | | | ||
|depolarisation of the ventricles, | |depolarisation of the ventricles, | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 5,175: | Line 6,367: | ||
| | | | ||
|T-wave | |T-wave | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 5,183: | Line 6,377: | ||
| | | | ||
|Blood Vessels | |Blood Vessels | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 5,191: | Line 6,387: | ||
| | | | ||
|tunica intima | |tunica intima | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 5,199: | Line 6,397: | ||
| | | | ||
|tunica externa. | |tunica externa. | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 5,207: | Line 6,407: | ||
| | | | ||
|High Blood Pressure (Hypertension) | |High Blood Pressure (Hypertension) | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 5,215: | Line 6,417: | ||
| | | | ||
|Coronary Artery Disease (CAD) | |Coronary Artery Disease (CAD) | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 5,223: | Line 6,427: | ||
| | | | ||
|Angina | |Angina | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 5,231: | Line 6,437: | ||
| | | | ||
|Heart Failure | |Heart Failure | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 5,239: | Line 6,447: | ||
| | | | ||
|Diastole | |Diastole | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 5,247: | Line 6,457: | ||
| | | | ||
|Systole | |Systole | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 5,255: | Line 6,467: | ||
| | | | ||
|P-wave | |P-wave | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 5,263: | Line 6,477: | ||
| | | | ||
|Sino-atrial node | |Sino-atrial node | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 5,271: | Line 6,487: | ||
| | | | ||
|myogenic | |myogenic | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 5,279: | Line 6,497: | ||
| | | | ||
|cardiac output | |cardiac output | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 5,287: | Line 6,507: | ||
| | | | ||
|Platelets | |Platelets | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 5,295: | Line 6,517: | ||
| | | | ||
|Pacemaker | |Pacemaker | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 5,303: | Line 6,527: | ||
| | | | ||
|Cardiac output | |Cardiac output | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 5,311: | Line 6,537: | ||
| | | | ||
|Stroke or stroke volume | |Stroke or stroke volume | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
|'''19''' | |'''19''' | ||
Line 5,318: | Line 6,546: | ||
| | | | ||
|'''Excretory products and their Elimination''' | |'''Excretory products and their Elimination''' | ||
| | |||
| | |||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
Line 5,327: | Line 6,557: | ||
| | | | ||
|Ammonotelic | |Ammonotelic | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 5,335: | Line 6,567: | ||
| | | | ||
|Ureotelic | |Ureotelic | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 5,343: | Line 6,577: | ||
| | | | ||
|Uricotelic | |Uricotelic | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 5,351: | Line 6,587: | ||
| | | | ||
|Malpighian tubules | |Malpighian tubules | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 5,359: | Line 6,597: | ||
| | | | ||
|Columns of Bertini | |Columns of Bertini | ||
|- | | | ||
| | |||
|- | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
Line 5,367: | Line 6,607: | ||
| | | | ||
|Nephrons | |Nephrons | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 5,375: | Line 6,617: | ||
| | | | ||
|Bowman’s capsule | |Bowman’s capsule | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 5,383: | Line 6,627: | ||
| | | | ||
|proximal convoluted tubule | |proximal convoluted tubule | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 5,391: | Line 6,637: | ||
| | | | ||
|Henle’s loop | |Henle’s loop | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 5,399: | Line 6,647: | ||
| | | | ||
|distal convoluted tubule (DCT) | |distal convoluted tubule (DCT) | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 5,407: | Line 6,657: | ||
| | | | ||
|Glomerular filtration | |Glomerular filtration | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 5,415: | Line 6,667: | ||
| | | | ||
|Ultra filtration | |Ultra filtration | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 5,423: | Line 6,677: | ||
| | | | ||
|Glomerular filtration rate | |Glomerular filtration rate | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 5,431: | Line 6,687: | ||
| | | | ||
|Reabsorption | |Reabsorption | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 5,439: | Line 6,697: | ||
| | | | ||
|Collecting Duct | |Collecting Duct | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 5,447: | Line 6,707: | ||
| | | | ||
|Counter current mechanism | |Counter current mechanism | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 5,455: | Line 6,717: | ||
| | | | ||
|Vasa recta | |Vasa recta | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 5,463: | Line 6,727: | ||
| | | | ||
|Renin | |Renin | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 5,471: | Line 6,737: | ||
| | | | ||
|Renin-Angiotensin | |Renin-Angiotensin | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 5,479: | Line 6,747: | ||
| | | | ||
|Atrial Natriuretic Factor | |Atrial Natriuretic Factor | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 5,487: | Line 6,757: | ||
| | | | ||
|Uremia | |Uremia | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 5,495: | Line 6,767: | ||
| | | | ||
|Hemodialysis | |Hemodialysis | ||
|shahana rizvi | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 5,503: | Line 6,777: | ||
| | | | ||
|Artificial kidney | |Artificial kidney | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 5,511: | Line 6,787: | ||
| | | | ||
|Renal failures | |Renal failures | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 5,519: | Line 6,797: | ||
| | | | ||
|Renal calculi | |Renal calculi | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 5,527: | Line 6,807: | ||
| | | | ||
|Glomerulonephritis | |Glomerulonephritis | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
|'''20''' | |'''20''' | ||
Line 5,534: | Line 6,816: | ||
| | | | ||
|'''Locomotion & Movement''' | |'''Locomotion & Movement''' | ||
| | |||
| | |||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
Line 5,543: | Line 6,827: | ||
| | | | ||
|locomotion | |locomotion | ||
|shahana | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 5,551: | Line 6,837: | ||
| | | | ||
|Flagellar movement | |Flagellar movement | ||
|shahana | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 5,559: | Line 6,847: | ||
| | | | ||
|Skeletal muscles | |Skeletal muscles | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 5,567: | Line 6,857: | ||
| | | | ||
|striated muscles | |striated muscles | ||
|shahana | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 5,575: | Line 6,867: | ||
| | | | ||
|Visceral muscles | |Visceral muscles | ||
|- | | | ||
| | |||
|- | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
Line 5,583: | Line 6,877: | ||
| | | | ||
|smooth muscles (nonstriated muscle) | |smooth muscles (nonstriated muscle) | ||
|shahana | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 5,591: | Line 6,887: | ||
| | | | ||
|Cardiac muscles | |Cardiac muscles | ||
|shahana | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 5,599: | Line 6,897: | ||
| | | | ||
|Muscle bundles or fascicles | |Muscle bundles or fascicles | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 5,607: | Line 6,907: | ||
| | | | ||
|Fascia | |Fascia | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 5,615: | Line 6,917: | ||
| | | | ||
|myofibrils | |myofibrils | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 5,623: | Line 6,927: | ||
| | | | ||
|Actin | |Actin | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 5,631: | Line 6,937: | ||
| | | | ||
|Myosin | |Myosin | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 5,639: | Line 6,947: | ||
| | | | ||
|Axial skeleton | |Axial skeleton | ||
|shahana | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 5,647: | Line 6,957: | ||
| | | | ||
|Ear Ossicles | |Ear Ossicles | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 5,655: | Line 6,967: | ||
| | | | ||
|vertebral column | |vertebral column | ||
|shahana | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 5,663: | Line 6,977: | ||
| | | | ||
|Sternum | |Sternum | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 5,671: | Line 6,987: | ||
| | | | ||
|Ribs | |Ribs | ||
|shahana | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 5,679: | Line 6,997: | ||
| | | | ||
|Appendicular skeleton | |Appendicular skeleton | ||
|shahana | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 5,687: | Line 7,007: | ||
| | | | ||
|limb | |limb | ||
|shahana | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 5,695: | Line 7,017: | ||
| | | | ||
|Pectoral and Pelvic girdle | |Pectoral and Pelvic girdle | ||
|shahana | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 5,703: | Line 7,027: | ||
| | | | ||
|Fibrous joints | |Fibrous joints | ||
|shahana | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 5,711: | Line 7,037: | ||
| | | | ||
|cartilaginous joints | |cartilaginous joints | ||
|shahana | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 5,719: | Line 7,047: | ||
| | | | ||
|Synovial joints | |Synovial joints | ||
|shahana | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 5,727: | Line 7,057: | ||
| | | | ||
|Myasthenia gravis | |Myasthenia gravis | ||
|shahana | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 5,735: | Line 7,067: | ||
| | | | ||
|Muscular dystrophy | |Muscular dystrophy | ||
|shahana | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 5,743: | Line 7,077: | ||
| | | | ||
|Tetany | |Tetany | ||
|shahana | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 5,751: | Line 7,087: | ||
| | | | ||
|Arthritis | |Arthritis | ||
|shahana | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 5,759: | Line 7,097: | ||
| | | | ||
|Osteoporosis | |Osteoporosis | ||
|shahana | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|सन्धिवात | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|Gout | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
|'''21''' | |'''21''' | ||
Line 5,774: | Line 7,116: | ||
| | | | ||
|'''Neural control and Coordination''' | |'''Neural control and Coordination''' | ||
| | |||
| | |||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
Line 5,783: | Line 7,127: | ||
| | | | ||
|Neurons | |Neurons | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 5,791: | Line 7,137: | ||
| | | | ||
|Central neural system (CNS) | |Central neural system (CNS) | ||
|shahana | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 5,799: | Line 7,147: | ||
| | | | ||
|Peripheral neural system (PNS) | |Peripheral neural system (PNS) | ||
|shahana | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 5,807: | Line 7,157: | ||
| | | | ||
|Brain | |Brain | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 5,815: | Line 7,167: | ||
| | | | ||
|Spinal cord | |Spinal cord | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 5,823: | Line 7,177: | ||
| | | | ||
|Neural system | |Neural system | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 5,831: | Line 7,187: | ||
| | | | ||
|Nissl’s granules. | |Nissl’s granules. | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 5,839: | Line 7,197: | ||
| | | | ||
|Neurotransmitters | |Neurotransmitters | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 5,847: | Line 7,207: | ||
| | | | ||
|Nerve impulse. | |Nerve impulse. | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 5,855: | Line 7,217: | ||
| | | | ||
|Synaptic cleft | |Synaptic cleft | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 5,863: | Line 7,227: | ||
| | | | ||
|Receptors | |Receptors | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 5,871: | Line 7,237: | ||
| | | | ||
|Forebrain | |Forebrain | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 5,879: | Line 7,247: | ||
| | | | ||
|Midbrain | |Midbrain | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 5,887: | Line 7,257: | ||
| | | | ||
|Hindbrain | |Hindbrain | ||
|shahana | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 5,895: | Line 7,267: | ||
| | | | ||
|reflex action | |reflex action | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 5,903: | Line 7,277: | ||
| | | | ||
|Sense Organs | |Sense Organs | ||
|shahana | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 5,911: | Line 7,287: | ||
| | | | ||
|Parts of an eye | |Parts of an eye | ||
|shahana | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 5,919: | Line 7,297: | ||
| | | | ||
|Mechanism of Vision | |Mechanism of Vision | ||
|shahana | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 5,927: | Line 7,307: | ||
| | | | ||
|The Ear | |The Ear | ||
|shahana | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
|'''22''' | |'''22''' | ||
Line 5,934: | Line 7,316: | ||
| | | | ||
|'''Chemical coordination and integration''' | |'''Chemical coordination and integration''' | ||
| | |||
| | |||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
Line 5,943: | Line 7,327: | ||
| | | | ||
|Endocrine Glands & Hormones | |Endocrine Glands & Hormones | ||
|Ekatah | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 5,951: | Line 7,337: | ||
| | | | ||
|Hypothalamus | |Hypothalamus | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 5,959: | Line 7,347: | ||
| | | | ||
|The pituitary gland | |The pituitary gland | ||
|Ekatah | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 5,967: | Line 7,357: | ||
| | | | ||
|The pineal gland | |The pineal gland | ||
|Ekatah | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 5,975: | Line 7,367: | ||
| | | | ||
|Thyroid gland | |Thyroid gland | ||
|Ekatah | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 5,983: | Line 7,377: | ||
| | | | ||
|Parathyroid hormone | |Parathyroid hormone | ||
|Ekatah | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 5,991: | Line 7,387: | ||
| | | | ||
|Thymus gland | |Thymus gland | ||
|Ekatah | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 5,999: | Line 7,397: | ||
| | | | ||
|Adrenal glands | |Adrenal glands | ||
|Ekatah | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 6,007: | Line 7,407: | ||
| | | | ||
|Addison’s disease | |Addison’s disease | ||
|Ekatah | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 6,015: | Line 7,417: | ||
| | | | ||
|Pancreas | |Pancreas | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 6,023: | Line 7,427: | ||
| | | | ||
|Testis | |Testis | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 6,031: | Line 7,437: | ||
| | | | ||
|seminiferous tubules | |seminiferous tubules | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 6,039: | Line 7,447: | ||
| | | | ||
|Testosterone | |Testosterone | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 6,047: | Line 7,457: | ||
| | | | ||
|Progesterone | |Progesterone | ||
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[[Category:Information]] |
Latest revision as of 16:18, 12 May 2024
S.No. | इकाई | अध्याय | विषय | Unit - 1 | Chapter | Topic | Article Creator Name | Review by IIT Kanpur |
इकाई - एक | ||||||||
1 | जीव जगत में विविधता | Diversity in the living world | ||||||
जीव जगत | The living world | |||||||
जीव | living | |||||||
वृद्धि | Growth | |||||||
जनन | Reproduction | Deeksha Dwivedi | ||||||
उपापचयन | Metabolism | |||||||
जैविक विविधता | Biodiversity | |||||||
नाम पद्धति | Nomenclature | |||||||
द्विपदनाम पद्धति | Binomial Nomenclature | Deeksha Dwivedi | ||||||
टैक्सा | Taxa | |||||||
वर्गिकी | Taxonomy | |||||||
जाति (स्पीशीज) | Species | |||||||
वंश | Genus | |||||||
गण | order | |||||||
संघ | Phylum | |||||||
हरबेरियम | Herbarium | Deeksha Dwivedi | ||||||
वनस्पति-उद्यान | Botanical Garden | Deeksha Dwivedi | ||||||
संग्रहालय | Museum | Deeksha Dwivedi | ||||||
प्राणि उद्यान | Zoological park | Deeksha Dwivedi | ||||||
2 | जीव जगत का वर्गीकरण | Biological Classification | ||||||
द्विजगत पद्धति | Dual system | |||||||
आध बैक्टीरिया | Archaebacteria | shahana rizvi | ||||||
यूबैक्टीरिया | Eubacteria | shahana rizvi | ||||||
सायनोबैक्टीरिया | Cyanobacteria | shahana rizvi | ||||||
परपोषी बैक्टीरिया | Parasitic Bacteria | |||||||
प्रोटिस्टा जगत | Protista Kingdom | |||||||
क्राइसोफाइट्स | Chrysophytes | shahana rizvi | ||||||
डायनोफ्लैजिलेट | Dinoflagellates | |||||||
यूग्लेनॉइड्स | Euglenoids | |||||||
अवपंक कवक | scale fungus | |||||||
प्रोटोजोआ | Protozoa | shahana rizvi | ||||||
कवक | Fungi | |||||||
फाइकोमाइसिटीज | Phycomycetes | |||||||
एस्कोमाइसिटीज | Ascomycetes | |||||||
बेसिडियोमाइसिटीज | Basidiomycetes | |||||||
डयूटिरोमाइसिटीज | Deuteromycetes | |||||||
पादप जगत | Plantae Kingdom | |||||||
जंतु जगत | Animal kingdom | |||||||
विषाणु | Virus | shahana rizvi | ||||||
वाइराइड | Viroid | shahana rizvi | ||||||
प्रिऑन | Prione | shahana rizvi | ||||||
लाइकेन | Lichen | shahana rizvi | ||||||
शैवालांश | Algae | shahana rizvi | ||||||
माइकोवायंट | Mycovyant | |||||||
3 | वनस्पति जगत | Plant Kingdom | ||||||
शैवाल | Algae | |||||||
जूस्पोर | Zoospores | shahana rizvi | ||||||
समयुग्मकी | homozygous | |||||||
असमयुग्मकी | heterozygous | |||||||
नरयुग्मक | Male gametes | |||||||
लाल शैवाल | Red algae | shahana rizvi | ||||||
कैरागीन | carrageen | |||||||
क्लोरोफाइसी (हरा शैवाल) | Chlorophyceae (green algae) | shahana rizvi | ||||||
फियोफाइसी (भूरा शैवाल) | phaeophyceae (Brown Algae) | shahana rizvi | ||||||
रोडोफाइसी (लाल शैवाल) | Rhodophyceae | shahana rizvi | ||||||
ब्रायोफाइट्स | Bryophytes | |||||||
युग्मकोभिद | Gametophyte | shahana rizvi | ||||||
पुंधानी | Antheridium | |||||||
स्त्रीधानी | Archegonium | |||||||
स्पोरोफाइट | Sporophyte | shahana rizvi | ||||||
लिवरवर्ट | Livervart | shahana rizvi | ||||||
मॉस | Moss | shahana rizvi | ||||||
टेरिडोफाइट | pteridophytes | shahana rizvi | ||||||
जिमनोस्पर्म | Gymnosperm | Deeksha Dwivedi | ||||||
एंजियोस्पेर्म | Angiosperms | Deeksha Dwivedi | ||||||
परागण | pollination | Deeksha Dwivedi | ||||||
पीढ़ी एकान्तरण | Alternation of generations | Deeksha Dwivedi | ||||||
बीजाणु उद्भिद (स्पोरोफिटिक) | Sporophyte | |||||||
4 | प्राणी जगत | Animal Kingdom | ||||||
एक्टोडर्म | Ectoderm | shahana rizvi | ||||||
एंडोडर्म | Endoderm | shahana rizvi | ||||||
मीजोडर्म | Mesoderm | shahana rizvi | ||||||
देहगुहा (प्रगुहा) | Coelom | shahana rizvi | ||||||
सैगमेंटेशन (खंडीभवन) | Segmentation | |||||||
विखंडावस्था | metameric segmentation | |||||||
पृष्ठरज्जु | Notochord | shahana rizvi | ||||||
संघ पोरिफेरा | Phylum Porifera | Deeksha Dwivedi | ||||||
ऑस्टिया | Austia | |||||||
स्पंज गुहा | Spongocoel | |||||||
ऑस्कुलम | Osculam | |||||||
कोएनोसाइट | Choanocytes | |||||||
नाल तंत्र | canals | |||||||
ओस्टिया | Ostia | |||||||
स्पांजिला | Spongilla | |||||||
यूस्पॉन्जिया | Euspongia | |||||||
फाइलम सीलेन्ट्रेटा | Phylum – Coelenterata (Cnidaria) | Deeksha Dwivedi | ||||||
दंश कोशिका | Nematocysts | shahana rizvi | ||||||
नाइडोब्लास्ट | Cnidoblasts | |||||||
संघ टीनोफोर | Phylum – Ctenophora | Deeksha Dwivedi | ||||||
संघ प्लेटीहेल्मिन्थीज (चपटे कृमि) | Phylum – Platyhelminthes | Deeksha Dwivedi | ||||||
संघ एस्केल्मिन्थीज (गोलकृमि) | Phylum – Aschelminthes | Deeksha Dwivedi | ||||||
संघ एनेलिडा | Phylum – Annelida | Deeksha Dwivedi | ||||||
पैरापोडिया | Parapodia | |||||||
वृक्कक | Nephridia | |||||||
नेफ्रीडियम | Nephridium | |||||||
संघ आर्थोपोडा | Phylum – Arthropoda | Deeksha Dwivedi | ||||||
संधियुक्त पाद | Jointed appendages | |||||||
मैलपिगी नलिका | Malpighian tubules | |||||||
संघ मोलस्का | Phylum mollusca | Deeksha Dwivedi | ||||||
रेडुला | Radula | |||||||
संघ इकोनोडर्मेटा | Phylum Echinodermata | Deeksha Dwivedi | ||||||
जल संवहन तंत्र | Water vascular system | |||||||
संघ हेमीकोर्डेटा | Phylum – Hemichordata | Deeksha Dwivedi | ||||||
क्लोम छिद्र | Gill slits | |||||||
उपास्थिल मेरुदंड | Notochord | |||||||
वर्ग-साइक्लोस्टोमेटा | Class – Cyclostomata | shahana rizvi | ||||||
वर्ग-कांड्रीक्थीज | Class – Chondrichthyes | shahana rizvi | ||||||
ऑपरकुलम | Operculum | |||||||
वर्ग- एम्फीबिया | Class – Amphibia | shahana rizvi | ||||||
कर्णपटल | Tympanum | |||||||
अवस्कर | Cloaca | |||||||
वर्ग- सरीसृप | Class – Reptilia | |||||||
प्रशल्क | Scales | |||||||
वर्ग एवीज | Class – Aves | shahana rizvi | ||||||
समतापी | Homoiothermous | |||||||
वर्ग स्तनधारी | Class – Mammalia | shahana rizvi | ||||||
स्तनग्रंथि | Mammary glands | |||||||
इकाई - दो | Unit- 2 | |||||||
पादप एवं प्राणियों में संरचनात्मक संगठन | Structural Organisation in Plants and Animals | |||||||
5 | पुष्पी पादपों की आकारिकी | Morphology of Flowering Plants | ||||||
आकारिकी | Morphology | shahana rizvi | ||||||
प्राथमिक मूल | Primary root | |||||||
द्वितीयक मूल | Secondary Root | |||||||
तृतीयक मूल | Tertiary root | |||||||
मूसला मूलतंत्र | Tap root system | |||||||
झकड़ा मूलतंत्र | Fibrous root | |||||||
अपस्थानिक मूल | Adventitious roots | |||||||
मूल गोप | Root cap | |||||||
मेरिस्टमी क्रियाओं का क्षेत्र | Region of meristematic activity | |||||||
दीर्घीकरण क्षेत्र | Region of elongation | |||||||
परिपक्व क्षेत्र | Region of maturation | |||||||
मूलरोम | Root hairs | |||||||
प्रोप रुट | Prop roots | |||||||
अवस्तम्भ रूट | Stilt roots | |||||||
श्वसन मूल | pneumatophores | |||||||
प्रतान | Tendrils | |||||||
पर्णाधार | leaf base | |||||||
पर्णवृंततल्प | Petiole | |||||||
पर्णवृंत | Petiole | |||||||
स्तरिका | lamina | |||||||
मध्यशिरा | Midrib | |||||||
शिराविन्यास | venation | |||||||
सरल पत्ती | simple leaf | |||||||
संयुक्त पत्ती | compound leaf | shahana rizvi | ||||||
पर्णविन्यास | foliage | |||||||
पत्ती के रूपांतरण | metamorphosis of leaf | |||||||
पुष्पक्रम | inflorescence | shahana | ||||||
असीमाक्षी | Racemose | |||||||
ससीमाक्षी | cymose | |||||||
पुष्प | flowers | shahana rizvi | ||||||
पुष्पासन | Thalamus or receptacle. | |||||||
सहपत्री | Bracteate | |||||||
सहपत्रहीन | Ebracteate | |||||||
अधोजायांगता | Hypogynous | |||||||
परिजायांगता | Perigynous | |||||||
अधिजायांगता | Epigynous | |||||||
अधोवर्ती | downward | |||||||
ऊर्ध्ववर्ती | vertical | |||||||
केल्किस | Calyx | shahana rizvi | ||||||
केल्किस संयुक्त बाह्य दली | Gamosepalous | |||||||
पृथक बाह्यदली | Polysepalous | |||||||
कोरोला | Corolla | shahana rizvi | ||||||
कोरस्पर्शी | Valvate | |||||||
व्यावर्तित | Twisted | |||||||
कोरछादी | Imbricate | |||||||
वैक्ज़ीलरी | vaccillary | |||||||
पुमंग | stamen | shahana rizvi | ||||||
स्टेमिनाएड | Staminode | |||||||
दललग्न (एपिपेटलस) | Epipetalus | |||||||
परिदल लग्न (एपिफिलस) | Epiphyllus | |||||||
जायांग | Gynoecium | shahana rizvi | ||||||
वर्तिका | style | |||||||
वर्तिकाग्र | stigma | |||||||
बीजाण्डासन | Placenta | |||||||
वियुक्तांडपी | Apocarpous | |||||||
युक्तांडपी | Syncarpous | |||||||
बीजाण्डन्यास | Placentation | shahana rizvi | ||||||
अनिषेक फलन | Parthenocarpic | |||||||
फलभित्ति | Pericarp | |||||||
वाह्यफल | Epicarp | |||||||
मध्यफल | Mesocarp | |||||||
अन्तःफलभित्ति | Endocarp | |||||||
बीजावरण | Testa | |||||||
टेगमेन | tegmen. | |||||||
बीजाण्डद्वार | Micropyle | |||||||
मूलांकुर | Radicle. | |||||||
भ्रूणपोष | Endosperm | shahana rizvi | ||||||
एल्यूरोन परत | Aleurone layer | |||||||
स्कुटेलम | scutellum | |||||||
प्रांकुर | Plumule | shahana rizvi | ||||||
मूलांकुर | Radicle | |||||||
प्रांकुरचोल | Coleoptile | |||||||
मूलांकुर चोल | Coleorhiza | |||||||
फाबेसी | Fabaceae | |||||||
सोलैनेसी | Solanaceae | |||||||
लिलिएसी | Liliaceae | |||||||
6 | पुष्पी पादपों का शरीर | Anatomy of Flowering Plants | ||||||
ऊतक | Tissues | shahana rizvi | ||||||
मेरिस्टेमेटिक ऊतक | Meristematic Tissues | shahana rizvi | ||||||
मेरिस्टेम | Meristems | |||||||
शीर्षस्थ मेरिस्टेम | Apical meristems | |||||||
कक्षीय कली | Axillary bud | |||||||
अंतर्वेशी मेरिस्टेम | Intercalary Meristem | |||||||
प्राथमिक मेरिस्टेम्स | Primary meristem | |||||||
द्वितीयक या पार्श्व मेरिस्टेम्स | Secondary or lateral meristem | |||||||
स्थायी या परिपक्व कोशिकाएं | Permanent or mature cells | |||||||
सरल ऊतक | Simple tissues | shahana rizvi | ||||||
पैरेन्काइमा | Parenchyma | shahana rizvi | ||||||
कोलेन्काइमा | Collenchyma | |||||||
स्क्लेरेन्काइमा | Sclerenchyma | shahana rizvi | ||||||
स्किलिरिड | sclereids | |||||||
जटिल ऊतक | Complex Tissues | shahana rizvi | ||||||
जाइलम | Xylem | shahana rizvi | ||||||
ट्रेकीड | Tracheids | shahana rizvi | ||||||
वाहिका | Vessel | shahana rizvi | ||||||
जाइलम तंतु | Xylem fibres | |||||||
जाइलम पैरेन्काइमा | Xylem parenchyma | shahana rizvi | ||||||
प्रोटोजाइलम | protoxylem | |||||||
मेटाजाइलम | Metaxylem | |||||||
मध्यादिदारुक | Endarch | |||||||
वाह्य आदिदारुक | exarch | |||||||
फ्लाएम | Phloem | shahana rizvi | ||||||
चालनी नलिका | Sieve tube elements | shahana rizvi | ||||||
सहचर कोशिकाएं | Companion cells | |||||||
फ्लोएम पैरेन्काइमा | Phloem parenchyma | |||||||
फ्लोएम तंतु | Phloem fibres | |||||||
प्रोटोफ्लोएम | Protophloem | |||||||
मेटाफ्लोएम | Metaphloem. | |||||||
क्यूटिकल | Cuticle | shahana rizvi | ||||||
रंध्र | Stomata | shahana rizvi | ||||||
सहायक कोशिकाएं | Subsidiary cells | |||||||
रंध्री तंत्र | Stomatal apparatus | |||||||
मूलरोम | Root hairs | |||||||
ट्राइकोम्स | Trichomes | |||||||
भरण ऊतक | Ground tissue | |||||||
पर्णमध्योतक | Mesophyll | |||||||
कैंबियम | Cambium | shahana rizvi | ||||||
खुला संवहन बंडल | Open vascular bundles. | |||||||
बंद संवहन बंडल | Closed vascular bundles | |||||||
रेडियल संवहनी बंडल | Radial vascular bundles | |||||||
मूलीय त्वचा | Epiblema | |||||||
कैस्पेरियन पट्टी | Cortex | |||||||
परिरम्भ | Casparian strips. | |||||||
कंजकटिव ऊतक | Pericycle | |||||||
पिथ | Conjuctive tissue | |||||||
खम्भा पैरेन्काइमा | pith | |||||||
स्पंजी पैरेन्काइमा | palisade parenchyma | |||||||
आवर्ध त्वक्कोशिका | ||||||||
द्वितीयक वृद्धि | Secondary growth | shahana rizvi | ||||||
पार्श्वीय मेरिस्टम | lateral meristem | |||||||
संवहन कैंबियम | vascular cambium | shahana rizvi | ||||||
कार्क कैंबियम | Cork Cambium | shahana rizvi | ||||||
अन्तः पूलीय कैम्बियम | Intyracalary Cambium | |||||||
अन्तरापूलीय कैम्बियम | Intercalary cambium | |||||||
द्वितीयक जाइलम | Secondary Xylem | |||||||
द्वितीयक फ्लोएम | Secondary Phloem | |||||||
द्वितीयक मज्जाकिरण | Secondary medullary | |||||||
बसंतदारु (अग्र दारू) | Spring wood | |||||||
शरद दारू (पश्च दारू) | Early wood | |||||||
वार्षिक वलय | Annual ring | |||||||
रसदारु | sapwood | |||||||
ह्रददारु | Heartwood | |||||||
कॉर्क कैम्बियम | cork cambium | |||||||
द्वितीयक वल्कुट | Secondary cortex or Phelloderm | |||||||
परिचर्म | Periderm | |||||||
छालवल्क | Bark | |||||||
वातरंध्र | Lenticels | |||||||
7 | प्राणियों में संरचनात्मक संगठन | Structural Organsation in Animals | ||||||
सरल उपकला | simple epithelium | shahana rizvi | ||||||
संयुक्त उपकला | compound epithelium | shahana rizvi | ||||||
शल्की उपकला | Squamous epithelium | |||||||
घनाकार उपकला | Cuboidal epithelium | |||||||
स्तम्भाकार उपकला | Columnar epithelium | |||||||
पक्ष्माभी उपकला | Ciliated epithelium | |||||||
ग्रंथिल उपकला | Glandular epithelium | |||||||
बहिःस्त्रावी | Exocrine | shahana rizvi | ||||||
अंत: स्रावी | Endocrine | shahana rizvi | ||||||
संयुक्त उपकला | Compound epithelium | shahana rizvi | ||||||
दृढ संधियाँ | Tight junctions | shahana rizvi | ||||||
आसंजी संधियाँ | Adhering junctions | shahana rizvi | ||||||
अंतराली संधियां | Gap junctions | |||||||
लचीले संयोजी ऊतक | Areolar tissue | shahana rizvi | ||||||
सघन संयोजी ऊतक | Dense connective tissues | |||||||
वसा ऊतक | Adipose tissue | shahana rizvi | ||||||
विशिष्ट संयोजी ऊतक | specialised connective tissues | |||||||
अस्थि | Bones | shahana rizvi | ||||||
रक्त | Blood | shahana rizvi | ||||||
कंकाल पेशी | Skeletal muscle | shahana rizvi | ||||||
चिकनी पेशी | smooth muscle | |||||||
हृद पेशी | Cardiac muscle tissue | shahana rizvi | ||||||
तंत्रिका ऊतक | Neural Tissue | Ekatah | ||||||
अंग और अंगतंत्र | Organ and organ System | |||||||
केंचुआ | Earthworm | shahana rizvi | ||||||
क्लाइटेलम | Clitellum | |||||||
शूक | Setae | |||||||
आंत्रवलन | Typhlosole | |||||||
नेफ्रिडिया | Nephridia | |||||||
कॉकरोच | Cockroache | shahana rizvi | ||||||
मैलपीगी नलिकाएं | Malpighian tubules | |||||||
यूरिकाम्ल | Uricotelic | |||||||
नेत्राशंक | ommatidia | |||||||
इकाई - तीन | Unit - 3 | |||||||
संरचना और कार्य | Structure and functions | |||||||
8 | कोशिका : जीवन की इकाई | cell: The unit of life | ||||||
कोशिका | Cell | |||||||
एंटोन वॉन ल्यूवेनहोक | Anton Von Leeuwenhoek | |||||||
कोशिका सिद्धांत | Cell theory | |||||||
श्लेडेन और श्वान | Schleiden and Schwann | |||||||
प्रोकैरियोटिक कोशिकाएं | Prokaryotic cells | shahana rizvi | ||||||
डीएनए | DNA | Ekatah | ||||||
ग्राम धनात्मक जीवाणु | Gram positive bacteria | shahana rizvi | ||||||
ग्राम ऋणात्मक जीवाणु | Gram negative bacteria | shahana rizvi | ||||||
अवपंक परत | Slime layer | |||||||
सम्पुटिका | Capsule | |||||||
मीसोजोम | Mesosome | |||||||
पुटिका | Form of vesicles | |||||||
नलिका | Tubules | |||||||
पटलिका | Lamellae | |||||||
तन्तु | Filament | |||||||
कशाभिका | Flagellum | |||||||
रोम | Pili | |||||||
झालर | Fimbriae | |||||||
राइबोसोम | Ribosomes | shahana rizvi | ||||||
बहुराइबोसोम या बहु सूत्र | Polyribosomes or polysome | |||||||
अंतर्विष्ट पिंड | Inclusion bodies | |||||||
केंद्रीय रसधानी | Central vacuole | |||||||
तारक काय | Centrioles | shahana rizvi | ||||||
यूकेरियोटिक कोशिकाएं | Eukaryotic cells | shahana rizvi | ||||||
कोशिका झिल्ली | Cell Membrane | shahana rizvi | ||||||
तरल किर्मीर नमूना | Fluid mosaic model | shahana rizvi | ||||||
निष्क्रिय परिवहन | Passive transport | |||||||
सक्रिय परिवहन | Active transport | |||||||
परासरण | Osmosis. | shahana rizvi | ||||||
कोशिका भित्ति | Cell wall | |||||||
प्राथमिक भित्ति | Primary wall | |||||||
अंतः झिल्लिका तंत्र | Endomembrane system | |||||||
अन्तः प्रदव्ययी जलिका | Endoplasmic Reticulum | shahana rizvi | ||||||
गॉल्जीकाय | Golgi apparatus | shahana rizvi | ||||||
लाइसोसोम | Lysosomes | Ekatah | ||||||
संकुचनशील रसधानी | Contractile vacuole | |||||||
खाध रसधानी | Food vacuoles | |||||||
माइटोकॉन्ड्रिया | Mitochondria | shahana rizvi | ||||||
आधात्री | Matrix | |||||||
क्रिस्टी | Cristae | |||||||
पर्णहरित | Chlorophyll | Ekatah | ||||||
कैरोटेनॉइड | Carotenoid | |||||||
मंड लवक | Amyloplasts | |||||||
तेल लवक | Elaioplasts | |||||||
प्रोटीन लवक | Aleuroplasts | |||||||
थाइलेकोइड | Thylakoids | shahana rizvi | ||||||
साइटोपंजर | Cytoskeleton | shahana rizvi | ||||||
पक्ष्माभ | Cilia | |||||||
कशाभिका | Flagella | |||||||
अक्षसूत्र | Axoneme | |||||||
क्रोमेटिन | Chromatin | shahana rizvi | ||||||
केंद्रिक | Nucleoli | shahana rizvi | ||||||
परिकेन्द्रकी अवकाश | Perinuclear space | |||||||
केन्द्रक द्रव्य | Nucleoplasm | shahana rizvi | ||||||
माइक्रोबॉडीज | Microbodies | shahana rizvi | ||||||
9 | जैव अणु | Biomolecules | ||||||
ज्विटर आयन | zwitterion | shahana rizvi | ||||||
अमीनो अम्ल | Amino acids | shahana rizvi | ||||||
शर्करा (कार्बोहाइड्रेट) | Sugars (Carbohydrates) | shahana rizvi | ||||||
ग्लाइसीन | Glycine | shahana rizvi | ||||||
एलानिन | Alanine | |||||||
सेरिन | Serine | shahana rizvi | ||||||
पामिटिक अम्ल | Palmitic acid | |||||||
ग्लिसरॉल | Glycerol | shahana rizvi | ||||||
ट्राइग्लिसराइड | Triglyceride | |||||||
फास्फोलिपिड (लेसिथिन) | Phospholipid (Lecithin) | |||||||
कोलेस्ट्रॉल | Cholesterol | shahana rizvi | ||||||
एडेनिन (प्यूरिन) | Adenine (Purine) | shahana rizvi | ||||||
एडीनोसिन | Adenosine | |||||||
एडेनिलिक अम्ल | Adenylic acid | |||||||
यूरेसिल (पाइरीमिडीन) | Uracil (Pyrimidine) | shahana rizvi | ||||||
यूरिडीन | Uridine | |||||||
न्यूक्लियोसाइड | Nucleosides | |||||||
न्यूक्लियोटाइड | Nucleotide | |||||||
द्वितीयक उपापचयज | Secondary metabolites | |||||||
प्राथमिक उपापचयज | Primary metabolites | |||||||
वृहत जैव अणु | Biomacromolecules | |||||||
प्रोटीन | Proteins | shahana rizvi | ||||||
पॉलीसैकराइड | Polysaccharides | |||||||
न्यूक्लिक अम्ल | Nucleic acid | |||||||
प्रोटीन की संरचना | Structure of protein | shahana rizvi | ||||||
अल्फा - हेलिक्स | Alpha – Helix | |||||||
बीटा– प्लीटेड शीट | Beta– plated sheet | |||||||
पेप्टाइड बंध | Peptide bond | shahana rizvi | ||||||
ग्लाइकोसिडिक बंध | Glycosidic bond | |||||||
उत्प्रेरित अभिक्रियाएं | Catalysed Reaction | |||||||
उपापचय पथ | Anabolic pathways | |||||||
अपचय पथ | Catabolic pathways. | |||||||
एडेनोसाइन ट्राइफॉस्फेट (एटीपी) | Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) | Ekatah | ||||||
रासायनिक अभिक्रिया | Chemical Reaction | |||||||
सक्रियण ऊर्जा | Activation energy | |||||||
एंजाइम क्रिया की प्रकृति | Nature of Enzyme Action | |||||||
एंजाइम क्रियाविधि को प्रभावित करने वाले कारक | Factors Affecting Enzyme Activity | |||||||
संदमन | Inhibition | shahana rizvi | ||||||
ऑक्सीडोरडक्टेस / डिहाइड्रोजनेज | Oxidoreductases/dehydrogenases | |||||||
ट्रांसफरेज | Transferases | |||||||
हाइड्रोलेजेज | Hydrolases | |||||||
लाइसेस | Lyases | |||||||
आइसोमरेज | Isomerases | shahana rizvi | ||||||
लाइगेजेज | Ligases: | |||||||
सह-कारक | Co-factors | |||||||
10 | कोशिका चक्र और कोशिका विभाजन | Cell Cycle and Cell Division | ||||||
कोशिका चक्र | Cell cycle | Ekatah | ||||||
अंतरावस्था | Interphase | |||||||
एम प्रावस्था (समसूत्री विभाजन) | M Phase (Mitosis phase) | |||||||
कार्योकाइनेसिस | Karyokinesis | |||||||
साइटोकाइनेसिस | Cytokinesis | Ekatah | ||||||
पश्च सूत्री अंतरकाल प्रावस्था | G1 phase (Gap 1) | |||||||
संश्लेषण प्रावस्था | S phase (Synthesis) | |||||||
पूर्व - सूत्री विभाजन अंतरालकाल प्रावस्था | G2 phase (Gap 2) | |||||||
शांत अवस्था | Quiescent stage (G0 ) | |||||||
सूत्री विभाजन अवस्था (M प्रावस्था) | M Phase (Mitosis phase) | |||||||
पूर्वावस्था | Prophase | Ekatah | ||||||
मध्यावस्था | Metaphase | Ekatah | ||||||
पश्चावस्था | Anaphase | Ekatah | ||||||
अंत्यावस्था | Telophase | Ekatah | ||||||
कोशिकाद्रव्य विभाजन | Cytokinesis | Ekatah | ||||||
अर्धसूत्रीविभाजन | Meiosis | |||||||
तनुपट्ट | leptotene | |||||||
युग्मपट्ट | Zygotene | |||||||
स्थूलपट्ट | Pachytene | |||||||
द्विपट्ट | Diplotene | |||||||
काएज्मेटा | Chiasmata | |||||||
डायकाइनेसिस | Diakinesis | |||||||
इकाई - चार | Unit - 4 | |||||||
पादप कार्यकीय (शरीर क्रियात्मकता) | Plant Physiology | |||||||
11 | पौधों में परिवहन | Transport in Plants | ||||||
स्थानान्तरण | Translocation | |||||||
विसरण | Diffusion | |||||||
सुसाध्य विसरण | Facilitated diffusion | |||||||
पोरिन् | Porins | |||||||
एक्वापोरिन | Aquaporins | |||||||
सिम्पोर्ट | Symport | |||||||
एंटिपोर्ट | Antiport | |||||||
यूनिपोर्ट | Uniport. | |||||||
सक्रिय परिवहन | Active transport | shahana | ||||||
निष्क्रिय परिवहन | Passive transport | shahana | ||||||
जल विभव (Ψw) | Water potential (Ψw ) | |||||||
विलेय विभव (Ψs ) | Solute potential (Ψs ) | |||||||
दाब विभव (Ψp) | Pressure potential (Ψp ) | |||||||
दाब प्रवणता | Pressure gradient | |||||||
सांद्रता प्रवणता | Concentration gradient | |||||||
जीवद्रव्यकुंचन | Plasmolysis | shahana | ||||||
समपरासरी | Isotonic | |||||||
अल्पपरासारी | Hypotonic | |||||||
अतिपरासारी | Hypertonic | |||||||
स्फीत दबाव | Turgor pressure | |||||||
अंत-शोषण | Imbibition | shahana | ||||||
सामूहिक या थोक प्रवाह | Mass or bulk flow | |||||||
एपोप्लास्ट पथ | Apoplast pathway | |||||||
सिम्प्लास्ट पथ | Symplast pathway | |||||||
कैस्पेरियन पट्टी | Casparian strips | |||||||
माइकोराइजा | Mycorrhiza | |||||||
मूल दाब | Root Pressure | |||||||
बिन्दुस्राव | Guttation | |||||||
सामंजस्य-तनाव-वाष्पोत्सर्जन खिंचाव मॉडल | Cohesion-tension-transpiration pull mode | |||||||
रंध्र छिद्र | Stomatal aperture, | |||||||
रक्षक कोशिकाएं | Guard cells | Ekatah | ||||||
सासंजन | Cohesion | |||||||
आसंजन | Adhesion | |||||||
तन्य -सामर्थ्य | Tensile strength | |||||||
ट्रेकिड् और वाहिका तत्व | Tracheids and vessel elements | |||||||
सक्रिय अवशोषण | Active absorption | |||||||
दबाव प्रवाह या द्रव्यमान प्रवाह परिकल्पना | The Pressure Flow or Mass Flow Hypothesis | |||||||
12 | खनिज पोषण | Mineral nutrition | ||||||
जल संवर्धन | Hydroponics. | |||||||
वृहत पोषक तत्व | Macronutrients | |||||||
सूक्ष्म पोषक तत्व | Micronutrients | |||||||
क्रांतिक सांद्रता | Critical concentration | |||||||
सूक्ष्म पोषक तत्वों की विषाक्तता | Toxicity of Micronutrients | |||||||
अभिवाह | Flux | |||||||
अन्तर्वाह | Influx | |||||||
बहि: स्राव | Efflux | |||||||
नाइट्रोजन चक्र | Nitrogen Cycle | |||||||
नाइट्रोजन स्थिरीकरण | Nitrogenfixation | |||||||
नाइट्रीकरण | Nitrification | |||||||
रसायनपोषी | Chemoautotrophs | |||||||
जैविक नाइट्रोजन स्थिरीकरण | Biological nitrogen fixation | |||||||
सहजीवी जैविक नाइट्रोजन स्थिरीकरण | Symbiotic biological nitrogen fixation | |||||||
राइजोबियम | Rhizobium | |||||||
अमोनिया की स्थिति | Fate of ammonia | |||||||
अपचयित एमीनीकरण | Reductive amination | |||||||
ट्रांसएमिनेशन | Transamination | |||||||
13 | उच्च पादपों में प्रकाश संश्लेषण | Photosynthesis In Higher Plants | ||||||
प्रकाश अभिक्रिया (प्रकाश रासायनिक अभिक्रिया) | light reactions (photochemical reactions) | |||||||
अप्रकाशीय अभिक्रिया (कार्बन अभिक्रिया) | Dark reactions (carbon reactions) | |||||||
क्लोरोफिल ए | Chlorophyll a | Ekatah | ||||||
क्लोरोफिल बी | Chlorophyll b | Ekatah | ||||||
ज़ैंथोफिल | xanthophylls | shahana rizvi | ||||||
कैरोटीनॉयड | carotenoids | shahana rizvi | ||||||
लाइट हार्वेस्टिंग काम्प्लेक्स (एल एच एसी) | light harvesting complexes (LHC) | |||||||
फोटोसिस्टम I (पीएस I) | Photosystem I (PS I) | |||||||
फोटोसिस्टम II (PS II) | Photosystem II (PS II) | |||||||
एंटीना | antennae | |||||||
अभिक्रिया केंद्र | Reaction centre | |||||||
पी700 | P700 | |||||||
पी 680 | P680 | |||||||
इलेक्ट्रॉन परिवहन | Electrons transport | |||||||
Z स्कीम | Z scheme | |||||||
जल विघटन | Splitting of Water | |||||||
चक्रीय और अचक्रीय फोटो-फास्फोरिलीकरण | Cyclic and Non-cyclic Photo-phosphorylation | |||||||
केमियोस्मोटिक परिकल्पना | Chemiosmotic Hypothesis | |||||||
जैवसंश्लेषण चरण | Biosynthetic phase | |||||||
केल्विन चक्र | Calvin cycle | shahana rizvi | ||||||
C3 पथ | C3 pathway | |||||||
C4 पथ | C4 pathway | |||||||
बंडल शीथ कोशिकाएं | Bundle sheath cells | |||||||
क्रांज़ 'शारीरिक रचना | Kranz’ anatomy | shahana rizvi | ||||||
हैच और स्लैक पाथवे | Hatch and Slack Pathway | |||||||
प्रकाश श्वसन | Photorespiration | shahana rizvi | ||||||
प्रकाश संश्लेषण को प्रभावित करने वाले कारक | Factors Affecting Photosynthesis | |||||||
लॉ ऑफ लिमिटिंग फैक्टर | Law of Limiting Factors | |||||||
14 | पौधों में श्वसन | Respiration in plants | ||||||
कोशिकीय श्वसन | Cellular respiration | shahana rizvi | ||||||
श्वसनी क्रियाधार | Respiratory substrates | |||||||
ग्लाइकोलिसिस | glycolysis | shahana rizvi | ||||||
क्रेब्स चक्र | Krebs’ cycle | shahana rizvi | ||||||
किण्वन | Fermentation | shahana rizvi | ||||||
ऑक्सी श्वसन | Aerobic respiration | shahana rizvi | ||||||
ट्राइकारबॉक्सिलिक अम्ल चक्र | Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle | shahana rizvi | ||||||
इलेक्ट्रॉन परिवहन तंत्र (ETS) | Electron Transport System (ETS) | |||||||
ऑक्सीडेटिव फास्फोराइलेशन | Oxidative Phosphorylation | |||||||
एम्फ़िबोलिक मार्ग | Amphibolic Pathway | |||||||
श्वसन गुणांक | Respiratory quotient | |||||||
साइट्रिक एसिड चक्र | Citric acid Cycle | shahana rizvi | ||||||
माइटोकॉन्ड्रिया में एटीपी का संश्लेषण | ATP synthesis in mitochondria | |||||||
अनॉक्सी श्वसन | Anaerobic respiration | shahana rizvi | ||||||
ए.टी.पी | ATP | |||||||
15 | पादप वृद्धि एवं परिवर्धन | Plant growth and development | ||||||
वृद्धि | Growth | |||||||
वृद्धि के चरण | Phases of Growth | |||||||
वृद्धि दर | Growth Rates | |||||||
वृद्धि के लिए दशाएं | Conditions for Growth | |||||||
विभेदन | Differentiation | |||||||
निर्विभेदन | Dedifferentiation | |||||||
पुनर्विभेदित | Redifferentiated | |||||||
परिवर्धन | Development | |||||||
प्लास्टिसिटी | Plasticity | |||||||
पादप वृद्धि नियामक | Plant growth regulators (PGRs) | Ekatah | ||||||
ऑक्सिन्स | Auxins | Ekatah | ||||||
शिखाग्र प्रधान्यता | Apical dominance | Ekatah | ||||||
जिबरेलिन्स | Gibberellins | Ekatah | ||||||
साइटोकाइनिन्स | Cytokinins | Ekatah | ||||||
एथिलीन | Ethylene | Ekatah | ||||||
एब्सिसिक अम्ल | Abscisic acid | Ekatah | ||||||
दीप्तिकालिता | Photoperiodism | Ekatah | ||||||
दीर्घ प्रदीप्तकाली पौधे | long day plants | Ekatah | ||||||
अल्प प्रदीप्तकाली पौधे | short day plants | Ekatah | ||||||
तटस्थ प्रदीप्तकाली पौधे | Day-neutral plants | Ekatah | ||||||
वसंतीकरण | Vernalisation | Ekatah | ||||||
बीज प्रसुप्ति | Seed dormancy | Ekatah | ||||||
इकाई - चार | Unit - 4 | |||||||
16 | मानव शरीर विज्ञान | Human Physiology | ||||||
पाचन एवं अवशोषण | Digestion and Absorption | |||||||
पाचन | Digestion | shahana rizvi | ||||||
पाचन तंत्र | Digestive system | shahana rizvi | ||||||
आहार नाल | Alimentary Canal | shahana rizvi | ||||||
गर्तदन्ती | Thecodont | |||||||
द्विबारदंती | Diphyodont | |||||||
जठरागम भाग | Cardiac | shahana rizvi | ||||||
फंडिक क्षेत्र | Fundic region | |||||||
जठरनिर्गम भाग | Pyloric portion | |||||||
पाचन ग्रंथियां | Digestive glands | shahana rizvi | ||||||
ग्रास | Bolus | shahana rizvi | ||||||
काइम | Chyme | |||||||
ग्लोबेट कोशिकाये | Goblet cells | |||||||
सक्सेस एंटेरिकस | Succus entericus | |||||||
पचाए गए उत्पादों का अवशोषण | Absorption of digested products | shahana rizvi | ||||||
मुख | Mouth | shahana rizvi | ||||||
आमाशय | Stomach | |||||||
छोटी आंत | Small Intestine | shahana rizvi | ||||||
बड़ी आँत | Large Intestine | shahana rizvi | ||||||
पीलिया | Jaundice | |||||||
वमन | Vomiting | shahana rizvi | ||||||
प्रवाहिका | Diarrhoea | shahana rizvi | ||||||
कोष्ठबद्धता | Constipation | shahana | ||||||
अपच | Indigestion | shahana rizvi | ||||||
प्रोटीन ऊर्जा कुपोषण (पीईएम) | Protein-energy malnutrition (PEM) | shahana rizvi | ||||||
17 | श्वास और गैसों का विनिमय | Breathing and exchange of gases | ||||||
श्वासन | Respiration | |||||||
श्वसन | Breathing | |||||||
क्लोम | Gills | |||||||
फेफड़े | lungs | |||||||
ग्रसनी | Pharynx | |||||||
श्वासनली | Trachea | |||||||
ध्वनि पेटिका | Sound box | |||||||
श्वासनलियाँ | Bronchi | |||||||
वायु कूपिका | Alveoli | |||||||
अन्तः श्वसन | Inspiration | |||||||
निःश्वसन | Expiration | |||||||
ज्वारीय आयतन | Tidal Volume (TV) | |||||||
अंत श्वसन सुरक्षित आयतन (आईआरबी) | Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV) | |||||||
निःश्वास सुरक्षित आयतन | Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV) | |||||||
अवशिष्ट आयतन (RV) | Residual Volume (RV) | |||||||
अन्तः श्वसन क्षमता (आईसी) | Inspiratory Capacity (IC) | |||||||
नि:श्वसन क्षमता (ईसी) | Expiratory Capacity (EC) | |||||||
क्रियात्मक अवशिष्ट क्षमता (FRC) | Functional Residual Capacity (FRC) | |||||||
जैव क्षमता (वीसी) | Vital Capacity (VC) | |||||||
फेफड़े की कुल क्षमता (टीएलसी) | Total Lung Capacity (TLC) | |||||||
गैसों का आदान-प्रदान | Exchange of gases | |||||||
गैसों का परिवहन | Transportation of gases | |||||||
ऑक्सीहीमोग्लोबिन | Oxyhaemoglobin | |||||||
कार्बामिनो-हीमोग्लोबिन | Carbamino-haemoglobin | |||||||
दमा | Asthma | |||||||
वातस्फीति | Emphysema | |||||||
व्यावसायिक श्वसन विकार | Occupational Respiratory Disorders | |||||||
18 | शरीर द्रव तथा परिसंचरण | Body fluids and circulation | ||||||
रक्त | Blood | |||||||
लसीका | lymph | |||||||
प्लाज्मा | Plasma | |||||||
इरिथ्रोसाइट्स (रक्ताणु) | Erythrocytes | |||||||
ल्यूकोसाइट (श्वेत रुधिर कणिकाएं) | Leucocytes | |||||||
थ्रॉम्बोसाइट्स | Thrombocytes | |||||||
रक्त समूह | Blood Groups | shahana rizvi | ||||||
ABO समुह | ABO grouping | |||||||
Rh समूह | Rh grouping | |||||||
Rh सहित | Rh positive | |||||||
Rh हीन | Rh negative | |||||||
रक्त स्कंदन | Coagulation of Blood | |||||||
परिसंचरण पथ | CIRCULATORY PATHWAYS | |||||||
अलिंद | Atrium | |||||||
निलय | Ventricles | |||||||
हृदय | Heart | |||||||
हृदयावरण | pericardium | |||||||
शिरा अलिंद पर्व | sino-atrial node | |||||||
अलिंद निलय पर्व | atrio-ventricular node | |||||||
हृदय चक्र | Cardiac Cycle | |||||||
विद्युत हृद लेख | Electrocardiograph (ECG) | |||||||
आलिंद का उद्दीपन | excitation (or depolarisation) of the atria | |||||||
निलय का अध्रुवण | depolarisation of the ventricles, | |||||||
टी तरंग | T-wave | |||||||
रक्त वाहिकाएं | Blood Vessels | |||||||
अंतःस्तर कंचुक | tunica intima | |||||||
वाह्य कंचुक | tunica externa. | |||||||
उच्च रक्त दाब | High Blood Pressure (Hypertension) | |||||||
कोरोनरी धमनी रोग (सीएडी) | Coronary Artery Disease (CAD) | |||||||
एनजाइना (ह्रद शूल) | Angina | |||||||
हृद्पात | Heart Failure | |||||||
अनुशिथिलन | Diastole | |||||||
प्रकुंचन | Systole | |||||||
P- तरंग | P-wave | |||||||
सिनो-आलिंद नोड | Sino-atrial node | |||||||
मायोजेनिक | myogenic | |||||||
हृदयी निर्गम | cardiac output | |||||||
प्लेटलेट्स | Platelets | |||||||
पेसमेकर | Pacemaker | |||||||
ह्रद निकास | Cardiac output | |||||||
स्ट्रोक या विस्पंदन आयतन | Stroke or stroke volume | |||||||
19 | उत्सर्जी उत्पाद और उनका निष्कासन | Excretory products and their Elimination | ||||||
अमोनिया उत्सर्जी | Ammonotelic | |||||||
यूरिया उत्सर्जी | Ureotelic | |||||||
यूरिकोटेलिक | Uricotelic | |||||||
मैलपीगी नलिकाएं | Malpighian tubules | |||||||
बर्टिनी स्तंभ | Columns of Bertini | |||||||
नेफ्रॉन | Nephrons | |||||||
बोमेन सम्पुट | Bowman’s capsule | |||||||
समीपस्थ संवलित नलिका | proximal convoluted tubule | |||||||
हेन्ले लूप | Henle’s loop | |||||||
दूरस्थ संवलित नलिका | distal convoluted tubule (DCT) | |||||||
केशिकागुच्छीय निस्पंदन | Glomerular filtration | |||||||
परा निस्पंदन | Ultra filtration | |||||||
केशिकागुच्छीय निस्पंदन दर | Glomerular filtration rate | |||||||
पुनः अवशोषण | Reabsorption | |||||||
संग्रह नलिका | Collecting Duct | |||||||
प्रतिधारा क्रियाविधि | Counter current mechanism | |||||||
वासा रेक्टा | Vasa recta | |||||||
रेनिन | Renin | |||||||
रेनिन-एंजियोटेनसिन | Renin-Angiotensin | |||||||
आलिंद नैट्रियूरेटिक कारक | Atrial Natriuretic Factor | |||||||
यूरीमिया | Uremia | |||||||
हीमोडायलिसिस | Hemodialysis | shahana rizvi | ||||||
कृत्रिम वृक्क | Artificial kidney | |||||||
वृक्क की क्रियाहीनता | Renal failures | |||||||
रेनल कैलकुली | Renal calculi | |||||||
ग्लोमेरुलोनेफ्राइटिस | Glomerulonephritis | |||||||
20 | गमन एवं संचलन | Locomotion & Movement | ||||||
गमन | locomotion | shahana | ||||||
कशाभिका गति | Flagellar movement | shahana | ||||||
कंकाल पेशियाँ | Skeletal muscles | |||||||
ऐच्छिक पेशियाँ | striated muscles | shahana | ||||||
अंतरंग पेशियाँ | Visceral muscles | |||||||
चिकनी पेशियाँ | smooth muscles (nonstriated muscle) | shahana | ||||||
हृद पेशियाँ | Cardiac muscles | shahana | ||||||
पेशी बण्डल या पूलिकाओं | Muscle bundles or fascicles | |||||||
संपटट | Fascia | |||||||
पेशी तन्तुक | myofibrils | |||||||
एक्टिन | Actin | |||||||
मायोसीन | Myosin | |||||||
अक्षीय कंकाल | Axial skeleton | shahana | ||||||
कर्ण अस्थिकाएँ | Ear Ossicles | |||||||
कशेरुक दंड | vertebral column | shahana | ||||||
उरोस्थि | Sternum | |||||||
पसलियां | Ribs | shahana | ||||||
उपांगीय कंकाल | Appendicular skeleton | shahana | ||||||
पाद | limb | shahana | ||||||
अंश और श्रोणि मेखला | Pectoral and Pelvic girdle | shahana | ||||||
रेशीय जोड़ | Fibrous joints | shahana | ||||||
उपास्थि युक्त जोड़ | cartilaginous joints | shahana | ||||||
सिनोवियल जोड़ | Synovial joints | shahana | ||||||
माइस्थेनिया ग्रेविस | Myasthenia gravis | shahana | ||||||
पेशीय दुष्पोसण | Muscular dystrophy | shahana | ||||||
अपतानिका | Tetany | shahana | ||||||
संधि शोथ | Arthritis | shahana | ||||||
अस्थि सुषिरता | Osteoporosis | shahana | ||||||
सन्धिवात | Gout | |||||||
21 | तंत्रिका नियंत्रण और समन्वय | Neural control and Coordination | ||||||
न्यूरॉन | Neurons | |||||||
केंद्रीय तंत्रिका तंत्र (सीएनएस) | Central neural system (CNS) | shahana | ||||||
परिधीय तंत्रिका तंत्र (PNS) | Peripheral neural system (PNS) | shahana | ||||||
मस्तिष्क | Brain | |||||||
मेरुदंड | Spinal cord | |||||||
तंत्रिका तंत्र | Neural system | |||||||
निसेल ग्रेन्युल | Nissl’s granules. | |||||||
न्यूरोट्रांसमीटर | Neurotransmitters | |||||||
तंत्रिका आवेग | Nerve impulse. | |||||||
सिनैप्टिक दरार | Synaptic cleft | |||||||
ग्राही | Receptors | |||||||
अग्रमस्तिष्क | Forebrain | |||||||
मध्यमस्तिष्क | Midbrain | |||||||
पश्चमस्तिष्क | Hindbrain | shahana | ||||||
प्रतिवर्ती क्रिया | reflex action | |||||||
संवेदी अंग | Sense Organs | shahana | ||||||
नेत्र के भाग | Parts of an eye | shahana | ||||||
देखने की प्रक्रिया | Mechanism of Vision | shahana | ||||||
कर्ण | The Ear | shahana | ||||||
22 | रासायनिक समन्वय तथा एकीकरण | Chemical coordination and integration | ||||||
अंतःस्रावी ग्रंथियाँ और हार्मोन | Endocrine Glands & Hormones | Ekatah | ||||||
हाइपोथैलेमस | Hypothalamus | |||||||
पीयूष ग्रन्थि | The pituitary gland | Ekatah | ||||||
पीनियल ग्रंथि | The pineal gland | Ekatah | ||||||
थाइरॉयड ग्रंथि | Thyroid gland | Ekatah | ||||||
पैराथाइरॉइड हार्मोन | Parathyroid hormone | Ekatah | ||||||
थाइमस ग्रंथि | Thymus gland | Ekatah | ||||||
अधिवृक्क ग्रंथियां | Adrenal glands | Ekatah | ||||||
एडिसन रोग | Addison’s disease | Ekatah | ||||||
अग्न्याशय | Pancreas | |||||||
वृषण | Testis | |||||||
शुक्रजनक नलिकाएं | seminiferous tubules | |||||||
टेस्टोस्टेरोन | Testosterone | |||||||
प्रोजेस्ट्रोन | Progesterone | Ekatah | ||||||
एस्ट्रोजन | Estrogen | Ekatah | ||||||
कॉर्पस ल्यूटियम | Corpus luteum | Ekatah | ||||||
एट्रियल नैट्रियूरेटिक फैक्टर | Atrial natriuretic factor | |||||||
हार्मोन ग्राही | Hormone receptors | |||||||