Taxonomy for Biology Articles-11th Class: Difference between revisions

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|'''Chapter'''
|'''Chapter'''
|'''Topic'''
|'''Topic'''
|'''Article Creator Name'''
|'''[https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1W0E_JcTAuGojSdK8vcLmC9v91rRN0oWZOtUxlijjZBc/edit#gid=629091502 Review by IIT Kanpur]'''
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|'''इकाई - एक'''
|'''इकाई - एक'''
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|'''Diversity in the living world'''
|'''Diversity in the living world'''
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|'''The living world'''
|'''The living world'''
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|living
|living
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|Growth
|Growth
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Line 55: Line 67:
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|Reproduction
|Reproduction
|Deeksha Dwivedi
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|Metabolism
|Metabolism
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|Biodiversity
|Biodiversity
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Line 79: Line 97:
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|Nomenclature
|Nomenclature
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Line 87: Line 107:
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|Binomial Nomenclature
|Binomial Nomenclature
|Deeksha Dwivedi
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Line 95: Line 117:
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|Taxa
|Taxa
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Line 103: Line 127:
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|Taxonomy
|Taxonomy
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Line 111: Line 137:
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|Species
|Species
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Line 119: Line 147:
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|Genus
|Genus
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Line 127: Line 157:
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|order
|order
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Line 135: Line 167:
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|Phylum
|Phylum
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Line 143: Line 177:
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|Herbarium
|Herbarium
|Deeksha Dwivedi
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Line 151: Line 187:
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|Botanical Garden
|Botanical Garden
|Deeksha Dwivedi
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Line 159: Line 197:
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|Museum
|Museum
|Deeksha Dwivedi
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Line 167: Line 207:
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|Zoological park
|Zoological park
|Deeksha Dwivedi
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|'''2'''
|'''2'''
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|'''Biological Classification'''
|'''Biological Classification'''
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Line 183: Line 227:
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|Dual system
|Dual system
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Line 191: Line 237:
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|Archaebacteria
|Archaebacteria
|shahana rizvi
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Line 199: Line 247:
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|Eubacteria
|Eubacteria
|shahana rizvi
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Line 207: Line 257:
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|Cyanobacteria
|Cyanobacteria
|shahana rizvi
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Line 215: Line 267:
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|Parasitic Bacteria
|Parasitic Bacteria
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Line 223: Line 277:
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|Protista Kingdom
|Protista Kingdom
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Line 231: Line 287:
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|Chrysophytes
|Chrysophytes
|shahana rizvi
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Line 239: Line 297:
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|Dinoflagellates
|Dinoflagellates
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Line 247: Line 307:
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|Euglenoids
|Euglenoids
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|scale fungus
|scale fungus
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Line 263: Line 327:
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|Protozoa
|Protozoa
|shahana rizvi
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Line 271: Line 337:
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|Fungi
|Fungi
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|ss
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|[[फाइकोमाइसिटीज]]
|[[फाइकोमाइसिटीज]]
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|Phycomycetes
|Phycomycetes
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Line 287: Line 357:
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|Ascomycetes
|Ascomycetes
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Line 295: Line 367:
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|Basidiomycetes
|Basidiomycetes
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Line 303: Line 377:
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|Deuteromycetes
|Deuteromycetes
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Line 311: Line 387:
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|Plantae Kingdom
|Plantae Kingdom
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Line 319: Line 397:
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|Animal kingdom
|Animal kingdom
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Line 327: Line 407:
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|Virus
|Virus
|shahana rizvi
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Line 335: Line 417:
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|Viroid
|Viroid
|shahana rizvi
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Line 343: Line 427:
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|Prione
|Prione
|shahana rizvi
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Line 351: Line 437:
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|Lichen
|Lichen
|shahana rizvi
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Line 359: Line 447:
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|Algae
|Algae
|shahana rizvi
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Line 367: Line 457:
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|Mycovyant
|Mycovyant
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|'''3'''
|'''3'''
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|'''Plant Kingdom'''
|'''Plant Kingdom'''
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Line 383: Line 477:
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|Algae
|Algae
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Line 391: Line 487:
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|Zoospores
|Zoospores
|shahana rizvi
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Line 399: Line 497:
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|homozygous
|homozygous
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Line 407: Line 507:
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|heterozygous
|heterozygous
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Line 415: Line 517:
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|Male gametes
|Male gametes
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Line 423: Line 527:
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|Red algae
|Red algae
|shahana rizvi
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Line 431: Line 537:
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|carrageen
|carrageen
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Line 439: Line 547:
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|Chlorophyceae (green algae)
|Chlorophyceae (green algae)
|shahana rizvi
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Line 447: Line 557:
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|phaeophyceae (Brown Algae)
|phaeophyceae (Brown Algae)
|shahana rizvi
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Line 455: Line 567:
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|Rhodophyceae
|Rhodophyceae
|shahana rizvi
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Line 463: Line 577:
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|Bryophytes
|Bryophytes
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Line 471: Line 587:
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|Gametophyte
|Gametophyte
|shahana rizvi
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Line 479: Line 597:
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|Antheridium
|Antheridium
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Line 487: Line 607:
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|Archegonium
|Archegonium
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Line 495: Line 617:
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|Sporophyte
|Sporophyte
|shahana rizvi
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Line 503: Line 627:
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|Livervart
|Livervart
|shahana rizvi
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Line 511: Line 637:
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|Moss
|Moss
|shahana rizvi
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Line 519: Line 647:
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|pteridophytes
|pteridophytes
|shahana rizvi
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Line 527: Line 657:
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|Gymnosperm
|Gymnosperm
|Deeksha Dwivedi
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Line 535: Line 667:
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|Angiosperms
|Angiosperms
|Deeksha Dwivedi
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|pollination
|pollination
|Deeksha Dwivedi
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|Alternation of generations
|Alternation of generations
|Deeksha Dwivedi
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Line 559: Line 697:
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|Sporophyte
|Sporophyte
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|'''4'''
|'''4'''
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|'''Animal Kingdom'''
|'''Animal Kingdom'''
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Line 575: Line 717:
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|Ectoderm
|Ectoderm
|shahana rizvi
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Line 583: Line 727:
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|Endoderm
|Endoderm
|shahana rizvi
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Line 591: Line 737:
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|Mesoderm
|Mesoderm
|shahana rizvi
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Line 599: Line 747:
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|Coelom
|Coelom
|shahana rizvi
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Line 607: Line 757:
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|Segmentation
|Segmentation
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Line 615: Line 767:
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|metameric segmentation
|metameric segmentation
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Line 623: Line 777:
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|Notochord
|Notochord
|shahana rizvi
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Line 631: Line 787:
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|Phylum Porifera
|Phylum Porifera
|Deeksha Dwivedi
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Line 639: Line 797:
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|Austia
|Austia
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Line 647: Line 807:
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|Spongocoel
|Spongocoel
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Line 655: Line 817:
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|Osculam
|Osculam
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Line 663: Line 827:
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|Choanocytes
|Choanocytes
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Line 671: Line 837:
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|canals
|canals
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Line 679: Line 847:
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|Ostia
|Ostia
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Line 687: Line 857:
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|Spongilla
|Spongilla
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Line 695: Line 867:
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|Euspongia
|Euspongia
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Line 703: Line 877:
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|Phylum – Coelenterata (Cnidaria)
|Phylum – Coelenterata (Cnidaria)
|Deeksha Dwivedi
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Line 711: Line 887:
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|Nematocysts
|Nematocysts
|shahana rizvi
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Line 719: Line 897:
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|Cnidoblasts
|Cnidoblasts
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Line 727: Line 907:
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|Phylum – Ctenophora
|Phylum – Ctenophora
|Deeksha Dwivedi
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Line 735: Line 917:
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|Phylum – Platyhelminthes
|Phylum – Platyhelminthes
|Deeksha Dwivedi
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Line 743: Line 927:
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|Phylum – Aschelminthes
|Phylum – Aschelminthes
|Deeksha Dwivedi
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Line 751: Line 937:
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|Phylum – Annelida
|Phylum – Annelida
|Deeksha Dwivedi
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Line 759: Line 947:
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|Parapodia
|Parapodia
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Line 767: Line 957:
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|Nephridia
|Nephridia
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Line 775: Line 967:
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|Nephridium
|Nephridium
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Line 783: Line 977:
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|Phylum – Arthropoda
|Phylum – Arthropoda
|Deeksha Dwivedi
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Line 791: Line 987:
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|Jointed appendages
|Jointed appendages
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Line 799: Line 997:
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|Malpighian tubules
|Malpighian tubules
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Line 807: Line 1,007:
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|Phylum mollusca
|Phylum mollusca
|Deeksha Dwivedi
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Line 815: Line 1,017:
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|Radula
|Radula
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Line 823: Line 1,027:
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|Phylum Echinodermata
|Phylum Echinodermata
|Deeksha Dwivedi
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Line 831: Line 1,037:
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|Water vascular system
|Water vascular system
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Line 839: Line 1,047:
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|Phylum – Hemichordata
|Phylum – Hemichordata
|Deeksha Dwivedi
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Line 847: Line 1,057:
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|Gill slits
|Gill slits
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Line 855: Line 1,067:
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|Notochord
|Notochord
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Line 863: Line 1,077:
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|Class – Cyclostomata
|Class – Cyclostomata
|shahana rizvi
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Line 871: Line 1,087:
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|Class – Chondrichthyes
|Class – Chondrichthyes
|shahana rizvi
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Line 879: Line 1,097:
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|Operculum
|Operculum
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Line 887: Line 1,107:
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|Class – Amphibia
|Class – Amphibia
|shahana rizvi
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Line 895: Line 1,117:
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|Tympanum
|Tympanum
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Line 903: Line 1,127:
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|Cloaca
|Cloaca
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Line 911: Line 1,137:
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|Class – Reptilia
|Class – Reptilia
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Line 919: Line 1,147:
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|Scales
|Scales
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Line 927: Line 1,157:
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|Class – Aves
|Class – Aves
|shahana rizvi
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Line 935: Line 1,167:
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|Homoiothermous
|Homoiothermous
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Line 943: Line 1,177:
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|Class – Mammalia
|Class – Mammalia
|shahana rizvi
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Line 951: Line 1,187:
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|Mammary glands
|Mammary glands
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Line 957: Line 1,195:
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|'''Unit- 2'''
|'''Unit- 2'''
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|'''Structural Organisation in Plants and Animals'''
|'''Structural Organisation in Plants and Animals'''
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Line 974: Line 1,216:
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|'''Morphology of Flowering Plants'''
|'''Morphology of Flowering Plants'''
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Line 983: Line 1,227:
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|Morphology
|Morphology
|shahana rizvi
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Line 991: Line 1,237:
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|Primary root
|Primary root
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Line 999: Line 1,247:
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|Secondary Root
|Secondary Root
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Line 1,007: Line 1,257:
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|Tertiary root
|Tertiary root
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|-
|-
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Line 1,015: Line 1,267:
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|Tap root system
|Tap root system
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Line 1,023: Line 1,277:
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|Fibrous root
|Fibrous root
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Line 1,031: Line 1,287:
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|Adventitious roots
|Adventitious roots
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|-
|-
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Line 1,039: Line 1,297:
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|Root cap
|Root cap
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|-
|-
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Line 1,047: Line 1,307:
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|Region of meristematic activity
|Region of meristematic activity
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Line 1,055: Line 1,317:
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|Region of elongation
|Region of elongation
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Line 1,063: Line 1,327:
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|Region of maturation
|Region of maturation
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Line 1,071: Line 1,337:
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|Root hairs
|Root hairs
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Line 1,079: Line 1,347:
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|Prop roots
|Prop roots
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Line 1,087: Line 1,357:
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|Stilt roots
|Stilt roots
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|-
|-
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Line 1,095: Line 1,367:
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|pneumatophores
|pneumatophores
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|-
|-
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Line 1,103: Line 1,377:
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|Tendrils
|Tendrils
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|-
|-
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Line 1,111: Line 1,387:
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|leaf base
|leaf base
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|-
|-
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Line 1,119: Line 1,397:
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|Petiole
|Petiole
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|-
|-
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Line 1,127: Line 1,407:
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|Petiole
|Petiole
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|-
|-
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Line 1,135: Line 1,417:
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|lamina
|lamina
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|-
|-
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Line 1,143: Line 1,427:
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|Midrib
|Midrib
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|-
|-
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Line 1,151: Line 1,437:
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|venation
|venation
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Line 1,159: Line 1,447:
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|simple leaf
|simple leaf
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Line 1,167: Line 1,457:
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|compound leaf
|compound leaf
|shahana rizvi
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|-
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Line 1,175: Line 1,467:
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|foliage
|foliage
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|-
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Line 1,183: Line 1,477:
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|metamorphosis of leaf
|metamorphosis of leaf
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|-
|-
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Line 1,191: Line 1,487:
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|inflorescence
|inflorescence
|shahana
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|-
|-
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Line 1,199: Line 1,497:
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|Racemose
|Racemose
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|-
|-
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Line 1,207: Line 1,507:
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|cymose
|cymose
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|-
|-
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Line 1,215: Line 1,517:
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|flowers
|flowers
|shahana rizvi
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|-
|-
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Line 1,223: Line 1,527:
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|Thalamus or receptacle.
|Thalamus or receptacle.
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|-
|-
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Line 1,231: Line 1,537:
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|Bracteate
|Bracteate
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|-
|-
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Line 1,239: Line 1,547:
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|Ebracteate
|Ebracteate
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|-
|-
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Line 1,247: Line 1,557:
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|Hypogynous
|Hypogynous
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|-
|-
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Line 1,255: Line 1,567:
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|Perigynous
|Perigynous
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|-
|-
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Line 1,263: Line 1,577:
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|Epigynous
|Epigynous
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|-
|-
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Line 1,271: Line 1,587:
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|downward
|downward
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|-
|-
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Line 1,279: Line 1,597:
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|vertical
|vertical
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|-
|-
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Line 1,287: Line 1,607:
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|Calyx
|Calyx
|shahana rizvi
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|-
|-
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Line 1,295: Line 1,617:
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|Gamosepalous
|Gamosepalous
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 1,303: Line 1,627:
|
|
|Polysepalous
|Polysepalous
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 1,311: Line 1,637:
|
|
|Corolla
|Corolla
|shahana rizvi
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 1,319: Line 1,647:
|
|
|Valvate
|Valvate
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 1,327: Line 1,657:
|
|
|Twisted
|Twisted
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 1,335: Line 1,667:
|
|
|Imbricate
|Imbricate
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 1,343: Line 1,677:
|
|
|vaccillary
|vaccillary
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 1,351: Line 1,687:
|
|
|stamen
|stamen
|shahana rizvi
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 1,359: Line 1,697:
|
|
|Staminode
|Staminode
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 1,367: Line 1,707:
|
|
|Epipetalus
|Epipetalus
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 1,375: Line 1,717:
|
|
|Epiphyllus
|Epiphyllus
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 1,383: Line 1,727:
|
|
|Gynoecium
|Gynoecium
|shahana rizvi
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 1,391: Line 1,737:
|
|
|style
|style
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 1,399: Line 1,747:
|
|
|stigma
|stigma
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 1,407: Line 1,757:
|
|
|Placenta
|Placenta
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 1,415: Line 1,767:
|
|
|Apocarpous
|Apocarpous
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 1,423: Line 1,777:
|
|
|Syncarpous
|Syncarpous
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 1,431: Line 1,787:
|
|
|Placentation
|Placentation
|shahana rizvi
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 1,439: Line 1,797:
|
|
|Parthenocarpic
|Parthenocarpic
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 1,447: Line 1,807:
|
|
|Pericarp
|Pericarp
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 1,455: Line 1,817:
|
|
|Epicarp
|Epicarp
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 1,463: Line 1,827:
|
|
|Mesocarp
|Mesocarp
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 1,471: Line 1,837:
|
|
|Endocarp
|Endocarp
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 1,479: Line 1,847:
|
|
|Testa
|Testa
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 1,487: Line 1,857:
|
|
|tegmen.
|tegmen.
|-
|
|
|-
|
|
|
|
Line 1,495: Line 1,867:
|
|
|Micropyle
|Micropyle
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 1,503: Line 1,877:
|
|
|Radicle.
|Radicle.
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 1,511: Line 1,887:
|
|
|Endosperm
|Endosperm
|shahana rizvi
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 1,519: Line 1,897:
|
|
|Aleurone layer
|Aleurone layer
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 1,527: Line 1,907:
|
|
|scutellum
|scutellum
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 1,535: Line 1,917:
|
|
|Plumule
|Plumule
|shahana rizvi
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 1,543: Line 1,927:
|
|
|Radicle
|Radicle
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 1,551: Line 1,937:
|
|
|Coleoptile
|Coleoptile
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 1,559: Line 1,947:
|
|
|Coleorhiza
|Coleorhiza
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 1,567: Line 1,957:
|
|
|Fabaceae
|Fabaceae
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 1,575: Line 1,967:
|
|
|Solanaceae
|Solanaceae
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 1,583: Line 1,977:
|
|
|Liliaceae
|Liliaceae
|
|
|-
|-
|'''6'''
|'''6'''
Line 1,590: Line 1,986:
|
|
|'''Anatomy of Flowering Plants'''
|'''Anatomy of Flowering Plants'''
|
|
|
|
|-
|-
Line 1,599: Line 1,997:
|
|
|Tissues
|Tissues
|shahana rizvi
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 1,607: Line 2,007:
|
|
|Meristematic Tissues
|Meristematic Tissues
|shahana rizvi
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 1,615: Line 2,017:
|
|
|Meristems
|Meristems
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 1,623: Line 2,027:
|
|
|Apical meristems
|Apical meristems
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 1,631: Line 2,037:
|
|
|Axillary bud
|Axillary bud
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 1,639: Line 2,047:
|
|
|Intercalary Meristem
|Intercalary Meristem
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 1,647: Line 2,057:
|
|
|Primary meristem
|Primary meristem
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 1,655: Line 2,067:
|
|
|Secondary or lateral meristem
|Secondary or lateral meristem
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 1,663: Line 2,077:
|
|
|Permanent or mature cells
|Permanent or mature cells
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 1,671: Line 2,087:
|
|
|Simple tissues
|Simple tissues
|shahana rizvi
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 1,679: Line 2,097:
|
|
|Parenchyma
|Parenchyma
|shahana rizvi
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 1,687: Line 2,107:
|
|
|Collenchyma
|Collenchyma
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 1,695: Line 2,117:
|
|
|Sclerenchyma
|Sclerenchyma
|shahana rizvi
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 1,703: Line 2,127:
|
|
|sclereids
|sclereids
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 1,711: Line 2,137:
|
|
|Complex Tissues
|Complex Tissues
|shahana rizvi
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 1,719: Line 2,147:
|
|
|Xylem
|Xylem
|shahana rizvi
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 1,727: Line 2,157:
|
|
|Tracheids
|Tracheids
|shahana rizvi
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 1,735: Line 2,167:
|
|
|Vessel
|Vessel
|shahana rizvi
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 1,743: Line 2,177:
|
|
|Xylem fibres
|Xylem fibres
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 1,751: Line 2,187:
|
|
|Xylem parenchyma
|Xylem parenchyma
|shahana rizvi
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 1,759: Line 2,197:
|
|
|protoxylem
|protoxylem
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 1,767: Line 2,207:
|
|
|Metaxylem
|Metaxylem
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 1,775: Line 2,217:
|
|
|Endarch
|Endarch
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 1,783: Line 2,227:
|
|
|exarch
|exarch
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 1,791: Line 2,237:
|
|
|Phloem
|Phloem
|shahana rizvi
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 1,799: Line 2,247:
|
|
|Sieve tube elements
|Sieve tube elements
|shahana rizvi
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 1,807: Line 2,257:
|
|
|Companion cells
|Companion cells
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 1,815: Line 2,267:
|
|
|Phloem parenchyma
|Phloem parenchyma
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 1,823: Line 2,277:
|
|
|Phloem fibres
|Phloem fibres
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 1,831: Line 2,287:
|
|
|Protophloem
|Protophloem
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 1,839: Line 2,297:
|
|
|Metaphloem.
|Metaphloem.
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 1,847: Line 2,307:
|
|
|Cuticle
|Cuticle
|shahana rizvi
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 1,855: Line 2,317:
|
|
|Stomata
|Stomata
|shahana rizvi
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 1,863: Line 2,327:
|
|
|Subsidiary cells
|Subsidiary cells
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 1,871: Line 2,337:
|
|
|Stomatal apparatus
|Stomatal apparatus
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 1,879: Line 2,347:
|
|
|Root hairs
|Root hairs
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 1,887: Line 2,357:
|
|
|Trichomes
|Trichomes
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 1,895: Line 2,367:
|
|
|Ground tissue
|Ground tissue
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 1,903: Line 2,377:
|
|
|Mesophyll
|Mesophyll
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 1,911: Line 2,387:
|
|
|Cambium
|Cambium
|shahana rizvi
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 1,919: Line 2,397:
|
|
|Open vascular bundles.
|Open vascular bundles.
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 1,927: Line 2,407:
|
|
|Closed vascular bundles
|Closed vascular bundles
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 1,935: Line 2,417:
|
|
|Radial vascular bundles
|Radial vascular bundles
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 1,943: Line 2,427:
|
|
|Epiblema
|Epiblema
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 1,951: Line 2,437:
|
|
|Cortex
|Cortex
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 1,959: Line 2,447:
|
|
|Casparian strips.
|Casparian strips.
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 1,967: Line 2,457:
|
|
|Pericycle
|Pericycle
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 1,975: Line 2,467:
|
|
|Conjuctive tissue
|Conjuctive tissue
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 1,983: Line 2,477:
|
|
|pith
|pith
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 1,991: Line 2,487:
|
|
|palisade parenchyma
|palisade parenchyma
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 1,996: Line 2,494:
|
|
|[[आवर्ध त्वक्कोशिका]]
|[[आवर्ध त्वक्कोशिका]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
Line 2,007: Line 2,507:
|
|
|Secondary growth
|Secondary growth
|shahana rizvi
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 2,015: Line 2,517:
|
|
|lateral meristem
|lateral meristem
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 2,023: Line 2,527:
|
|
|vascular cambium
|vascular cambium
|shahana rizvi
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 2,031: Line 2,537:
|
|
|Cork Cambium
|Cork Cambium
|shahana rizvi
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 2,039: Line 2,547:
|
|
|Intyracalary Cambium
|Intyracalary Cambium
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 2,047: Line 2,557:
|
|
|Intercalary cambium
|Intercalary cambium
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 2,055: Line 2,567:
|
|
|Secondary Xylem
|Secondary Xylem
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 2,063: Line 2,577:
|
|
|Secondary Phloem
|Secondary Phloem
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 2,071: Line 2,587:
|
|
|Secondary medullary
|Secondary medullary
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 2,079: Line 2,597:
|
|
|Spring wood
|Spring wood
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 2,087: Line 2,607:
|
|
|Early wood
|Early wood
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 2,095: Line 2,617:
|
|
|Annual ring
|Annual ring
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 2,103: Line 2,627:
|
|
|sapwood
|sapwood
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 2,111: Line 2,637:
|
|
|Heartwood
|Heartwood
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 2,119: Line 2,647:
|
|
|cork cambium
|cork cambium
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 2,127: Line 2,657:
|
|
|Secondary cortex or Phelloderm
|Secondary cortex or Phelloderm
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 2,135: Line 2,667:
|
|
|Periderm
|Periderm
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 2,143: Line 2,677:
|
|
|Bark
|Bark
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 2,151: Line 2,687:
|
|
|Lenticels
|Lenticels
|
|
|-
|-
|'''7'''
|'''7'''
Line 2,158: Line 2,696:
|
|
|'''Structural Organsation in Animals'''
|'''Structural Organsation in Animals'''
|
|
|
|
|-
|-
Line 2,167: Line 2,707:
|
|
|simple epithelium
|simple epithelium
|shahana rizvi
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 2,175: Line 2,717:
|
|
|compound epithelium
|compound epithelium
|shahana rizvi
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 2,183: Line 2,727:
|
|
|Squamous epithelium
|Squamous epithelium
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 2,191: Line 2,737:
|
|
|Cuboidal epithelium
|Cuboidal epithelium
|-
|
|
|-
|
|
|
|
Line 2,199: Line 2,747:
|
|
|Columnar epithelium
|Columnar epithelium
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 2,207: Line 2,757:
|
|
|Ciliated epithelium
|Ciliated epithelium
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 2,215: Line 2,767:
|
|
|Glandular epithelium
|Glandular epithelium
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 2,223: Line 2,777:
|
|
|Exocrine
|Exocrine
|shahana rizvi
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 2,231: Line 2,787:
|
|
|Endocrine
|Endocrine
|shahana rizvi
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 2,239: Line 2,797:
|
|
|Compound epithelium
|Compound epithelium
|shahana rizvi
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 2,247: Line 2,807:
|
|
|Tight junctions
|Tight junctions
|shahana rizvi
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 2,255: Line 2,817:
|
|
|Adhering junctions
|Adhering junctions
|shahana rizvi
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 2,263: Line 2,827:
|
|
|Gap junctions
|Gap junctions
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 2,271: Line 2,837:
|
|
|Areolar tissue
|Areolar tissue
|shahana rizvi
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 2,279: Line 2,847:
|
|
|Dense connective tissues
|Dense connective tissues
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 2,287: Line 2,857:
|
|
|Adipose tissue
|Adipose tissue
|shahana rizvi
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 2,295: Line 2,867:
|
|
|specialised connective tissues
|specialised connective tissues
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 2,303: Line 2,877:
|
|
|Bones
|Bones
|shahana rizvi
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 2,311: Line 2,887:
|
|
|Blood
|Blood
|shahana rizvi
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 2,319: Line 2,897:
|
|
|Skeletal muscle
|Skeletal muscle
|shahana rizvi
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 2,327: Line 2,907:
|
|
|smooth muscle
|smooth muscle
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 2,335: Line 2,917:
|
|
|Cardiac muscle tissue
|Cardiac muscle tissue
|shahana rizvi
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 2,343: Line 2,927:
|
|
|Neural Tissue
|Neural Tissue
|Ekatah
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 2,351: Line 2,937:
|
|
|Organ and organ System
|Organ and organ System
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 2,359: Line 2,947:
|
|
|Earthworm
|Earthworm
|shahana rizvi
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 2,367: Line 2,957:
|
|
|Clitellum
|Clitellum
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 2,375: Line 2,967:
|
|
|Setae
|Setae
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 2,383: Line 2,977:
|
|
|Typhlosole
|Typhlosole
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 2,391: Line 2,987:
|
|
|Nephridia
|Nephridia
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 2,399: Line 2,997:
|
|
|Cockroache
|Cockroache
|shahana rizvi
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 2,407: Line 3,007:
|
|
|Malpighian tubules
|Malpighian tubules
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 2,415: Line 3,017:
|
|
|Uricotelic
|Uricotelic
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 2,423: Line 3,027:
|
|
|ommatidia
|ommatidia
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 2,429: Line 3,035:
|
|
|'''Unit - 3'''
|'''Unit - 3'''
|
|
|
|
|
|
Line 2,437: Line 3,045:
|
|
|'''Structure and functions'''
|'''Structure and functions'''
|
|
|
|
|
|
Line 2,447: Line 3,057:
|'''cell: The unit of life'''
|'''cell: The unit of life'''
|
|
|-
|
|
|-
|
|
|
|
Line 2,455: Line 3,067:
|
|
|Cell
|Cell
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 2,463: Line 3,077:
|
|
|Anton Von Leeuwenhoek
|Anton Von Leeuwenhoek
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 2,471: Line 3,087:
|
|
|Cell theory
|Cell theory
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 2,479: Line 3,097:
|
|
|Schleiden and Schwann
|Schleiden and Schwann
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 2,487: Line 3,107:
|
|
|Prokaryotic cells
|Prokaryotic cells
|shahana rizvi
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 2,495: Line 3,117:
|
|
|DNA
|DNA
|Ekatah
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 2,503: Line 3,127:
|
|
|Gram positive bacteria
|Gram positive bacteria
|shahana rizvi
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 2,511: Line 3,137:
|
|
|Gram negative bacteria
|Gram negative bacteria
|shahana rizvi
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 2,519: Line 3,147:
|
|
|Slime layer
|Slime layer
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 2,527: Line 3,157:
|
|
|Capsule
|Capsule
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 2,535: Line 3,167:
|
|
|Mesosome
|Mesosome
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 2,543: Line 3,177:
|
|
|Form of vesicles
|Form of vesicles
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 2,551: Line 3,187:
|
|
|Tubules
|Tubules
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 2,559: Line 3,197:
|
|
|Lamellae
|Lamellae
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 2,567: Line 3,207:
|
|
|Filament
|Filament
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 2,575: Line 3,217:
|
|
|Flagellum
|Flagellum
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 2,583: Line 3,227:
|
|
|Pili
|Pili
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 2,591: Line 3,237:
|
|
|Fimbriae
|Fimbriae
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 2,599: Line 3,247:
|
|
|Ribosomes
|Ribosomes
|shahana rizvi
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 2,607: Line 3,257:
|
|
|Polyribosomes or polysome
|Polyribosomes or polysome
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 2,615: Line 3,267:
|
|
|Inclusion bodies
|Inclusion bodies
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 2,623: Line 3,277:
|
|
|Central vacuole
|Central vacuole
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 2,631: Line 3,287:
|
|
|Centrioles
|Centrioles
|shahana rizvi
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 2,639: Line 3,297:
|
|
|Eukaryotic cells
|Eukaryotic cells
|shahana rizvi
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 2,647: Line 3,307:
|
|
|Cell Membrane
|Cell Membrane
|shahana rizvi
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 2,655: Line 3,317:
|
|
|Fluid mosaic model
|Fluid mosaic model
|shahana rizvi
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 2,663: Line 3,327:
|
|
|Passive transport
|Passive transport
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 2,671: Line 3,337:
|
|
|Active transport
|Active transport
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 2,679: Line 3,347:
|
|
|Osmosis.
|Osmosis.
|shahana rizvi
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 2,687: Line 3,357:
|
|
|Cell wall
|Cell wall
|-
|
|
|-
|
|
|
|
Line 2,695: Line 3,367:
|
|
|Primary wall
|Primary wall
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 2,703: Line 3,377:
|
|
|Endomembrane system
|Endomembrane system
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 2,711: Line 3,387:
|
|
|Endoplasmic Reticulum
|Endoplasmic Reticulum
|shahana rizvi
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 2,719: Line 3,397:
|
|
|Golgi apparatus
|Golgi apparatus
|shahana rizvi
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 2,727: Line 3,407:
|
|
|Lysosomes
|Lysosomes
|Ekatah
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 2,735: Line 3,417:
|
|
|Contractile vacuole
|Contractile vacuole
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 2,743: Line 3,427:
|
|
|Food vacuoles
|Food vacuoles
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 2,751: Line 3,437:
|
|
|Mitochondria
|Mitochondria
|shahana rizvi
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 2,759: Line 3,447:
|
|
|Matrix
|Matrix
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 2,767: Line 3,457:
|
|
|Cristae
|Cristae
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 2,775: Line 3,467:
|
|
|Chlorophyll
|Chlorophyll
|Ekatah
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 2,783: Line 3,477:
|
|
|Carotenoid
|Carotenoid
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 2,791: Line 3,487:
|
|
|Amyloplasts
|Amyloplasts
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 2,799: Line 3,497:
|
|
|Elaioplasts
|Elaioplasts
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 2,807: Line 3,507:
|
|
|Aleuroplasts
|Aleuroplasts
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 2,815: Line 3,517:
|
|
|Thylakoids
|Thylakoids
|shahana rizvi
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 2,823: Line 3,527:
|
|
|Cytoskeleton
|Cytoskeleton
|shahana rizvi
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 2,831: Line 3,537:
|
|
|Cilia
|Cilia
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 2,839: Line 3,547:
|
|
|Flagella
|Flagella
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 2,847: Line 3,557:
|
|
|Axoneme
|Axoneme
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 2,855: Line 3,567:
|
|
|Chromatin
|Chromatin
|shahana rizvi
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 2,863: Line 3,577:
|
|
|Nucleoli
|Nucleoli
|shahana rizvi
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 2,871: Line 3,587:
|
|
|Perinuclear space
|Perinuclear space
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 2,879: Line 3,597:
|
|
|Nucleoplasm
|Nucleoplasm
|shahana rizvi
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 2,887: Line 3,607:
|
|
|Microbodies
|Microbodies
|shahana rizvi
|
|-
|-
|'''9'''
|'''9'''
Line 2,894: Line 3,616:
|
|
|'''Biomolecules'''
|'''Biomolecules'''
|
|
|
|
|-
|-
Line 2,903: Line 3,627:
|
|
|zwitterion
|zwitterion
|shahana rizvi
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 2,911: Line 3,637:
|
|
|Amino acids
|Amino acids
|shahana rizvi
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 2,919: Line 3,647:
|
|
|Sugars (Carbohydrates)
|Sugars (Carbohydrates)
|shahana rizvi
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 2,927: Line 3,657:
|
|
|Glycine
|Glycine
|shahana rizvi
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 2,935: Line 3,667:
|
|
|Alanine
|Alanine
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 2,943: Line 3,677:
|
|
|Serine
|Serine
|shahana rizvi
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 2,951: Line 3,687:
|
|
|Palmitic acid
|Palmitic acid
|-
|
|
|-
|
|
|
|
Line 2,959: Line 3,697:
|
|
|Glycerol
|Glycerol
|shahana rizvi
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 2,967: Line 3,707:
|
|
|Triglyceride
|Triglyceride
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 2,975: Line 3,717:
|
|
|Phospholipid (Lecithin)
|Phospholipid (Lecithin)
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 2,983: Line 3,727:
|
|
|Cholesterol
|Cholesterol
|shahana rizvi
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 2,991: Line 3,737:
|
|
|Adenine (Purine)
|Adenine (Purine)
|shahana rizvi
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 2,999: Line 3,747:
|
|
|Adenosine
|Adenosine
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 3,007: Line 3,757:
|
|
|Adenylic acid
|Adenylic acid
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 3,015: Line 3,767:
|
|
|Uracil (Pyrimidine)
|Uracil (Pyrimidine)
|shahana rizvi
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 3,023: Line 3,777:
|
|
|Uridine
|Uridine
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 3,031: Line 3,787:
|
|
|Nucleosides
|Nucleosides
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 3,039: Line 3,797:
|
|
|Nucleotide
|Nucleotide
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 3,047: Line 3,807:
|
|
|Secondary metabolites
|Secondary metabolites
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 3,055: Line 3,817:
|
|
|Primary metabolites
|Primary metabolites
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 3,063: Line 3,827:
|
|
|Biomacromolecules
|Biomacromolecules
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 3,071: Line 3,837:
|
|
|Proteins
|Proteins
|shahana rizvi
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 3,079: Line 3,847:
|
|
|Polysaccharides
|Polysaccharides
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 3,087: Line 3,857:
|
|
|Nucleic acid
|Nucleic acid
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 3,095: Line 3,867:
|
|
|Structure of protein
|Structure of protein
|shahana rizvi
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 3,103: Line 3,877:
|
|
|Alpha – Helix
|Alpha – Helix
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 3,111: Line 3,887:
|
|
|Beta– plated sheet
|Beta– plated sheet
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 3,119: Line 3,897:
|
|
|Peptide bond
|Peptide bond
|shahana rizvi
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 3,127: Line 3,907:
|
|
|Glycosidic bond
|Glycosidic bond
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 3,135: Line 3,917:
|
|
|Catalysed Reaction
|Catalysed Reaction
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 3,143: Line 3,927:
|
|
|Anabolic pathways
|Anabolic pathways
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 3,151: Line 3,937:
|
|
|Catabolic pathways.
|Catabolic pathways.
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 3,159: Line 3,947:
|
|
|Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
|Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
|Ekatah
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 3,167: Line 3,957:
|
|
|Chemical Reaction
|Chemical Reaction
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 3,175: Line 3,967:
|
|
|Activation energy
|Activation energy
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 3,183: Line 3,977:
|
|
|Nature of Enzyme Action
|Nature of Enzyme Action
|-
|
|
|-
|
|
|
|
Line 3,191: Line 3,987:
|
|
|Factors Affecting Enzyme Activity
|Factors Affecting Enzyme Activity
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 3,199: Line 3,997:
|
|
|Inhibition
|Inhibition
|shahana rizvi
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 3,207: Line 4,007:
|
|
|Oxidoreductases/dehydrogenases
|Oxidoreductases/dehydrogenases
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 3,215: Line 4,017:
|
|
|Transferases
|Transferases
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 3,223: Line 4,027:
|
|
|Hydrolases
|Hydrolases
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 3,231: Line 4,037:
|
|
|Lyases
|Lyases
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 3,239: Line 4,047:
|
|
|Isomerases
|Isomerases
|shahana rizvi
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 3,247: Line 4,057:
|
|
|Ligases:
|Ligases:
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 3,255: Line 4,067:
|
|
|Co-factors
|Co-factors
|
|
|-
|-
|'''10'''
|'''10'''
Line 3,262: Line 4,076:
|
|
|'''Cell Cycle and Cell Division'''
|'''Cell Cycle and Cell Division'''
|
|
|
|
|-
|-
Line 3,271: Line 4,087:
|
|
|Cell cycle
|Cell cycle
|Ekatah
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 3,279: Line 4,097:
|
|
|Interphase
|Interphase
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 3,287: Line 4,107:
|
|
|M Phase (Mitosis phase)
|M Phase (Mitosis phase)
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 3,295: Line 4,117:
|
|
|Karyokinesis
|Karyokinesis
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 3,303: Line 4,127:
|
|
|Cytokinesis
|Cytokinesis
|Ekatah
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 3,311: Line 4,137:
|
|
|G1 phase (Gap 1)
|G1 phase (Gap 1)
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 3,319: Line 4,147:
|
|
|S phase (Synthesis)
|S phase (Synthesis)
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 3,327: Line 4,157:
|
|
|G2 phase (Gap 2)
|G2 phase (Gap 2)
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 3,335: Line 4,167:
|
|
|Quiescent stage (G0 )
|Quiescent stage (G0 )
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 3,343: Line 4,177:
|
|
|M Phase (Mitosis phase)
|M Phase (Mitosis phase)
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 3,351: Line 4,187:
|
|
|Prophase
|Prophase
|Ekatah
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 3,359: Line 4,197:
|
|
|Metaphase
|Metaphase
|Ekatah
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 3,367: Line 4,207:
|
|
|Anaphase
|Anaphase
|Ekatah
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 3,375: Line 4,217:
|
|
|Telophase
|Telophase
|Ekatah
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 3,383: Line 4,227:
|
|
|Cytokinesis
|Cytokinesis
|Ekatah
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 3,391: Line 4,237:
|
|
|Meiosis
|Meiosis
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 3,399: Line 4,247:
|
|
|leptotene
|leptotene
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 3,407: Line 4,257:
|
|
|Zygotene
|Zygotene
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 3,415: Line 4,267:
|
|
|Pachytene
|Pachytene
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 3,423: Line 4,277:
|
|
|Diplotene
|Diplotene
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 3,431: Line 4,287:
|
|
|Chiasmata
|Chiasmata
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 3,439: Line 4,297:
|
|
|Diakinesis
|Diakinesis
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 3,445: Line 4,305:
|
|
|'''Unit - 4'''
|'''Unit - 4'''
|
|
|
|
|
|
Line 3,453: Line 4,315:
|
|
|'''Plant Physiology'''
|'''Plant Physiology'''
|
|
|
|
|
|
Line 3,462: Line 4,326:
|
|
|'''Transport in Plants'''
|'''Transport in Plants'''
|
|
|
|
|-
|-
Line 3,471: Line 4,337:
|
|
|Translocation
|Translocation
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 3,479: Line 4,347:
|
|
|Diffusion
|Diffusion
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 3,487: Line 4,357:
|
|
|Facilitated diffusion
|Facilitated diffusion
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 3,495: Line 4,367:
|
|
|Porins
|Porins
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 3,503: Line 4,377:
|
|
|Aquaporins
|Aquaporins
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 3,511: Line 4,387:
|
|
|Symport
|Symport
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 3,519: Line 4,397:
|
|
|Antiport
|Antiport
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 3,527: Line 4,407:
|
|
|Uniport.
|Uniport.
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 3,535: Line 4,417:
|
|
|Active transport
|Active transport
|shahana
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 3,543: Line 4,427:
|
|
|Passive transport
|Passive transport
|shahana
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 3,551: Line 4,437:
|
|
|Water potential (Ψw )
|Water potential (Ψw )
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 3,559: Line 4,447:
|
|
|Solute potential (Ψs )
|Solute potential (Ψs )
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 3,567: Line 4,457:
|
|
|Pressure potential (Ψp )
|Pressure potential (Ψp )
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 3,575: Line 4,467:
|
|
|Pressure gradient
|Pressure gradient
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 3,583: Line 4,477:
|
|
|Concentration gradient
|Concentration gradient
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 3,591: Line 4,487:
|
|
|Plasmolysis
|Plasmolysis
|shahana
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 3,599: Line 4,497:
|
|
|Isotonic
|Isotonic
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 3,607: Line 4,507:
|
|
|Hypotonic
|Hypotonic
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 3,615: Line 4,517:
|
|
|Hypertonic
|Hypertonic
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 3,623: Line 4,527:
|
|
|Turgor pressure
|Turgor pressure
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 3,631: Line 4,537:
|
|
|Imbibition
|Imbibition
|shahana
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 3,639: Line 4,547:
|
|
|Mass or bulk flow
|Mass or bulk flow
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 3,647: Line 4,557:
|
|
|Apoplast pathway
|Apoplast pathway
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 3,655: Line 4,567:
|
|
|Symplast pathway
|Symplast pathway
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 3,663: Line 4,577:
|
|
|Casparian strips
|Casparian strips
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 3,671: Line 4,587:
|
|
|Mycorrhiza
|Mycorrhiza
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 3,679: Line 4,597:
|
|
|Root Pressure
|Root Pressure
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 3,687: Line 4,607:
|
|
|Guttation
|Guttation
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 3,695: Line 4,617:
|
|
|Cohesion-tension-transpiration pull mode
|Cohesion-tension-transpiration pull mode
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 3,703: Line 4,627:
|
|
|Stomatal aperture,
|Stomatal aperture,
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 3,711: Line 4,637:
|
|
|Guard cells
|Guard cells
|Ekatah
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 3,719: Line 4,647:
|
|
|Cohesion
|Cohesion
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 3,727: Line 4,657:
|
|
|Adhesion
|Adhesion
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 3,735: Line 4,667:
|
|
|Tensile strength
|Tensile strength
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 3,743: Line 4,677:
|
|
|Tracheids and vessel elements
|Tracheids and vessel elements
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 3,751: Line 4,687:
|
|
|Active absorption
|Active absorption
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 3,759: Line 4,697:
|
|
|The Pressure Flow or Mass Flow Hypothesis
|The Pressure Flow or Mass Flow Hypothesis
|
|
|-
|-
|'''12'''
|'''12'''
Line 3,766: Line 4,706:
|
|
|'''Mineral nutrition'''
|'''Mineral nutrition'''
|
|
|
|
|-
|-
Line 3,775: Line 4,717:
|
|
|Hydroponics.
|Hydroponics.
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 3,783: Line 4,727:
|
|
|Macronutrients
|Macronutrients
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 3,791: Line 4,737:
|
|
|Micronutrients
|Micronutrients
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 3,799: Line 4,747:
|
|
|Critical concentration
|Critical concentration
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 3,807: Line 4,757:
|
|
|Toxicity of Micronutrients
|Toxicity of Micronutrients
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 3,815: Line 4,767:
|
|
|Flux
|Flux
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 3,823: Line 4,777:
|
|
|Influx
|Influx
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 3,831: Line 4,787:
|
|
|Efflux
|Efflux
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 3,839: Line 4,797:
|
|
|Nitrogen Cycle
|Nitrogen Cycle
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 3,847: Line 4,807:
|
|
|Nitrogenfixation
|Nitrogenfixation
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 3,855: Line 4,817:
|
|
|Nitrification
|Nitrification
|-
|
|
|-
|
|
|
|
Line 3,863: Line 4,827:
|
|
|Chemoautotrophs
|Chemoautotrophs
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 3,871: Line 4,837:
|
|
|Biological nitrogen fixation
|Biological nitrogen fixation
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 3,879: Line 4,847:
|
|
|Symbiotic biological nitrogen fixation
|Symbiotic biological nitrogen fixation
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 3,887: Line 4,857:
|
|
|Rhizobium
|Rhizobium
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 3,895: Line 4,867:
|
|
|Fate of ammonia
|Fate of ammonia
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 3,903: Line 4,877:
|
|
|Reductive amination
|Reductive amination
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 3,911: Line 4,887:
|
|
|Transamination
|Transamination
|
|
|-
|-
|'''13'''
|'''13'''
Line 3,918: Line 4,896:
|
|
|'''Photosynthesis In Higher Plants'''
|'''Photosynthesis In Higher Plants'''
|
|
|
|
|-
|-
Line 3,927: Line 4,907:
|
|
|light reactions (photochemical reactions)
|light reactions (photochemical reactions)
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 3,935: Line 4,917:
|
|
|Dark reactions (carbon reactions)
|Dark reactions (carbon reactions)
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 3,943: Line 4,927:
|
|
|Chlorophyll a
|Chlorophyll a
|Ekatah
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 3,951: Line 4,937:
|
|
|Chlorophyll b
|Chlorophyll b
|Ekatah
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 3,959: Line 4,947:
|
|
|xanthophylls
|xanthophylls
|shahana rizvi
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 3,967: Line 4,957:
|
|
|carotenoids
|carotenoids
|shahana rizvi
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 3,975: Line 4,967:
|
|
|light harvesting complexes (LHC)
|light harvesting complexes (LHC)
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 3,983: Line 4,977:
|
|
|Photosystem I (PS I)
|Photosystem I (PS I)
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 3,991: Line 4,987:
|
|
|Photosystem II (PS II)
|Photosystem II (PS II)
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 3,999: Line 4,997:
|
|
|antennae
|antennae
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 4,007: Line 5,007:
|
|
|Reaction centre
|Reaction centre
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 4,015: Line 5,017:
|
|
|P700
|P700
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 4,023: Line 5,027:
|
|
|P680
|P680
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 4,031: Line 5,037:
|
|
|Electrons transport
|Electrons transport
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 4,039: Line 5,047:
|
|
|Z scheme
|Z scheme
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 4,047: Line 5,057:
|
|
|Splitting of Water
|Splitting of Water
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 4,055: Line 5,067:
|
|
|Cyclic and Non-cyclic Photo-phosphorylation
|Cyclic and Non-cyclic Photo-phosphorylation
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 4,063: Line 5,077:
|
|
|Chemiosmotic Hypothesis
|Chemiosmotic Hypothesis
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 4,071: Line 5,087:
|
|
|Biosynthetic phase
|Biosynthetic phase
|-
|
|
|-
|
|
|
|
Line 4,079: Line 5,097:
|
|
|Calvin cycle
|Calvin cycle
|shahana rizvi
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 4,087: Line 5,107:
|
|
|C3 pathway
|C3 pathway
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 4,095: Line 5,117:
|
|
|C4 pathway
|C4 pathway
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 4,103: Line 5,127:
|
|
|Bundle sheath cells
|Bundle sheath cells
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 4,111: Line 5,137:
|
|
|Kranz’ anatomy
|Kranz’ anatomy
|shahana rizvi
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 4,119: Line 5,147:
|
|
|Hatch and Slack Pathway
|Hatch and Slack Pathway
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 4,127: Line 5,157:
|
|
|Photorespiration
|Photorespiration
|shahana rizvi
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 4,135: Line 5,167:
|
|
|Factors Affecting Photosynthesis
|Factors Affecting Photosynthesis
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 4,143: Line 5,177:
|
|
|Law of Limiting Factors
|Law of Limiting Factors
|
|
|-
|-
|'''14'''
|'''14'''
Line 4,150: Line 5,186:
|
|
|'''Respiration in plants'''
|'''Respiration in plants'''
|
|
|
|
|-
|-
Line 4,159: Line 5,197:
|
|
|Cellular respiration
|Cellular respiration
|shahana rizvi
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 4,167: Line 5,207:
|
|
|Respiratory substrates
|Respiratory substrates
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 4,175: Line 5,217:
|
|
|glycolysis
|glycolysis
|shahana rizvi
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 4,183: Line 5,227:
|
|
|Krebs’ cycle
|Krebs’ cycle
|shahana rizvi
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 4,191: Line 5,237:
|
|
|Fermentation
|Fermentation
|shahana rizvi
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 4,199: Line 5,247:
|
|
|Aerobic respiration
|Aerobic respiration
|shahana rizvi
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 4,207: Line 5,257:
|
|
|Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle
|Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle
|shahana rizvi
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 4,215: Line 5,267:
|
|
|Electron Transport System (ETS)
|Electron Transport System (ETS)
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 4,223: Line 5,277:
|
|
|Oxidative Phosphorylation
|Oxidative Phosphorylation
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 4,231: Line 5,287:
|
|
|Amphibolic Pathway
|Amphibolic Pathway
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 4,239: Line 5,297:
|
|
|Respiratory quotient
|Respiratory quotient
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 4,247: Line 5,307:
|
|
|Citric acid Cycle
|Citric acid Cycle
|shahana rizvi
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 4,255: Line 5,317:
|
|
|ATP synthesis in mitochondria
|ATP synthesis in mitochondria
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 4,263: Line 5,327:
|
|
|Anaerobic respiration
|Anaerobic respiration
|shahana rizvi
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 4,271: Line 5,337:
|
|
|ATP
|ATP
|
|
|-
|-
|'''15'''
|'''15'''
Line 4,278: Line 5,346:
|
|
|'''Plant growth and development'''
|'''Plant growth and development'''
|
|
|
|
|-
|-
Line 4,287: Line 5,357:
|
|
|Growth
|Growth
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 4,295: Line 5,367:
|
|
|Phases of Growth
|Phases of Growth
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 4,303: Line 5,377:
|
|
|Growth Rates
|Growth Rates
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 4,311: Line 5,387:
|
|
|Conditions for Growth
|Conditions for Growth
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 4,319: Line 5,397:
|
|
|Differentiation
|Differentiation
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 4,327: Line 5,407:
|
|
|Dedifferentiation
|Dedifferentiation
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 4,335: Line 5,417:
|
|
|Redifferentiated
|Redifferentiated
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 4,343: Line 5,427:
|
|
|Development
|Development
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 4,351: Line 5,437:
|
|
|Plasticity
|Plasticity
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 4,359: Line 5,447:
|
|
|Plant growth regulators (PGRs)
|Plant growth regulators (PGRs)
|Ekatah
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 4,367: Line 5,457:
|
|
|Auxins
|Auxins
|Ekatah
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 4,375: Line 5,467:
|
|
|Apical dominance
|Apical dominance
|Ekatah
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 4,383: Line 5,477:
|
|
|Gibberellins
|Gibberellins
|Ekatah
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 4,391: Line 5,487:
|
|
|Cytokinins
|Cytokinins
|Ekatah
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 4,399: Line 5,497:
|
|
|Ethylene
|Ethylene
|Ekatah
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 4,407: Line 5,507:
|
|
|Abscisic acid
|Abscisic acid
|Ekatah
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 4,415: Line 5,517:
|
|
|Photoperiodism
|Photoperiodism
|Ekatah
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 4,423: Line 5,527:
|
|
|long day plants
|long day plants
|Ekatah
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 4,431: Line 5,537:
|
|
|short day plants
|short day plants
|Ekatah
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 4,439: Line 5,547:
|
|
|Day-neutral plants
|Day-neutral plants
|Ekatah
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 4,447: Line 5,557:
|
|
|Vernalisation
|Vernalisation
|Ekatah
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 4,455: Line 5,567:
|
|
|Seed dormancy
|Seed dormancy
|Ekatah
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 4,461: Line 5,575:
|
|
|'''Unit - 4'''
|'''Unit - 4'''
|
|
|
|
|
|
Line 4,469: Line 5,585:
|
|
|'''Human Physiology'''
|'''Human Physiology'''
|
|
|
|
|
|
Line 4,478: Line 5,596:
|
|
|'''Digestion and Absorption'''
|'''Digestion and Absorption'''
|
|
|
|
|-
|-
Line 4,487: Line 5,607:
|
|
|Digestion
|Digestion
|shahana rizvi
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 4,495: Line 5,617:
|
|
|Digestive system
|Digestive system
|shahana rizvi
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 4,503: Line 5,627:
|
|
|Alimentary Canal
|Alimentary Canal
|shahana rizvi
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 4,511: Line 5,637:
|
|
|Thecodont
|Thecodont
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 4,519: Line 5,647:
|
|
|Diphyodont
|Diphyodont
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 4,527: Line 5,657:
|
|
|Cardiac
|Cardiac
|shahana rizvi
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 4,535: Line 5,667:
|
|
|Fundic region
|Fundic region
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 4,543: Line 5,677:
|
|
|Pyloric portion
|Pyloric portion
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 4,551: Line 5,687:
|
|
|Digestive glands
|Digestive glands
|shahana rizvi
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 4,559: Line 5,697:
|
|
|Bolus
|Bolus
|shahana rizvi
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 4,567: Line 5,707:
|
|
|Chyme
|Chyme
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 4,575: Line 5,717:
|
|
|Goblet cells
|Goblet cells
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 4,583: Line 5,727:
|
|
|Succus entericus
|Succus entericus
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 4,591: Line 5,737:
|
|
|Absorption of digested products
|Absorption of digested products
|shahana rizvi
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 4,599: Line 5,747:
|
|
|Mouth
|Mouth
|shahana rizvi
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 4,607: Line 5,757:
|
|
|Stomach
|Stomach
|-
|
|
|-
|
|
|
|
Line 4,615: Line 5,767:
|
|
|Small Intestine
|Small Intestine
|shahana rizvi
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 4,623: Line 5,777:
|
|
|Large Intestine
|Large Intestine
|shahana rizvi
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 4,631: Line 5,787:
|
|
|Jaundice
|Jaundice
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 4,639: Line 5,797:
|
|
|Vomiting
|Vomiting
|shahana rizvi
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 4,647: Line 5,807:
|
|
|Diarrhoea
|Diarrhoea
|shahana rizvi
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 4,655: Line 5,817:
|
|
|Constipation
|Constipation
|shahana
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 4,663: Line 5,827:
|
|
|Indigestion
|Indigestion
|shahana rizvi
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 4,671: Line 5,837:
|
|
|Protein-energy malnutrition (PEM)
|Protein-energy malnutrition (PEM)
|shahana rizvi
|
|-
|-
|'''17'''
|'''17'''
Line 4,678: Line 5,846:
|
|
|'''Breathing and exchange of gases'''
|'''Breathing and exchange of gases'''
|
|
|
|
|-
|-
Line 4,687: Line 5,857:
|
|
|Respiration
|Respiration
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 4,695: Line 5,867:
|
|
|Breathing
|Breathing
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 4,703: Line 5,877:
|
|
|Gills
|Gills
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 4,711: Line 5,887:
|
|
|lungs
|lungs
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 4,719: Line 5,897:
|
|
|Pharynx
|Pharynx
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 4,727: Line 5,907:
|
|
|Trachea
|Trachea
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 4,735: Line 5,917:
|
|
|Sound box
|Sound box
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 4,743: Line 5,927:
|
|
|Bronchi
|Bronchi
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 4,751: Line 5,937:
|
|
|Alveoli
|Alveoli
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 4,759: Line 5,947:
|
|
|Inspiration
|Inspiration
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 4,767: Line 5,957:
|
|
|Expiration
|Expiration
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 4,775: Line 5,967:
|
|
|Tidal Volume (TV)
|Tidal Volume (TV)
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 4,783: Line 5,977:
|
|
|Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV)
|Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV)
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 4,791: Line 5,987:
|
|
|Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV)
|Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV)
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 4,799: Line 5,997:
|
|
|Residual Volume (RV)
|Residual Volume (RV)
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 4,807: Line 6,007:
|
|
|Inspiratory Capacity (IC)
|Inspiratory Capacity (IC)
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 4,815: Line 6,017:
|
|
|Expiratory Capacity (EC)
|Expiratory Capacity (EC)
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 4,823: Line 6,027:
|
|
|Functional Residual Capacity (FRC)
|Functional Residual Capacity (FRC)
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 4,831: Line 6,037:
|
|
|Vital Capacity (VC)
|Vital Capacity (VC)
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 4,839: Line 6,047:
|
|
|Total Lung Capacity (TLC)
|Total Lung Capacity (TLC)
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 4,847: Line 6,057:
|
|
|Exchange of gases
|Exchange of gases
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 4,855: Line 6,067:
|
|
|Transportation of gases
|Transportation of gases
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 4,863: Line 6,077:
|
|
|Oxyhaemoglobin
|Oxyhaemoglobin
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 4,871: Line 6,087:
|
|
|Carbamino-haemoglobin
|Carbamino-haemoglobin
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 4,879: Line 6,097:
|
|
|Asthma
|Asthma
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 4,887: Line 6,107:
|
|
|Emphysema
|Emphysema
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 4,895: Line 6,117:
|
|
|Occupational Respiratory Disorders
|Occupational Respiratory Disorders
|
|
|-
|-
|'''18'''
|'''18'''
Line 4,902: Line 6,126:
|
|
|'''Body fluids and circulation'''
|'''Body fluids and circulation'''
|
|
|
|
|-
|-
Line 4,911: Line 6,137:
|
|
|Blood
|Blood
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 4,919: Line 6,147:
|
|
|lymph
|lymph
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 4,927: Line 6,157:
|
|
|Plasma
|Plasma
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 4,935: Line 6,167:
|
|
|Erythrocytes
|Erythrocytes
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 4,943: Line 6,177:
|
|
|Leucocytes
|Leucocytes
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 4,951: Line 6,187:
|
|
|Thrombocytes
|Thrombocytes
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 4,959: Line 6,197:
|
|
|Blood Groups
|Blood Groups
|shahana rizvi
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 4,967: Line 6,207:
|
|
|ABO grouping
|ABO grouping
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 4,975: Line 6,217:
|
|
|Rh grouping
|Rh grouping
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 4,983: Line 6,227:
|
|
|Rh positive
|Rh positive
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 4,991: Line 6,237:
|
|
|Rh negative
|Rh negative
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 4,999: Line 6,247:
|
|
|Coagulation of Blood
|Coagulation of Blood
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 5,007: Line 6,257:
|
|
|CIRCULATORY PATHWAYS
|CIRCULATORY PATHWAYS
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 5,015: Line 6,267:
|
|
|Atrium
|Atrium
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 5,023: Line 6,277:
|
|
|Ventricles
|Ventricles
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 5,031: Line 6,287:
|
|
|Heart
|Heart
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 5,039: Line 6,297:
|
|
|pericardium
|pericardium
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 5,047: Line 6,307:
|
|
|sino-atrial node
|sino-atrial node
|-
|
|
|-
|
|
|
|
Line 5,055: Line 6,317:
|
|
|atrio-ventricular node
|atrio-ventricular node
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 5,063: Line 6,327:
|
|
|Cardiac Cycle
|Cardiac Cycle
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 5,071: Line 6,337:
|
|
|Electrocardiograph (ECG)
|Electrocardiograph (ECG)
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 5,079: Line 6,347:
|
|
|excitation (or depolarisation) of the atria
|excitation (or depolarisation) of the atria
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 5,087: Line 6,357:
|
|
|depolarisation of the ventricles,
|depolarisation of the ventricles,
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 5,095: Line 6,367:
|
|
|T-wave
|T-wave
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 5,103: Line 6,377:
|
|
|Blood Vessels
|Blood Vessels
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 5,111: Line 6,387:
|
|
|tunica intima
|tunica intima
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 5,119: Line 6,397:
|
|
|tunica externa.
|tunica externa.
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 5,127: Line 6,407:
|
|
|High Blood Pressure (Hypertension)
|High Blood Pressure (Hypertension)
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 5,135: Line 6,417:
|
|
|Coronary Artery Disease (CAD)
|Coronary Artery Disease (CAD)
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 5,143: Line 6,427:
|
|
|Angina
|Angina
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 5,151: Line 6,437:
|
|
|Heart Failure
|Heart Failure
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 5,159: Line 6,447:
|
|
|Diastole
|Diastole
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 5,167: Line 6,457:
|
|
|Systole
|Systole
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 5,175: Line 6,467:
|
|
|P-wave
|P-wave
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 5,183: Line 6,477:
|
|
|Sino-atrial node
|Sino-atrial node
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 5,191: Line 6,487:
|
|
|myogenic
|myogenic
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 5,199: Line 6,497:
|
|
|cardiac output
|cardiac output
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 5,207: Line 6,507:
|
|
|Platelets
|Platelets
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 5,215: Line 6,517:
|
|
|Pacemaker
|Pacemaker
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 5,223: Line 6,527:
|
|
|Cardiac output
|Cardiac output
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 5,231: Line 6,537:
|
|
|Stroke or stroke volume
|Stroke or stroke volume
|
|
|-
|-
|'''19'''
|'''19'''
Line 5,238: Line 6,546:
|
|
|'''Excretory products and their Elimination'''
|'''Excretory products and their Elimination'''
|
|
|
|
|-
|-
Line 5,247: Line 6,557:
|
|
|Ammonotelic
|Ammonotelic
|-
|
|
|-
|
|
|
|
Line 5,255: Line 6,567:
|
|
|Ureotelic
|Ureotelic
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 5,263: Line 6,577:
|
|
|Uricotelic
|Uricotelic
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 5,271: Line 6,587:
|
|
|Malpighian tubules
|Malpighian tubules
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 5,279: Line 6,597:
|
|
|Columns of Bertini
|Columns of Bertini
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 5,287: Line 6,607:
|
|
|Nephrons
|Nephrons
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 5,295: Line 6,617:
|
|
|Bowman’s capsule
|Bowman’s capsule
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 5,303: Line 6,627:
|
|
|proximal convoluted tubule
|proximal convoluted tubule
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 5,311: Line 6,637:
|
|
|Henle’s loop
|Henle’s loop
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 5,319: Line 6,647:
|
|
|distal convoluted tubule (DCT)
|distal convoluted tubule (DCT)
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 5,327: Line 6,657:
|
|
|Glomerular filtration
|Glomerular filtration
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 5,335: Line 6,667:
|
|
|Ultra filtration
|Ultra filtration
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 5,343: Line 6,677:
|
|
|Glomerular filtration rate
|Glomerular filtration rate
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 5,351: Line 6,687:
|
|
|Reabsorption
|Reabsorption
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 5,359: Line 6,697:
|
|
|Collecting Duct
|Collecting Duct
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 5,367: Line 6,707:
|
|
|Counter current mechanism
|Counter current mechanism
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 5,375: Line 6,717:
|
|
|Vasa recta
|Vasa recta
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 5,383: Line 6,727:
|
|
|Renin
|Renin
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 5,391: Line 6,737:
|
|
|Renin-Angiotensin
|Renin-Angiotensin
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 5,399: Line 6,747:
|
|
|Atrial Natriuretic Factor
|Atrial Natriuretic Factor
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 5,407: Line 6,757:
|
|
|Uremia
|Uremia
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 5,415: Line 6,767:
|
|
|Hemodialysis
|Hemodialysis
|shahana rizvi
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 5,423: Line 6,777:
|
|
|Artificial kidney
|Artificial kidney
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 5,431: Line 6,787:
|
|
|Renal failures
|Renal failures
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 5,439: Line 6,797:
|
|
|Renal calculi
|Renal calculi
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 5,447: Line 6,807:
|
|
|Glomerulonephritis
|Glomerulonephritis
|
|
|-
|-
|'''20'''
|'''20'''
Line 5,454: Line 6,816:
|
|
|'''Locomotion & Movement'''
|'''Locomotion & Movement'''
|
|
|
|
|-
|-
Line 5,463: Line 6,827:
|
|
|locomotion
|locomotion
|shahana
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 5,471: Line 6,837:
|
|
|Flagellar movement
|Flagellar movement
|shahana
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 5,479: Line 6,847:
|
|
|Skeletal muscles
|Skeletal muscles
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 5,487: Line 6,857:
|
|
|striated muscles
|striated muscles
|shahana
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 5,495: Line 6,867:
|
|
|Visceral muscles
|Visceral muscles
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 5,503: Line 6,877:
|
|
|smooth muscles (nonstriated muscle)
|smooth muscles (nonstriated muscle)
|shahana
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 5,511: Line 6,887:
|
|
|Cardiac muscles
|Cardiac muscles
|shahana
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 5,519: Line 6,897:
|
|
|Muscle bundles or fascicles
|Muscle bundles or fascicles
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 5,527: Line 6,907:
|
|
|Fascia
|Fascia
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 5,535: Line 6,917:
|
|
|myofibrils
|myofibrils
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 5,543: Line 6,927:
|
|
|Actin
|Actin
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 5,551: Line 6,937:
|
|
|Myosin
|Myosin
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 5,559: Line 6,947:
|
|
|Axial skeleton
|Axial skeleton
|shahana
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 5,567: Line 6,957:
|
|
|Ear Ossicles
|Ear Ossicles
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 5,575: Line 6,967:
|
|
|vertebral column
|vertebral column
|shahana
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 5,583: Line 6,977:
|
|
|Sternum
|Sternum
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 5,591: Line 6,987:
|
|
|Ribs
|Ribs
|shahana
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 5,599: Line 6,997:
|
|
|Appendicular skeleton
|Appendicular skeleton
|shahana
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 5,607: Line 7,007:
|
|
|limb
|limb
|shahana
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 5,615: Line 7,017:
|
|
|Pectoral and Pelvic girdle
|Pectoral and Pelvic girdle
|shahana
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 5,623: Line 7,027:
|
|
|Fibrous joints
|Fibrous joints
|shahana
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 5,631: Line 7,037:
|
|
|cartilaginous joints
|cartilaginous joints
|shahana
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 5,639: Line 7,047:
|
|
|Synovial joints
|Synovial joints
|shahana
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 5,647: Line 7,057:
|
|
|Myasthenia gravis
|Myasthenia gravis
|shahana
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 5,655: Line 7,067:
|
|
|Muscular dystrophy
|Muscular dystrophy
|shahana
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 5,663: Line 7,077:
|
|
|Tetany
|Tetany
|shahana
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 5,671: Line 7,087:
|
|
|Arthritis
|Arthritis
|shahana
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 5,679: Line 7,097:
|
|
|Osteoporosis
|Osteoporosis
|shahana
|
|-
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|सन्धिवात
|
|
|
|
|Gout
|
|
|
|
|Gout
|-
|-
|'''21'''
|'''21'''
Line 5,694: Line 7,116:
|
|
|'''Neural control and Coordination'''
|'''Neural control and Coordination'''
|
|
|
|
|-
|-
Line 5,703: Line 7,127:
|
|
|Neurons
|Neurons
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 5,711: Line 7,137:
|
|
|Central neural system (CNS)
|Central neural system (CNS)
|shahana
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 5,719: Line 7,147:
|
|
|Peripheral neural system (PNS)
|Peripheral neural system (PNS)
|shahana
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 5,727: Line 7,157:
|
|
|Brain
|Brain
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 5,735: Line 7,167:
|
|
|Spinal cord
|Spinal cord
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 5,743: Line 7,177:
|
|
|Neural system
|Neural system
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 5,751: Line 7,187:
|
|
|Nissl’s granules.
|Nissl’s granules.
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 5,759: Line 7,197:
|
|
|Neurotransmitters
|Neurotransmitters
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 5,767: Line 7,207:
|
|
|Nerve impulse.
|Nerve impulse.
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 5,775: Line 7,217:
|
|
|Synaptic cleft
|Synaptic cleft
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 5,783: Line 7,227:
|
|
|Receptors
|Receptors
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 5,791: Line 7,237:
|
|
|Forebrain
|Forebrain
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 5,799: Line 7,247:
|
|
|Midbrain
|Midbrain
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 5,807: Line 7,257:
|
|
|Hindbrain
|Hindbrain
|shahana
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 5,815: Line 7,267:
|
|
|reflex action
|reflex action
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 5,823: Line 7,277:
|
|
|Sense Organs
|Sense Organs
|shahana
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 5,831: Line 7,287:
|
|
|Parts of an eye
|Parts of an eye
|shahana
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 5,839: Line 7,297:
|
|
|Mechanism of Vision
|Mechanism of Vision
|shahana
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 5,847: Line 7,307:
|
|
|The Ear
|The Ear
|shahana
|
|-
|-
|'''22'''
|'''22'''
Line 5,854: Line 7,316:
|
|
|'''Chemical coordination and integration'''
|'''Chemical coordination and integration'''
|
|
|
|
|-
|-
Line 5,863: Line 7,327:
|
|
|Endocrine Glands & Hormones
|Endocrine Glands & Hormones
|Ekatah
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 5,871: Line 7,337:
|
|
|Hypothalamus
|Hypothalamus
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 5,879: Line 7,347:
|
|
|The pituitary gland
|The pituitary gland
|Ekatah
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 5,887: Line 7,357:
|
|
|The pineal gland
|The pineal gland
|Ekatah
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 5,895: Line 7,367:
|
|
|Thyroid gland
|Thyroid gland
|Ekatah
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 5,903: Line 7,377:
|
|
|Parathyroid hormone
|Parathyroid hormone
|Ekatah
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 5,911: Line 7,387:
|
|
|Thymus gland
|Thymus gland
|Ekatah
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 5,919: Line 7,397:
|
|
|Adrenal glands
|Adrenal glands
|Ekatah
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 5,927: Line 7,407:
|
|
|Addison’s disease
|Addison’s disease
|Ekatah
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 5,935: Line 7,417:
|
|
|Pancreas
|Pancreas
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 5,943: Line 7,427:
|
|
|Testis
|Testis
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 5,951: Line 7,437:
|
|
|seminiferous tubules
|seminiferous tubules
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 5,959: Line 7,447:
|
|
|Testosterone
|Testosterone
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 5,967: Line 7,457:
|
|
|Progesterone
|Progesterone
|Ekatah
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 5,975: Line 7,467:
|
|
|Estrogen
|Estrogen
|Ekatah
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 5,983: Line 7,477:
|
|
|Corpus luteum
|Corpus luteum
|Ekatah
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 5,991: Line 7,487:
|
|
|Atrial natriuretic factor
|Atrial natriuretic factor
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 5,999: Line 7,497:
|
|
|Hormone receptors
|Hormone receptors
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|
Line 6,016: Line 7,518:
|}
|}


[[Category:जीव विज्ञान]]
[[Category:Information]]

Latest revision as of 16:18, 12 May 2024

S.No. इकाई अध्याय विषय Unit - 1 Chapter Topic Article Creator Name Review by IIT Kanpur
इकाई - एक
1 जीव जगत में विविधता Diversity in the living world
जीव जगत The living world
जीव living
वृद्धि Growth
जनन Reproduction Deeksha Dwivedi
उपापचयन Metabolism
जैविक विविधता Biodiversity
नाम पद्धति Nomenclature
द्विपदनाम पद्धति Binomial Nomenclature Deeksha Dwivedi
टैक्सा Taxa
वर्गिकी Taxonomy
जाति (स्पीशीज) Species
वंश Genus
गण order
संघ Phylum
हरबेरियम Herbarium Deeksha Dwivedi
वनस्पति-उद्यान Botanical Garden Deeksha Dwivedi
संग्रहालय Museum Deeksha Dwivedi
प्राणि उद्यान Zoological park Deeksha Dwivedi
2 जीव जगत का वर्गीकरण Biological Classification
द्विजगत पद्धति Dual system
आध बैक्टीरिया Archaebacteria shahana rizvi
यूबैक्टीरिया Eubacteria shahana rizvi
सायनोबैक्टीरिया Cyanobacteria shahana rizvi
परपोषी बैक्टीरिया Parasitic Bacteria
प्रोटिस्टा जगत Protista Kingdom
क्राइसोफाइट्स Chrysophytes shahana rizvi
डायनोफ्लैजिलेट Dinoflagellates
यूग्लेनॉइड्स Euglenoids
अवपंक कवक scale fungus
प्रोटोजोआ Protozoa shahana rizvi
कवक Fungi
फाइकोमाइसिटीज Phycomycetes
एस्कोमाइसिटीज Ascomycetes
बेसिडियोमाइसिटीज Basidiomycetes
डयूटिरोमाइसिटीज Deuteromycetes
पादप जगत Plantae Kingdom
जंतु जगत Animal kingdom
विषाणु Virus shahana rizvi
वाइराइड Viroid shahana rizvi
प्रिऑन Prione shahana rizvi
लाइकेन Lichen shahana rizvi
शैवालांश Algae shahana rizvi
माइकोवायंट Mycovyant
3 वनस्पति जगत Plant Kingdom
शैवाल Algae
जूस्पोर Zoospores shahana rizvi
समयुग्मकी homozygous
असमयुग्मकी heterozygous
नरयुग्मक Male gametes
लाल शैवाल Red algae shahana rizvi
कैरागीन carrageen
क्लोरोफाइसी (हरा शैवाल) Chlorophyceae (green algae) shahana rizvi
फियोफाइसी (भूरा शैवाल) phaeophyceae (Brown Algae) shahana rizvi
रोडोफाइसी (लाल शैवाल) Rhodophyceae shahana rizvi
ब्रायोफाइट्स Bryophytes
युग्मकोभिद Gametophyte shahana rizvi
पुंधानी Antheridium
स्त्रीधानी Archegonium
स्पोरोफाइट Sporophyte shahana rizvi
लिवरवर्ट Livervart shahana rizvi
मॉस Moss shahana rizvi
टेरिडोफाइट pteridophytes shahana rizvi
जिमनोस्पर्म Gymnosperm Deeksha Dwivedi
एंजियोस्पेर्म Angiosperms Deeksha Dwivedi
परागण pollination Deeksha Dwivedi
पीढ़ी एकान्तरण Alternation of generations Deeksha Dwivedi
बीजाणु उद्भिद (स्पोरोफिटिक) Sporophyte
4 प्राणी जगत Animal Kingdom
एक्टोडर्म Ectoderm shahana rizvi
एंडोडर्म Endoderm shahana rizvi
मीजोडर्म Mesoderm shahana rizvi
देहगुहा (प्रगुहा) Coelom shahana rizvi
सैगमेंटेशन (खंडीभवन) Segmentation
विखंडावस्था metameric segmentation
पृष्ठरज्जु Notochord shahana rizvi
संघ पोरिफेरा Phylum Porifera Deeksha Dwivedi
ऑस्टिया Austia
स्पंज गुहा Spongocoel
ऑस्कुलम Osculam
कोएनोसाइट Choanocytes
नाल तंत्र canals
ओस्टिया Ostia
स्पांजिला Spongilla
यूस्पॉन्जिया Euspongia
फाइलम सीलेन्ट्रेटा Phylum – Coelenterata (Cnidaria) Deeksha Dwivedi
दंश कोशिका Nematocysts shahana rizvi
नाइडोब्लास्ट Cnidoblasts
संघ टीनोफोर Phylum – Ctenophora Deeksha Dwivedi
संघ प्लेटीहेल्मिन्थीज (चपटे कृमि) Phylum – Platyhelminthes Deeksha Dwivedi
संघ एस्केल्मिन्थीज (गोलकृमि) Phylum – Aschelminthes Deeksha Dwivedi
संघ एनेलिडा Phylum – Annelida Deeksha Dwivedi
पैरापोडिया Parapodia
वृक्कक Nephridia
नेफ्रीडियम Nephridium
संघ आर्थोपोडा Phylum – Arthropoda Deeksha Dwivedi
संधियुक्त पाद Jointed appendages
मैलपिगी नलिका Malpighian tubules
संघ मोलस्का Phylum mollusca Deeksha Dwivedi
रेडुला Radula
संघ इकोनोडर्मेटा Phylum Echinodermata Deeksha Dwivedi
जल संवहन तंत्र Water vascular system
संघ हेमीकोर्डेटा Phylum – Hemichordata Deeksha Dwivedi
क्लोम छिद्र Gill slits
उपास्थिल मेरुदंड Notochord
वर्ग-साइक्लोस्टोमेटा Class – Cyclostomata shahana rizvi
वर्ग-कांड्रीक्थीज Class – Chondrichthyes shahana rizvi
ऑपरकुलम Operculum
वर्ग- एम्फीबिया Class – Amphibia shahana rizvi
कर्णपटल Tympanum
अवस्कर Cloaca
वर्ग- सरीसृप Class – Reptilia
प्रशल्क Scales
वर्ग एवीज Class – Aves shahana rizvi
समतापी Homoiothermous
वर्ग स्तनधारी Class – Mammalia shahana rizvi
स्तनग्रंथि Mammary glands
इकाई - दो Unit- 2
पादप एवं प्राणियों में संरचनात्मक संगठन Structural Organisation in Plants and Animals
5 पुष्पी पादपों की आकारिकी Morphology of Flowering Plants
आकारिकी Morphology shahana rizvi
प्राथमिक मूल Primary root
द्वितीयक मूल Secondary Root
तृतीयक मूल Tertiary root
मूसला मूलतंत्र Tap root system
झकड़ा मूलतंत्र Fibrous root
अपस्थानिक मूल Adventitious roots
मूल गोप Root cap
मेरिस्टमी क्रियाओं का क्षेत्र Region of meristematic activity
दीर्घीकरण क्षेत्र Region of elongation
परिपक्व क्षेत्र Region of maturation
मूलरोम Root hairs
प्रोप रुट Prop roots
अवस्तम्भ रूट Stilt roots
श्वसन मूल pneumatophores
प्रतान Tendrils
पर्णाधार leaf base
पर्णवृंततल्प Petiole
पर्णवृंत Petiole
स्तरिका lamina
मध्यशिरा Midrib
शिराविन्यास venation
सरल पत्ती simple leaf
संयुक्त पत्ती compound leaf shahana rizvi
पर्णविन्यास foliage
पत्ती के रूपांतरण metamorphosis of leaf
पुष्पक्रम inflorescence shahana
असीमाक्षी Racemose
ससीमाक्षी cymose
पुष्प flowers shahana rizvi
पुष्पासन Thalamus or receptacle.
सहपत्री Bracteate
सहपत्रहीन Ebracteate
अधोजायांगता Hypogynous
परिजायांगता Perigynous
अधिजायांगता Epigynous
अधोवर्ती downward
ऊर्ध्ववर्ती vertical
केल्किस Calyx shahana rizvi
केल्किस संयुक्त बाह्य दली Gamosepalous
पृथक बाह्यदली Polysepalous
कोरोला Corolla shahana rizvi
कोरस्पर्शी Valvate
व्यावर्तित Twisted
कोरछादी Imbricate
वैक्ज़ीलरी vaccillary
पुमंग stamen shahana rizvi
स्टेमिनाएड Staminode
दललग्न (एपिपेटलस) Epipetalus
परिदल लग्न (एपिफिलस) Epiphyllus
जायांग Gynoecium shahana rizvi
वर्तिका style
वर्तिकाग्र stigma
बीजाण्डासन Placenta
वियुक्तांडपी Apocarpous
युक्तांडपी Syncarpous
बीजाण्डन्यास Placentation shahana rizvi
अनिषेक फलन Parthenocarpic
फलभित्ति Pericarp
वाह्यफल Epicarp
मध्यफल Mesocarp
अन्तःफलभित्ति Endocarp
बीजावरण Testa
टेगमेन tegmen.
बीजाण्डद्वार Micropyle
मूलांकुर Radicle.
भ्रूणपोष Endosperm shahana rizvi
एल्यूरोन परत Aleurone layer
स्कुटेलम scutellum
प्रांकुर Plumule shahana rizvi
मूलांकुर Radicle
प्रांकुरचोल Coleoptile
मूलांकुर चोल Coleorhiza
फाबेसी Fabaceae
सोलैनेसी Solanaceae
लिलिएसी Liliaceae
6 पुष्पी पादपों का शरीर Anatomy of Flowering Plants
ऊतक Tissues shahana rizvi
मेरिस्टेमेटिक ऊतक Meristematic Tissues shahana rizvi
मेरिस्टेम Meristems
शीर्षस्थ मेरिस्टेम Apical meristems
कक्षीय कली Axillary bud
अंतर्वेशी मेरिस्टेम Intercalary Meristem
प्राथमिक मेरिस्टेम्स Primary meristem
द्वितीयक या पार्श्व मेरिस्टेम्स Secondary or lateral meristem
स्थायी या परिपक्व कोशिकाएं Permanent or mature cells
सरल ऊतक Simple tissues shahana rizvi
पैरेन्काइमा Parenchyma shahana rizvi
कोलेन्काइमा Collenchyma
स्क्लेरेन्काइमा Sclerenchyma shahana rizvi
स्किलिरिड sclereids
जटिल ऊतक Complex Tissues shahana rizvi
जाइलम Xylem shahana rizvi
ट्रेकीड Tracheids shahana rizvi
वाहिका Vessel shahana rizvi
जाइलम तंतु Xylem fibres
जाइलम पैरेन्काइमा Xylem parenchyma shahana rizvi
प्रोटोजाइलम protoxylem
मेटाजाइलम Metaxylem
मध्यादिदारुक Endarch
वाह्य आदिदारुक exarch
फ्लाएम Phloem shahana rizvi
चालनी नलिका Sieve tube elements shahana rizvi
सहचर कोशिकाएं Companion cells
फ्लोएम पैरेन्काइमा Phloem parenchyma
फ्लोएम तंतु Phloem fibres
प्रोटोफ्लोएम Protophloem
मेटाफ्लोएम Metaphloem.
क्यूटिकल Cuticle shahana rizvi
रंध्र Stomata shahana rizvi
सहायक कोशिकाएं Subsidiary cells
रंध्री तंत्र Stomatal apparatus
मूलरोम Root hairs
ट्राइकोम्स Trichomes
भरण ऊतक Ground tissue
पर्णमध्योतक Mesophyll
कैंबियम Cambium shahana rizvi
खुला संवहन बंडल Open vascular bundles.
बंद संवहन बंडल Closed vascular bundles
रेडियल संवहनी बंडल Radial vascular bundles
मूलीय त्वचा Epiblema
कैस्पेरियन पट्टी Cortex
परिरम्भ Casparian strips.
कंजकटिव ऊतक Pericycle
पिथ Conjuctive tissue
खम्भा पैरेन्काइमा pith
स्पंजी पैरेन्काइमा palisade parenchyma
आवर्ध त्वक्कोशिका
द्वितीयक वृद्धि Secondary growth shahana rizvi
पार्श्वीय मेरिस्टम lateral meristem
संवहन कैंबियम vascular cambium shahana rizvi
कार्क कैंबियम Cork Cambium shahana rizvi
अन्तः पूलीय कैम्बियम Intyracalary Cambium
अन्तरापूलीय कैम्बियम Intercalary cambium
द्वितीयक जाइलम Secondary Xylem
द्वितीयक फ्लोएम Secondary Phloem
द्वितीयक मज्जाकिरण Secondary medullary
बसंतदारु (अग्र दारू) Spring wood
शरद दारू (पश्च दारू) Early wood
वार्षिक वलय Annual ring
रसदारु sapwood
ह्रददारु Heartwood
कॉर्क कैम्बियम cork cambium
द्वितीयक वल्कुट Secondary cortex or Phelloderm
परिचर्म Periderm
छालवल्क Bark
वातरंध्र Lenticels
7 प्राणियों में संरचनात्मक संगठन Structural Organsation in Animals
सरल उपकला simple epithelium shahana rizvi
संयुक्त उपकला compound epithelium shahana rizvi
शल्की उपकला Squamous epithelium
घनाकार उपकला Cuboidal epithelium
स्तम्भाकार उपकला Columnar epithelium
पक्ष्माभी उपकला Ciliated epithelium
ग्रंथिल उपकला Glandular epithelium
बहिःस्त्रावी Exocrine shahana rizvi
अंत: स्रावी Endocrine shahana rizvi
संयुक्त उपकला Compound epithelium shahana rizvi
दृढ संधियाँ Tight junctions shahana rizvi
आसंजी संधियाँ Adhering junctions shahana rizvi
अंतराली संधियां Gap junctions
लचीले संयोजी ऊतक Areolar tissue shahana rizvi
सघन संयोजी ऊतक Dense connective tissues
वसा ऊतक Adipose tissue shahana rizvi
विशिष्ट संयोजी ऊतक specialised connective tissues
अस्थि Bones shahana rizvi
रक्त Blood shahana rizvi
कंकाल पेशी Skeletal muscle shahana rizvi
चिकनी पेशी smooth muscle
हृद पेशी Cardiac muscle tissue shahana rizvi
तंत्रिका ऊतक Neural Tissue Ekatah
अंग और अंगतंत्र Organ and organ System
केंचुआ Earthworm shahana rizvi
क्लाइटेलम Clitellum
शूक Setae
आंत्रवलन Typhlosole
नेफ्रिडिया Nephridia
कॉकरोच Cockroache shahana rizvi
मैलपीगी नलिकाएं Malpighian tubules
यूरिकाम्ल Uricotelic
नेत्राशंक ommatidia
इकाई - तीन Unit - 3
संरचना और कार्य Structure and functions
8 कोशिका : जीवन की इकाई cell: The unit of life
कोशिका Cell
एंटोन वॉन ल्यूवेनहोक Anton Von Leeuwenhoek
कोशिका सिद्धांत Cell theory
श्लेडेन और श्वान Schleiden and Schwann
प्रोकैरियोटिक कोशिकाएं Prokaryotic cells shahana rizvi
डीएनए DNA Ekatah
ग्राम धनात्मक जीवाणु Gram positive bacteria shahana rizvi
ग्राम ऋणात्मक जीवाणु Gram negative bacteria shahana rizvi
अवपंक परत Slime layer
सम्पुटिका Capsule
मीसोजोम Mesosome
पुटिका Form of vesicles
नलिका Tubules
पटलिका Lamellae
तन्तु Filament
कशाभिका Flagellum
रोम Pili
झालर Fimbriae
राइबोसोम Ribosomes shahana rizvi
बहुराइबोसोम या बहु सूत्र Polyribosomes or polysome
अंतर्विष्ट पिंड Inclusion bodies
केंद्रीय रसधानी Central vacuole
तारक काय Centrioles shahana rizvi
यूकेरियोटिक कोशिकाएं Eukaryotic cells shahana rizvi
कोशिका झिल्ली Cell Membrane shahana rizvi
तरल किर्मीर नमूना Fluid mosaic model shahana rizvi
निष्क्रिय परिवहन Passive transport
सक्रिय परिवहन Active transport
परासरण Osmosis. shahana rizvi
कोशिका भित्ति Cell wall
प्राथमिक भित्ति Primary wall
अंतः झिल्लिका तंत्र Endomembrane system
अन्तः प्रदव्ययी जलिका Endoplasmic Reticulum shahana rizvi
गॉल्जीकाय Golgi apparatus shahana rizvi
लाइसोसोम Lysosomes Ekatah
संकुचनशील रसधानी Contractile vacuole
खाध रसधानी Food vacuoles
माइटोकॉन्ड्रिया Mitochondria shahana rizvi
आधात्री Matrix
क्रिस्टी Cristae
पर्णहरित Chlorophyll Ekatah
कैरोटेनॉइड Carotenoid
मंड लवक Amyloplasts
तेल लवक Elaioplasts
प्रोटीन लवक Aleuroplasts
थाइलेकोइड Thylakoids shahana rizvi
साइटोपंजर Cytoskeleton shahana rizvi
पक्ष्माभ Cilia
कशाभिका Flagella
अक्षसूत्र Axoneme
क्रोमेटिन Chromatin shahana rizvi
केंद्रिक Nucleoli shahana rizvi
परिकेन्द्रकी अवकाश Perinuclear space
केन्द्रक द्रव्य Nucleoplasm shahana rizvi
माइक्रोबॉडीज Microbodies shahana rizvi
9 जैव अणु Biomolecules
ज्विटर आयन zwitterion shahana rizvi
अमीनो अम्ल Amino acids shahana rizvi
शर्करा (कार्बोहाइड्रेट) Sugars (Carbohydrates) shahana rizvi
ग्लाइसीन Glycine shahana rizvi
एलानिन Alanine
सेरिन Serine shahana rizvi
पामिटिक अम्ल Palmitic acid
ग्लिसरॉल Glycerol shahana rizvi
ट्राइग्लिसराइड Triglyceride
फास्फोलिपिड (लेसिथिन) Phospholipid (Lecithin)
कोलेस्ट्रॉल Cholesterol shahana rizvi
एडेनिन (प्यूरिन) Adenine (Purine) shahana rizvi
एडीनोसिन Adenosine
एडेनिलिक अम्ल Adenylic acid
यूरेसिल (पाइरीमिडीन) Uracil (Pyrimidine) shahana rizvi
यूरिडीन Uridine
न्यूक्लियोसाइड Nucleosides
न्यूक्लियोटाइड Nucleotide
द्वितीयक उपापचयज Secondary metabolites
प्राथमिक उपापचयज Primary metabolites
वृहत जैव अणु Biomacromolecules
प्रोटीन Proteins shahana rizvi
पॉलीसैकराइड Polysaccharides
न्यूक्लिक अम्ल Nucleic acid
प्रोटीन की संरचना Structure of protein shahana rizvi
अल्फा - हेलिक्स Alpha – Helix
बीटा– प्लीटेड शीट Beta– plated sheet
पेप्टाइड बंध Peptide bond shahana rizvi
ग्लाइकोसिडिक बंध Glycosidic bond
उत्प्रेरित अभिक्रियाएं Catalysed Reaction
उपापचय पथ Anabolic pathways
अपचय पथ Catabolic pathways.
एडेनोसाइन ट्राइफॉस्फेट (एटीपी) Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) Ekatah
रासायनिक अभिक्रिया Chemical Reaction
सक्रियण ऊर्जा Activation energy
एंजाइम क्रिया की प्रकृति Nature of Enzyme Action
एंजाइम क्रियाविधि को प्रभावित करने वाले कारक Factors Affecting Enzyme Activity
संदमन Inhibition shahana rizvi
ऑक्सीडोरडक्टेस / डिहाइड्रोजनेज Oxidoreductases/dehydrogenases
ट्रांसफरेज Transferases
हाइड्रोलेजेज Hydrolases
लाइसेस Lyases
आइसोमरेज Isomerases shahana rizvi
लाइगेजेज Ligases:
सह-कारक Co-factors
10 कोशिका चक्र और कोशिका विभाजन Cell Cycle and Cell Division
कोशिका चक्र Cell cycle Ekatah
अंतरावस्था Interphase
एम प्रावस्था (समसूत्री विभाजन) M Phase (Mitosis phase)
कार्योकाइनेसिस Karyokinesis
साइटोकाइनेसिस Cytokinesis Ekatah
पश्च सूत्री अंतरकाल प्रावस्था G1 phase (Gap 1)
संश्लेषण प्रावस्था S phase (Synthesis)
पूर्व - सूत्री विभाजन अंतरालकाल प्रावस्था G2 phase (Gap 2)
शांत अवस्था Quiescent stage (G0 )
सूत्री विभाजन अवस्था (M प्रावस्था) M Phase (Mitosis phase)
पूर्वावस्था Prophase Ekatah
मध्यावस्था Metaphase Ekatah
पश्चावस्था Anaphase Ekatah
अंत्यावस्था Telophase Ekatah
कोशिकाद्रव्य विभाजन Cytokinesis Ekatah
अर्धसूत्रीविभाजन Meiosis
तनुपट्ट leptotene
युग्मपट्ट Zygotene
स्थूलपट्ट Pachytene
द्विपट्ट Diplotene
काएज्मेटा Chiasmata
डायकाइनेसिस Diakinesis
इकाई - चार Unit - 4
पादप कार्यकीय (शरीर क्रियात्मकता) Plant Physiology
11 पौधों में परिवहन Transport in Plants
स्थानान्तरण Translocation
विसरण Diffusion
सुसाध्य विसरण Facilitated diffusion
पोरिन् Porins
एक्वापोरिन Aquaporins
सिम्पोर्ट Symport
एंटिपोर्ट Antiport
यूनिपोर्ट Uniport.
सक्रिय परिवहन Active transport shahana
निष्क्रिय परिवहन Passive transport shahana
जल विभव (Ψw) Water potential (Ψw )
विलेय विभव (Ψs ) Solute potential (Ψs )
दाब विभव (Ψp) Pressure potential (Ψp )
दाब प्रवणता Pressure gradient
सांद्रता प्रवणता Concentration gradient
जीवद्रव्यकुंचन Plasmolysis shahana
समपरासरी Isotonic
अल्पपरासारी Hypotonic
अतिपरासारी Hypertonic
स्फीत दबाव Turgor pressure
अंत-शोषण Imbibition shahana
सामूहिक या थोक प्रवाह Mass or bulk flow
एपोप्लास्ट पथ Apoplast pathway
सिम्प्लास्ट पथ Symplast pathway
कैस्पेरियन पट्टी Casparian strips
माइकोराइजा Mycorrhiza
मूल दाब Root Pressure
बिन्दुस्राव Guttation
सामंजस्य-तनाव-वाष्पोत्सर्जन खिंचाव मॉडल Cohesion-tension-transpiration pull mode
रंध्र छिद्र Stomatal aperture,
रक्षक कोशिकाएं Guard cells Ekatah
सासंजन Cohesion
आसंजन Adhesion
तन्य -सामर्थ्य Tensile strength
ट्रेकिड् और वाहिका तत्व Tracheids and vessel elements
सक्रिय अवशोषण Active absorption
दबाव प्रवाह या द्रव्यमान प्रवाह परिकल्पना The Pressure Flow or Mass Flow Hypothesis
12 खनिज पोषण Mineral nutrition
जल संवर्धन Hydroponics.
वृहत पोषक तत्व Macronutrients
सूक्ष्म पोषक तत्व Micronutrients
क्रांतिक सांद्रता Critical concentration
सूक्ष्म पोषक तत्वों की विषाक्तता Toxicity of Micronutrients
अभिवाह Flux
अन्तर्वाह Influx
बहि: स्राव Efflux
नाइट्रोजन चक्र Nitrogen Cycle
नाइट्रोजन स्थिरीकरण Nitrogenfixation
नाइट्रीकरण Nitrification
रसायनपोषी Chemoautotrophs
जैविक नाइट्रोजन स्थिरीकरण Biological nitrogen fixation
सहजीवी जैविक नाइट्रोजन स्थिरीकरण Symbiotic biological nitrogen fixation
राइजोबियम Rhizobium
अमोनिया की स्थिति Fate of ammonia
अपचयित एमीनीकरण Reductive amination
ट्रांसएमिनेशन Transamination
13 उच्च पादपों में प्रकाश संश्लेषण Photosynthesis In Higher Plants
प्रकाश अभिक्रिया (प्रकाश रासायनिक अभिक्रिया) light reactions (photochemical reactions)
अप्रकाशीय अभिक्रिया (कार्बन अभिक्रिया) Dark reactions (carbon reactions)
क्लोरोफिल ए Chlorophyll a Ekatah
क्लोरोफिल बी Chlorophyll b Ekatah
ज़ैंथोफिल xanthophylls shahana rizvi
कैरोटीनॉयड carotenoids shahana rizvi
लाइट हार्वेस्टिंग काम्प्लेक्स (एल एच एसी) light harvesting complexes (LHC)
फोटोसिस्टम I (पीएस I) Photosystem I (PS I)
फोटोसिस्टम II (PS II) Photosystem II (PS II)
एंटीना antennae
अभिक्रिया केंद्र Reaction centre
पी700 P700
पी 680 P680
इलेक्ट्रॉन परिवहन Electrons transport
Z स्कीम Z scheme
जल विघटन Splitting of Water
चक्रीय और अचक्रीय फोटो-फास्फोरिलीकरण Cyclic and Non-cyclic Photo-phosphorylation
केमियोस्मोटिक परिकल्पना Chemiosmotic Hypothesis
जैवसंश्लेषण चरण Biosynthetic phase
केल्विन चक्र Calvin cycle shahana rizvi
C3 पथ C3 pathway
C4 पथ C4 pathway
बंडल शीथ कोशिकाएं Bundle sheath cells
क्रांज़ 'शारीरिक रचना Kranz’ anatomy shahana rizvi
हैच और स्लैक पाथवे Hatch and Slack Pathway
प्रकाश श्वसन Photorespiration shahana rizvi
प्रकाश संश्लेषण को प्रभावित करने वाले कारक Factors Affecting Photosynthesis
लॉ ऑफ लिमिटिंग फैक्टर Law of Limiting Factors
14 पौधों में श्वसन Respiration in plants
कोशिकीय श्वसन Cellular respiration shahana rizvi
श्वसनी क्रियाधार Respiratory substrates
ग्लाइकोलिसिस glycolysis shahana rizvi
क्रेब्स चक्र Krebs’ cycle shahana rizvi
किण्वन Fermentation shahana rizvi
ऑक्सी श्वसन Aerobic respiration shahana rizvi
ट्राइकारबॉक्सिलिक अम्ल चक्र Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle shahana rizvi
इलेक्ट्रॉन परिवहन तंत्र (ETS) Electron Transport System (ETS)
ऑक्सीडेटिव फास्फोराइलेशन Oxidative Phosphorylation
एम्फ़िबोलिक मार्ग Amphibolic Pathway
श्वसन गुणांक Respiratory quotient
साइट्रिक एसिड चक्र Citric acid Cycle shahana rizvi
माइटोकॉन्ड्रिया में एटीपी का संश्लेषण ATP synthesis in mitochondria
अनॉक्सी श्वसन Anaerobic respiration shahana rizvi
ए.टी.पी ATP
15 पादप वृद्धि एवं परिवर्धन Plant growth and development
वृद्धि Growth
वृद्धि के चरण Phases of Growth
वृद्धि दर Growth Rates
वृद्धि के लिए दशाएं Conditions for Growth
विभेदन Differentiation
निर्विभेदन Dedifferentiation
पुनर्विभेदित Redifferentiated
परिवर्धन Development
प्लास्टिसिटी Plasticity
पादप वृद्धि नियामक Plant growth regulators (PGRs) Ekatah
ऑक्सिन्स Auxins Ekatah
शिखाग्र प्रधान्यता Apical dominance Ekatah
जिबरेलिन्स Gibberellins Ekatah
साइटोकाइनिन्स Cytokinins Ekatah
एथिलीन Ethylene Ekatah
एब्सिसिक अम्ल Abscisic acid Ekatah
दीप्तिकालिता Photoperiodism Ekatah
दीर्घ प्रदीप्तकाली पौधे long day plants Ekatah
अल्प प्रदीप्तकाली पौधे short day plants Ekatah
तटस्थ प्रदीप्तकाली पौधे Day-neutral plants Ekatah
वसंतीकरण Vernalisation Ekatah
बीज प्रसुप्ति Seed dormancy Ekatah
इकाई - चार Unit - 4
16 मानव शरीर विज्ञान Human Physiology
पाचन एवं अवशोषण Digestion and Absorption
पाचन Digestion shahana rizvi
पाचन तंत्र Digestive system shahana rizvi
आहार नाल Alimentary Canal shahana rizvi
गर्तदन्ती Thecodont
द्विबारदंती Diphyodont
जठरागम भाग Cardiac shahana rizvi
फंडिक क्षेत्र Fundic region
जठरनिर्गम भाग Pyloric portion
पाचन ग्रंथियां Digestive glands shahana rizvi
ग्रास Bolus shahana rizvi
काइम Chyme
ग्लोबेट कोशिकाये Goblet cells
सक्सेस एंटेरिकस Succus entericus
पचाए गए उत्पादों का अवशोषण Absorption of digested products shahana rizvi
मुख Mouth shahana rizvi
आमाशय Stomach
छोटी आंत Small Intestine shahana rizvi
बड़ी आँत Large Intestine shahana rizvi
पीलिया Jaundice
वमन Vomiting shahana rizvi
प्रवाहिका Diarrhoea shahana rizvi
कोष्ठबद्धता Constipation shahana
अपच Indigestion shahana rizvi
प्रोटीन ऊर्जा कुपोषण (पीईएम) Protein-energy malnutrition (PEM) shahana rizvi
17 श्वास और गैसों का विनिमय Breathing and exchange of gases
श्वासन Respiration
श्वसन Breathing
क्लोम Gills
फेफड़े lungs
ग्रसनी Pharynx
श्वासनली Trachea
ध्वनि पेटिका Sound box
श्वासनलियाँ Bronchi
वायु कूपिका Alveoli
अन्तः श्वसन Inspiration
निःश्वसन Expiration
ज्वारीय आयतन Tidal Volume (TV)
अंत श्वसन सुरक्षित आयतन (आईआरबी) Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV)
निःश्वास सुरक्षित आयतन Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV)
अवशिष्ट आयतन (RV) Residual Volume (RV)
अन्तः श्वसन क्षमता (आईसी) Inspiratory Capacity (IC)
नि:श्वसन क्षमता (ईसी) Expiratory Capacity (EC)
क्रियात्मक अवशिष्ट क्षमता (FRC) Functional Residual Capacity (FRC)
जैव क्षमता (वीसी) Vital Capacity (VC)
फेफड़े की कुल क्षमता (टीएलसी) Total Lung Capacity (TLC)
गैसों का आदान-प्रदान Exchange of gases
गैसों का परिवहन Transportation of gases
ऑक्सीहीमोग्लोबिन Oxyhaemoglobin
कार्बामिनो-हीमोग्लोबिन Carbamino-haemoglobin
दमा Asthma
वातस्फीति Emphysema
व्यावसायिक श्वसन विकार Occupational Respiratory Disorders
18 शरीर द्रव तथा परिसंचरण Body fluids and circulation
रक्त Blood
लसीका lymph
प्लाज्मा Plasma
इरिथ्रोसाइट्स (रक्ताणु) Erythrocytes
ल्यूकोसाइट (श्वेत रुधिर कणिकाएं) Leucocytes
थ्रॉम्बोसाइट्स Thrombocytes
रक्त समूह Blood Groups shahana rizvi
ABO समुह ABO grouping
Rh समूह Rh grouping
Rh सहित Rh positive
Rh हीन Rh negative
रक्त स्कंदन Coagulation of Blood
परिसंचरण पथ CIRCULATORY PATHWAYS
अलिंद Atrium
निलय Ventricles
हृदय Heart
हृदयावरण pericardium
शिरा अलिंद पर्व sino-atrial node
अलिंद निलय पर्व atrio-ventricular node
हृदय चक्र Cardiac Cycle
विद्युत हृद लेख Electrocardiograph (ECG)
आलिंद का उद्दीपन excitation (or depolarisation) of the atria
निलय का अध्रुवण depolarisation of the ventricles,
टी तरंग T-wave
रक्त वाहिकाएं Blood Vessels
अंतःस्तर कंचुक tunica intima
वाह्य कंचुक tunica externa.
उच्च रक्त दाब High Blood Pressure (Hypertension)
कोरोनरी धमनी रोग (सीएडी) Coronary Artery Disease (CAD)
एनजाइना (ह्रद शूल) Angina
हृद्पात Heart Failure
अनुशिथिलन Diastole
प्रकुंचन Systole
P- तरंग P-wave
सिनो-आलिंद नोड Sino-atrial node
मायोजेनिक myogenic
हृदयी निर्गम cardiac output
प्लेटलेट्स Platelets
पेसमेकर Pacemaker
ह्रद निकास Cardiac output
स्ट्रोक या विस्पंदन आयतन Stroke or stroke volume
19 उत्सर्जी उत्पाद और उनका निष्कासन Excretory products and their Elimination
अमोनिया उत्सर्जी Ammonotelic
यूरिया उत्सर्जी Ureotelic
यूरिकोटेलिक Uricotelic
मैलपीगी नलिकाएं Malpighian tubules
बर्टिनी स्तंभ Columns of Bertini
नेफ्रॉन Nephrons
बोमेन सम्पुट Bowman’s capsule
समीपस्थ संवलित नलिका proximal convoluted tubule
हेन्ले लूप Henle’s loop
दूरस्थ संवलित नलिका distal convoluted tubule (DCT)
केशिकागुच्छीय निस्पंदन Glomerular filtration
परा निस्पंदन Ultra filtration
केशिकागुच्छीय निस्पंदन दर Glomerular filtration rate
पुनः अवशोषण Reabsorption
संग्रह नलिका Collecting Duct
प्रतिधारा क्रियाविधि Counter current mechanism
वासा रेक्टा Vasa recta
रेनिन Renin
रेनिन-एंजियोटेनसिन Renin-Angiotensin
आलिंद नैट्रियूरेटिक कारक Atrial Natriuretic Factor
यूरीमिया Uremia
हीमोडायलिसिस Hemodialysis shahana rizvi
कृत्रिम वृक्क Artificial kidney
वृक्क की क्रियाहीनता Renal failures
रेनल कैलकुली Renal calculi
ग्लोमेरुलोनेफ्राइटिस Glomerulonephritis
20 गमन एवं संचलन Locomotion & Movement
गमन locomotion shahana
कशाभिका गति Flagellar movement shahana
कंकाल पेशियाँ Skeletal muscles
ऐच्छिक पेशियाँ striated muscles shahana
अंतरंग पेशियाँ Visceral muscles
चिकनी पेशियाँ smooth muscles (nonstriated muscle) shahana
हृद पेशियाँ Cardiac muscles shahana
पेशी बण्डल या पूलिकाओं Muscle bundles or fascicles
संपटट Fascia
पेशी तन्तुक myofibrils
एक्टिन Actin
मायोसीन Myosin
अक्षीय कंकाल Axial skeleton shahana
कर्ण अस्थिकाएँ Ear Ossicles
कशेरुक दंड vertebral column shahana
उरोस्थि Sternum
पसलियां Ribs shahana
उपांगीय कंकाल Appendicular skeleton shahana
पाद limb shahana
अंश और श्रोणि मेखला Pectoral and Pelvic girdle shahana
रेशीय जोड़ Fibrous joints shahana
उपास्थि युक्त जोड़ cartilaginous joints shahana
सिनोवियल जोड़ Synovial joints shahana
माइस्थेनिया ग्रेविस Myasthenia gravis shahana
पेशीय दुष्पोसण Muscular dystrophy shahana
अपतानिका Tetany shahana
संधि शोथ Arthritis shahana
अस्थि सुषिरता Osteoporosis shahana
सन्धिवात Gout
21 तंत्रिका नियंत्रण और समन्वय Neural control and Coordination
न्यूरॉन Neurons
केंद्रीय तंत्रिका तंत्र (सीएनएस) Central neural system (CNS) shahana
परिधीय तंत्रिका तंत्र (PNS) Peripheral neural system (PNS) shahana
मस्तिष्क Brain
मेरुदंड Spinal cord
तंत्रिका तंत्र Neural system
निसेल ग्रेन्युल Nissl’s granules.
न्यूरोट्रांसमीटर Neurotransmitters
तंत्रिका आवेग Nerve impulse.
सिनैप्टिक दरार Synaptic cleft
ग्राही Receptors
अग्रमस्तिष्क Forebrain
मध्यमस्तिष्क Midbrain
पश्चमस्तिष्क Hindbrain shahana
प्रतिवर्ती क्रिया reflex action
संवेदी अंग Sense Organs shahana
नेत्र के भाग Parts of an eye shahana
देखने की प्रक्रिया Mechanism of Vision shahana
कर्ण The Ear shahana
22 रासायनिक समन्वय तथा एकीकरण Chemical coordination and integration
अंतःस्रावी ग्रंथियाँ और हार्मोन Endocrine Glands & Hormones Ekatah
हाइपोथैलेमस Hypothalamus
पीयूष ग्रन्थि The pituitary gland Ekatah
पीनियल ग्रंथि The pineal gland Ekatah
थाइरॉयड ग्रंथि Thyroid gland Ekatah
पैराथाइरॉइड हार्मोन Parathyroid hormone Ekatah
थाइमस ग्रंथि Thymus gland Ekatah
अधिवृक्क ग्रंथियां Adrenal glands Ekatah
एडिसन रोग Addison’s disease Ekatah
अग्न्याशय Pancreas
वृषण Testis
शुक्रजनक नलिकाएं seminiferous tubules
टेस्टोस्टेरोन Testosterone
प्रोजेस्ट्रोन Progesterone Ekatah
एस्ट्रोजन Estrogen Ekatah
कॉर्पस ल्यूटियम Corpus luteum Ekatah
एट्रियल नैट्रियूरेटिक फैक्टर Atrial natriuretic factor
हार्मोन ग्राही Hormone receptors
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