Taxonomy for Biology Articles-11th Class: Difference between revisions

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Line 4: Line 4:
|'''अध्याय'''
|'''अध्याय'''
|'''विषय'''
|'''विषय'''
|'''Article Creator Name'''
|'''Unit - 1'''
|'''Unit - 1'''
|'''Chapter'''
|'''Chapter'''
|'''Topic'''
|'''Topic'''
|'''Article Creator Name'''
|'''[https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1W0E_JcTAuGojSdK8vcLmC9v91rRN0oWZOtUxlijjZBc/edit#gid=629091502 Review by IIT Kanpur]'''
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|-
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|'''इकाई - एक'''
|'''इकाई - एक'''
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Line 21: Line 23:
|'''जीव जगत में विविधता'''
|'''जीव जगत में विविधता'''
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|'''Diversity in the living world'''
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|'''Diversity in the living world'''
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Line 31: Line 34:
|'''जीव जगत'''
|'''जीव जगत'''
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|'''The living world'''
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|'''The living world'''
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Line 41: Line 45:
|[[जीव]]
|[[जीव]]
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|living
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|living
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Line 50: Line 55:
|[[वृद्धि]]
|[[वृद्धि]]
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|Growth
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|Growth
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Line 60: Line 66:
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|Reproduction
|Deeksha Dwivedi
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|Reproduction
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Line 68: Line 75:
|[[उपापचयन]]
|[[उपापचयन]]
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|Metabolism
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|Metabolism
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|-
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Line 77: Line 85:
|[[जैविक विविधता]]
|[[जैविक विविधता]]
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|Biodiversity
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|Biodiversity
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Line 86: Line 95:
|[[नाम पद्धति]]
|[[नाम पद्धति]]
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|Nomenclature
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|Nomenclature
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Line 96: Line 106:
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|Binomial Nomenclature
|Deeksha Dwivedi
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|Binomial Nomenclature
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Line 104: Line 115:
|[[टैक्सा]]
|[[टैक्सा]]
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|Taxa
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|Taxa
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Line 113: Line 125:
|[[वर्गिकी]]
|[[वर्गिकी]]
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|Taxonomy
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|Taxonomy
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Line 122: Line 135:
|[[जाति (स्पीशीज)]]
|[[जाति (स्पीशीज)]]
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|Species
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|Species
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Line 131: Line 145:
|[[वंश]]
|[[वंश]]
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|Genus
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|Genus
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Line 140: Line 155:
|[[गण]]
|[[गण]]
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|order
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|order
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Line 149: Line 165:
|[[संघ]]
|[[संघ]]
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|Phylum
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|Phylum
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Line 159: Line 176:
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|Herbarium
|Deeksha Dwivedi
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|Herbarium
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Line 168: Line 186:
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|Botanical Garden
|Deeksha Dwivedi
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|Botanical Garden
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Line 177: Line 196:
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|Museum
|Deeksha Dwivedi
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|Museum
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Line 186: Line 206:
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|Zoological park
|Deeksha Dwivedi
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|Zoological park
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|-
|'''2'''
|'''2'''
Line 193: Line 214:
|'''जीव जगत का वर्गीकरण'''
|'''जीव जगत का वर्गीकरण'''
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|'''Biological Classification'''
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|'''Biological Classification'''
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Line 203: Line 225:
|[[द्विजगत पद्धति]]
|[[द्विजगत पद्धति]]
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|Dual system
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|Dual system
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Line 213: Line 236:
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|Archaebacteria
|shahana rizvi
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|Archaebacteria
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Line 222: Line 246:
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|Eubacteria
|shahana rizvi
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|Eubacteria
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Line 231: Line 256:
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|Cyanobacteria
|shahana rizvi
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|Cyanobacteria
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Line 239: Line 265:
|[[परपोषी बैक्टीरिया]]
|[[परपोषी बैक्टीरिया]]
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|Parasitic Bacteria
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|Parasitic Bacteria
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|-
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Line 248: Line 275:
|[[प्रोटिस्टा जगत]]
|[[प्रोटिस्टा जगत]]
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|Protista Kingdom
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|Protista Kingdom
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Line 258: Line 286:
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|Chrysophytes
|shahana rizvi
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|Chrysophytes
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|-
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Line 266: Line 295:
|[[डायनोफ्लैजिलेट]]
|[[डायनोफ्लैजिलेट]]
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|Dinoflagellates
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|Dinoflagellates
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|-
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Line 275: Line 305:
|[[यूग्लेनॉइड्स]]
|[[यूग्लेनॉइड्स]]
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|Euglenoids
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|Euglenoids
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|-
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Line 284: Line 315:
|[[अवपंक कवक]]
|[[अवपंक कवक]]
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|scale fungus
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|scale fungus
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|-
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Line 294: Line 326:
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|Protozoa
|shahana rizvi
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|Protozoa
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|-
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Line 302: Line 335:
|[[कवक]]
|[[कवक]]
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|Fungi
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|Fungi
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|-
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|ss
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|[[फाइकोमाइसिटीज]]
|[[फाइकोमाइसिटीज]]
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|Phycomycetes
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|Phycomycetes
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|-
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Line 320: Line 355:
|[[एस्कोमाइसिटीज]]
|[[एस्कोमाइसिटीज]]
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|Ascomycetes
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|Ascomycetes
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|-
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Line 329: Line 365:
|[[बेसिडियोमाइसिटीज]]
|[[बेसिडियोमाइसिटीज]]
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|Basidiomycetes
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|Basidiomycetes
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|-
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Line 338: Line 375:
|[[डयूटिरोमाइसिटीज]]
|[[डयूटिरोमाइसिटीज]]
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|Deuteromycetes
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|Deuteromycetes
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|-
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Line 347: Line 385:
|[[पादप जगत]]
|[[पादप जगत]]
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|Plantae Kingdom
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|Plantae Kingdom
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|-
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Line 355: Line 394:
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|[[जंतु जगत]]
|[[जंतु जगत]]
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|Animal kingdom
|Animal kingdom
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|-
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Line 366: Line 406:
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|Virus
|shahana rizvi
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|Virus
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|-
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Line 375: Line 416:
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|Viroid
|shahana rizvi
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|Viroid
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Line 384: Line 426:
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|Prione
|shahana rizvi
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|Prione
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Line 393: Line 436:
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|Lichen
|shahana rizvi
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|Lichen
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|-
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Line 402: Line 446:
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|Algae
|shahana rizvi
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|Algae
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|-
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Line 410: Line 455:
|[[माइकोवायंट]]
|[[माइकोवायंट]]
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|Mycovyant
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|Mycovyant
|-
|-
|'''3'''
|'''3'''
Line 418: Line 464:
|'''वनस्पति जगत'''
|'''वनस्पति जगत'''
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|'''Plant Kingdom'''
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|'''Plant Kingdom'''
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|-
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Line 428: Line 475:
|[[शैवाल]]
|[[शैवाल]]
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|Algae
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|Algae
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|-
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Line 438: Line 486:
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|Zoospores
|shahana rizvi
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|Zoospores
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|-
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Line 446: Line 495:
|[[समयुग्मकी]]
|[[समयुग्मकी]]
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|homozygous
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|homozygous
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|-
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Line 455: Line 505:
|[[असमयुग्मकी]]
|[[असमयुग्मकी]]
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|heterozygous
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|heterozygous
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|-
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Line 464: Line 515:
|[[नरयुग्मक]]
|[[नरयुग्मक]]
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|Male gametes
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|Male gametes
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|-
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Line 474: Line 526:
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|Red algae
|shahana rizvi
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|Red algae
|-
|-
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Line 482: Line 535:
|[[कैरागीन]]
|[[कैरागीन]]
|
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|carrageen
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|carrageen
|-
|-
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Line 492: Line 546:
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|Chlorophyceae (green algae)
|shahana rizvi
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|Chlorophyceae (green algae)
|-
|-
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Line 501: Line 556:
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|phaeophyceae (Brown Algae)
|shahana rizvi
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|phaeophyceae (Brown Algae)
|-
|-
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Line 510: Line 566:
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|Rhodophyceae
|shahana rizvi
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|Rhodophyceae
|-
|-
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Line 518: Line 575:
|[[ब्रायोफाइट्स]]
|[[ब्रायोफाइट्स]]
|
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|Bryophytes
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|Bryophytes
|-
|-
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Line 528: Line 586:
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|Gametophyte
|shahana rizvi
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|Gametophyte
|-
|-
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Line 536: Line 595:
|[[पुंधानी]]
|[[पुंधानी]]
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|Antheridium
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|Antheridium
|-
|-
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Line 545: Line 605:
|[[स्त्रीधानी]]
|[[स्त्रीधानी]]
|
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|Archegonium
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|Archegonium
|-
|-
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Line 555: Line 616:
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|Sporophyte
|shahana rizvi
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|Sporophyte
|-
|-
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Line 564: Line 626:
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|Livervart
|shahana rizvi
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|Livervart
|-
|-
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Line 573: Line 636:
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|Moss
|shahana rizvi
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|Moss
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|-
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Line 582: Line 646:
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|pteridophytes
|shahana rizvi
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|pteridophytes
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|-
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Line 591: Line 656:
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|Gymnosperm
|Deeksha Dwivedi
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|Gymnosperm
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|-
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Line 600: Line 666:
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|Angiosperms
|Deeksha Dwivedi
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|Angiosperms
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Line 609: Line 676:
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|pollination
|Deeksha Dwivedi
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|pollination
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|-
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Line 618: Line 686:
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|Alternation of generations
|Deeksha Dwivedi
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|Alternation of generations
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|-
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Line 626: Line 695:
|[[बीजाणु उद्भिद (स्पोरोफिटिक)]]
|[[बीजाणु उद्भिद (स्पोरोफिटिक)]]
|
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|Sporophyte
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|Sporophyte
|-
|-
|'''4'''
|'''4'''
Line 634: Line 704:
|'''प्राणी जगत'''
|'''प्राणी जगत'''
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|'''Animal Kingdom'''
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|'''Animal Kingdom'''
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|-
|-
Line 645: Line 716:
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|Ectoderm
|shahana rizvi
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|Ectoderm
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|-
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Line 654: Line 726:
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|Endoderm
|shahana rizvi
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|Endoderm
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|-
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Line 663: Line 736:
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|Mesoderm
|shahana rizvi
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|Mesoderm
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|-
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Line 672: Line 746:
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|Coelom
|shahana rizvi
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|Coelom
|-
|-
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Line 680: Line 755:
|[[सैगमेंटेशन (खंडीभवन)]]
|[[सैगमेंटेशन (खंडीभवन)]]
|
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|Segmentation
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|Segmentation
|-
|-
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Line 689: Line 765:
|[[विखंडावस्था]]
|[[विखंडावस्था]]
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|metameric segmentation
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|metameric segmentation
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|-
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Line 699: Line 776:
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|Notochord
|shahana rizvi
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|Notochord
|-
|-
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Line 708: Line 786:
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|Phylum Porifera
|Deeksha Dwivedi
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|Phylum Porifera
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|-
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Line 716: Line 795:
|[[ऑस्टिया]]
|[[ऑस्टिया]]
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|Austia
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|Austia
|-
|-
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Line 725: Line 805:
|[[स्पंज गुहा]]
|[[स्पंज गुहा]]
|
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|Spongocoel
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|Spongocoel
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|-
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Line 734: Line 815:
|[[ऑस्कुलम]]
|[[ऑस्कुलम]]
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|Osculam
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|Osculam
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|-
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Line 742: Line 824:
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|[[कोएनोसाइट]]
|[[कोएनोसाइट]]
|
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|Choanocytes
|Choanocytes
|-
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|-
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Line 752: Line 835:
|[[नाल तंत्र]]
|[[नाल तंत्र]]
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|canals
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|canals
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|-
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Line 761: Line 845:
|[[ओस्टिया]]
|[[ओस्टिया]]
|
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|Ostia
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|Ostia
|-
|-
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Line 770: Line 855:
|[[स्पांजिला]]
|[[स्पांजिला]]
|
|
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|Spongilla
|
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|Spongilla
|-
|-
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Line 779: Line 865:
|[[यूस्पॉन्जिया]]
|[[यूस्पॉन्जिया]]
|
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|Euspongia
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|Euspongia
|-
|-
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Line 789: Line 876:
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|Phylum – Coelenterata (Cnidaria)
|Deeksha Dwivedi
|
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|Phylum – Coelenterata (Cnidaria)
|-
|-
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Line 798: Line 886:
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|Nematocysts
|shahana rizvi
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|Nematocysts
|-
|-
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Line 806: Line 895:
|[[नाइडोब्लास्ट]]
|[[नाइडोब्लास्ट]]
|
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|Cnidoblasts
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|Cnidoblasts
|-
|-
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Line 816: Line 906:
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|Phylum – Ctenophora
|Deeksha Dwivedi
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|Phylum – Ctenophora
|-
|-
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Line 825: Line 916:
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|Phylum – Platyhelminthes
|Deeksha Dwivedi
|
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|Phylum – Platyhelminthes
|-
|-
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Line 834: Line 926:
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|Phylum – Aschelminthes
|Deeksha Dwivedi
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|Phylum – Aschelminthes
|-
|-
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Line 843: Line 936:
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|Phylum – Annelida
|Deeksha Dwivedi
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|Phylum – Annelida
|-
|-
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Line 851: Line 945:
|[[पैरापोडिया]]
|[[पैरापोडिया]]
|
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|Parapodia
|
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|Parapodia
|-
|-
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Line 860: Line 955:
|[[वृक्कक]]
|[[वृक्कक]]
|
|
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|Nephridia
|
|
|
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|Nephridia
|-
|-
|
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Line 869: Line 965:
|[[नेफ्रीडियम]]
|[[नेफ्रीडियम]]
|
|
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|Nephridium
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|Nephridium
|-
|-
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Line 879: Line 976:
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|Phylum – Arthropoda
|Deeksha Dwivedi
|
|
|Phylum – Arthropoda
|-
|-
|
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Line 887: Line 985:
|[[संधियुक्त पाद]]
|[[संधियुक्त पाद]]
|
|
|
|Jointed appendages
|
|
|
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|Jointed appendages
|-
|-
|
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Line 896: Line 995:
|[[मैलपिगी नलिका]]
|[[मैलपिगी नलिका]]
|
|
|
|Malpighian tubules
|
|
|
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|Malpighian tubules
|-
|-
|
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Line 906: Line 1,006:
|
|
|
|
|Phylum mollusca
|Deeksha Dwivedi
|
|
|Phylum mollusca
|-
|-
|
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Line 914: Line 1,015:
|[[रेडुला]]
|[[रेडुला]]
|
|
|
|Radula
|
|
|
|
|Radula
|-
|-
|
|
Line 924: Line 1,026:
|
|
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|
|Phylum Echinodermata
|Deeksha Dwivedi
|
|
|Phylum Echinodermata
|-
|-
|
|
Line 932: Line 1,035:
|[[जल संवहन तंत्र]]
|[[जल संवहन तंत्र]]
|
|
|
|Water vascular system
|
|
|
|
|Water vascular system
|-
|-
|
|
Line 942: Line 1,046:
|
|
|
|
|Phylum – Hemichordata
|Deeksha Dwivedi
|
|
|Phylum – Hemichordata
|-
|-
|
|
Line 950: Line 1,055:
|[[क्लोम छिद्र]]
|[[क्लोम छिद्र]]
|
|
|
|Gill slits
|
|
|
|
|Gill slits
|-
|-
|
|
Line 959: Line 1,065:
|[[उपास्थिल मेरुदंड]]
|[[उपास्थिल मेरुदंड]]
|
|
|
|Notochord
|
|
|
|
|Notochord
|-
|-
|
|
Line 969: Line 1,076:
|
|
|
|
|Class – Cyclostomata
|shahana rizvi
|
|
|Class – Cyclostomata
|-
|-
|
|
Line 978: Line 1,086:
|
|
|
|
|Class – Chondrichthyes
|shahana rizvi
|
|
|Class – Chondrichthyes
|-
|-
|
|
Line 986: Line 1,095:
|[[ऑपरकुलम]]
|[[ऑपरकुलम]]
|
|
|
|Operculum
|
|
|
|
|Operculum
|-
|-
|
|
Line 996: Line 1,106:
|
|
|
|
|Class – Amphibia
|shahana rizvi
|
|
|Class – Amphibia
|-
|-
|
|
Line 1,004: Line 1,115:
|[[कर्णपटल]]
|[[कर्णपटल]]
|
|
|
|Tympanum
|
|
|
|
|Tympanum
|-
|-
|
|
Line 1,013: Line 1,125:
|[[अवस्कर]]
|[[अवस्कर]]
|
|
|
|Cloaca
|
|
|
|
|Cloaca
|-
|-
|
|
Line 1,022: Line 1,135:
|[[वर्ग- सरीसृप]]
|[[वर्ग- सरीसृप]]
|
|
|
|Class – Reptilia
|
|
|
|
|Class – Reptilia
|-
|-
|
|
Line 1,031: Line 1,145:
|[[प्रशल्क]]
|[[प्रशल्क]]
|
|
|
|Scales
|
|
|
|
|Scales
|-
|-
|
|
Line 1,041: Line 1,156:
|
|
|
|
|Class – Aves
|shahana rizvi
|
|
|Class – Aves
|-
|-
|
|
Line 1,049: Line 1,165:
|[[समतापी]]
|[[समतापी]]
|
|
|
|Homoiothermous
|
|
|
|
|Homoiothermous
|-
|-
|
|
Line 1,059: Line 1,176:
|
|
|
|
|Class – Mammalia
|shahana rizvi
|
|
|Class – Mammalia
|-
|-
|
|
Line 1,067: Line 1,185:
|[[स्तनग्रंथि]]
|[[स्तनग्रंथि]]
|
|
|
|Mammary glands
|
|
|
|
|Mammary glands
|-
|-
|
|
|'''इकाई - दो'''
|'''इकाई - दो'''
|
|
|
|'''Unit- 2'''
|
|
|
|
|'''Unit- 2'''
|
|
|
|
Line 1,083: Line 1,203:
|'''पादप एवं प्राणियों में संरचनात्मक संगठन'''
|'''पादप एवं प्राणियों में संरचनात्मक संगठन'''
|
|
|
|'''Structural Organisation in Plants and Animals'''
|
|
|
|
|'''Structural Organisation in Plants and Animals'''
|
|
|
|
Line 1,093: Line 1,214:
|'''पुष्पी पादपों की आकारिकी'''
|'''पुष्पी पादपों की आकारिकी'''
|
|
|
|'''Morphology of Flowering Plants'''
|
|
|
|
|'''Morphology of Flowering Plants'''
|
|
|-
|-
Line 1,104: Line 1,226:
|
|
|
|
|Morphology
|shahana rizvi
|
|
|Morphology
|-
|-
|
|
Line 1,112: Line 1,235:
|[[प्राथमिक मूल]]
|[[प्राथमिक मूल]]
|
|
|
|Primary root
|
|
|
|
|Primary root
|-
|-
|
|
Line 1,121: Line 1,245:
|[[द्वितीयक मूल]]
|[[द्वितीयक मूल]]
|
|
|
|Secondary Root
|
|
|
|
|Secondary Root
|-
|-
|
|
Line 1,130: Line 1,255:
|[[तृतीयक मूल]]
|[[तृतीयक मूल]]
|
|
|
|Tertiary root
|
|
|
|
|Tertiary root
|-
|-
|
|
Line 1,139: Line 1,265:
|[[मूसला मूलतंत्र]]
|[[मूसला मूलतंत्र]]
|
|
|
|Tap root system
|
|
|
|
|Tap root system
|-
|-
|
|
Line 1,148: Line 1,275:
|[[झकड़ा मूलतंत्र]]
|[[झकड़ा मूलतंत्र]]
|
|
|
|Fibrous root
|
|
|
|
|Fibrous root
|-
|-
|
|
Line 1,157: Line 1,285:
|[[अपस्थानिक मूल]]
|[[अपस्थानिक मूल]]
|
|
|
|Adventitious roots
|
|
|
|
|Adventitious roots
|-
|-
|
|
Line 1,166: Line 1,295:
|[[मूल गोप]]
|[[मूल गोप]]
|
|
|
|Root cap
|
|
|
|
|Root cap
|-
|-
|
|
Line 1,175: Line 1,305:
|[[मेरिस्टमी क्रियाओं का क्षेत्र]]
|[[मेरिस्टमी क्रियाओं का क्षेत्र]]
|
|
|
|Region of meristematic activity
|
|
|
|
|Region of meristematic activity
|-
|-
|
|
Line 1,184: Line 1,315:
|[[दीर्घीकरण क्षेत्र]]
|[[दीर्घीकरण क्षेत्र]]
|
|
|
|Region of elongation
|
|
|
|
|Region of elongation
|-
|-
|
|
Line 1,193: Line 1,325:
|[[परिपक्व क्षेत्र]]
|[[परिपक्व क्षेत्र]]
|
|
|
|Region of maturation
|
|
|
|
|Region of maturation
|-
|-
|
|
Line 1,202: Line 1,335:
|[[मूलरोम]]
|[[मूलरोम]]
|
|
|
|Root hairs
|
|
|
|
|Root hairs
|-
|-
|
|
Line 1,211: Line 1,345:
|[[प्रोप रुट]]
|[[प्रोप रुट]]
|
|
|
|Prop roots
|
|
|
|
|Prop roots
|-
|-
|
|
Line 1,220: Line 1,355:
|[[अवस्तम्भ रूट]]
|[[अवस्तम्भ रूट]]
|
|
|
|Stilt roots
|
|
|
|
|Stilt roots
|-
|-
|
|
Line 1,229: Line 1,365:
|[[श्वसन मूल]]
|[[श्वसन मूल]]
|
|
|
|pneumatophores
|
|
|
|
|pneumatophores
|-
|-
|
|
Line 1,238: Line 1,375:
|[[प्रतान]]
|[[प्रतान]]
|
|
|
|Tendrils
|
|
|
|
|Tendrils
|-
|-
|
|
Line 1,247: Line 1,385:
|[[पर्णाधार]]
|[[पर्णाधार]]
|
|
|
|leaf base
|
|
|
|
|leaf base
|-
|-
|
|
Line 1,256: Line 1,395:
|[[पर्णवृंततल्प]]
|[[पर्णवृंततल्प]]
|
|
|
|Petiole
|
|
|
|
|Petiole
|-
|-
|
|
Line 1,265: Line 1,405:
|[[पर्णवृंत]]
|[[पर्णवृंत]]
|
|
|
|Petiole
|
|
|
|
|Petiole
|-
|-
|
|
Line 1,274: Line 1,415:
|[[स्तरिका]]
|[[स्तरिका]]
|
|
|
|lamina
|
|
|
|
|lamina
|-
|-
|
|
Line 1,283: Line 1,425:
|[[मध्यशिरा]]
|[[मध्यशिरा]]
|
|
|
|Midrib
|
|
|
|
|Midrib
|-
|-
|
|
Line 1,292: Line 1,435:
|[[शिराविन्यास]]
|[[शिराविन्यास]]
|
|
|
|venation
|
|
|
|
|venation
|-
|-
|
|
Line 1,301: Line 1,445:
|[[सरल पत्ती]]
|[[सरल पत्ती]]
|
|
|
|simple leaf
|
|
|
|
|simple leaf
|-
|-
|
|
Line 1,311: Line 1,456:
|
|
|
|
|compound leaf
|shahana rizvi
|
|
|compound leaf
|-
|-
|
|
Line 1,319: Line 1,465:
|[[पर्णविन्यास]]
|[[पर्णविन्यास]]
|
|
|
|foliage
|
|
|
|
|foliage
|-
|-
|
|
Line 1,328: Line 1,475:
|[[पत्ती के रूपांतरण]]
|[[पत्ती के रूपांतरण]]
|
|
|
|metamorphosis of leaf
|
|
|
|
|metamorphosis of leaf
|-
|-
|
|
Line 1,338: Line 1,486:
|
|
|
|
|inflorescence
|shahana
|
|
|inflorescence
|-
|-
|
|
Line 1,346: Line 1,495:
|[[असीमाक्षी]]
|[[असीमाक्षी]]
|
|
|
|Racemose
|
|
|
|
|Racemose
|-
|-
|
|
Line 1,355: Line 1,505:
|[[ससीमाक्षी]]
|[[ससीमाक्षी]]
|
|
|
|cymose
|
|
|
|
|cymose
|-
|-
|
|
Line 1,365: Line 1,516:
|
|
|
|
|flowers
|shahana rizvi
|
|
|flowers
|-
|-
|
|
Line 1,373: Line 1,525:
|[[पुष्पासन]]
|[[पुष्पासन]]
|
|
|
|Thalamus or receptacle.
|
|
|
|
|Thalamus or receptacle.
|-
|-
|
|
Line 1,382: Line 1,535:
|[[सहपत्री]]
|[[सहपत्री]]
|
|
|
|Bracteate
|
|
|
|
|Bracteate
|-
|-
|
|
Line 1,391: Line 1,545:
|[[सहपत्रहीन]]
|[[सहपत्रहीन]]
|
|
|
|Ebracteate
|
|
|
|
|Ebracteate
|-
|-
|
|
Line 1,400: Line 1,555:
|[[अधोजायांगता]]
|[[अधोजायांगता]]
|
|
|
|Hypogynous
|
|
|
|
|Hypogynous
|-
|-
|
|
Line 1,409: Line 1,565:
|[[परिजायांगता]]
|[[परिजायांगता]]
|
|
|
|Perigynous
|
|
|
|
|Perigynous
|-
|-
|
|
Line 1,418: Line 1,575:
|[[अधिजायांगता]]
|[[अधिजायांगता]]
|
|
|
|Epigynous
|
|
|
|
|Epigynous
|-
|-
|
|
Line 1,427: Line 1,585:
|[[अधोवर्ती]]
|[[अधोवर्ती]]
|
|
|
|downward
|
|
|
|
|downward
|-
|-
|
|
Line 1,436: Line 1,595:
|[[ऊर्ध्ववर्ती]]
|[[ऊर्ध्ववर्ती]]
|
|
|
|vertical
|
|
|
|
|vertical
|-
|-
|
|
Line 1,446: Line 1,606:
|
|
|
|
|Calyx
|shahana rizvi
|
|
|Calyx
|-
|-
|
|
Line 1,454: Line 1,615:
|[[केल्किस संयुक्त बाह्य दली]]
|[[केल्किस संयुक्त बाह्य दली]]
|
|
|
|Gamosepalous
|
|
|
|
|Gamosepalous
|-
|-
|
|
Line 1,463: Line 1,625:
|[[पृथक बाह्यदली]]
|[[पृथक बाह्यदली]]
|
|
|
|Polysepalous
|
|
|
|
|Polysepalous
|-
|-
|
|
Line 1,473: Line 1,636:
|
|
|
|
|Corolla
|shahana rizvi
|
|
|Corolla
|-
|-
|
|
Line 1,481: Line 1,645:
|[[कोरस्पर्शी]]
|[[कोरस्पर्शी]]
|
|
|
|Valvate
|
|
|
|
|Valvate
|-
|-
|
|
Line 1,490: Line 1,655:
|[[व्यावर्तित]]
|[[व्यावर्तित]]
|
|
|
|Twisted
|
|
|
|
|Twisted
|-
|-
|
|
Line 1,499: Line 1,665:
|[[कोरछादी]]
|[[कोरछादी]]
|
|
|
|Imbricate
|
|
|
|
|Imbricate
|-
|-
|
|
Line 1,508: Line 1,675:
|[[वैक्ज़ीलरी]]
|[[वैक्ज़ीलरी]]
|
|
|
|vaccillary
|
|
|
|
|vaccillary
|-
|-
|
|
Line 1,518: Line 1,686:
|
|
|
|
|stamen
|shahana rizvi
|
|
|stamen
|-
|-
|
|
Line 1,526: Line 1,695:
|[[स्टेमिनाएड]]
|[[स्टेमिनाएड]]
|
|
|
|Staminode
|
|
|
|
|Staminode
|-
|-
|
|
Line 1,535: Line 1,705:
|[[दललग्न (एपिपेटलस)]]
|[[दललग्न (एपिपेटलस)]]
|
|
|
|Epipetalus
|
|
|
|
|Epipetalus
|-
|-
|
|
Line 1,544: Line 1,715:
|[[परिदल लग्न (एपिफिलस)]]
|[[परिदल लग्न (एपिफिलस)]]
|
|
|
|Epiphyllus
|
|
|
|
|Epiphyllus
|-
|-
|
|
Line 1,554: Line 1,726:
|
|
|
|
|Gynoecium
|shahana rizvi
|
|
|Gynoecium
|-
|-
|
|
Line 1,562: Line 1,735:
|[[वर्तिका]]
|[[वर्तिका]]
|
|
|
|style
|
|
|
|
|style
|-
|-
|
|
Line 1,571: Line 1,745:
|[[वर्तिकाग्र]]
|[[वर्तिकाग्र]]
|
|
|
|stigma
|
|
|
|
|stigma
|-
|-
|
|
Line 1,580: Line 1,755:
|[[बीजाण्डासन]]
|[[बीजाण्डासन]]
|
|
|
|Placenta
|
|
|
|
|Placenta
|-
|-
|
|
Line 1,589: Line 1,765:
|[[वियुक्तांडपी]]
|[[वियुक्तांडपी]]
|
|
|
|Apocarpous
|
|
|
|
|Apocarpous
|-
|-
|
|
Line 1,598: Line 1,775:
|[[युक्तांडपी]]
|[[युक्तांडपी]]
|
|
|
|Syncarpous
|
|
|
|
|Syncarpous
|-
|-
|
|
Line 1,608: Line 1,786:
|
|
|
|
|Placentation
|shahana rizvi
|
|
|Placentation
|-
|-
|
|
Line 1,616: Line 1,795:
|[[अनिषेक फलन]]
|[[अनिषेक फलन]]
|
|
|
|Parthenocarpic
|
|
|
|
|Parthenocarpic
|-
|-
|
|
Line 1,625: Line 1,805:
|[[फलभित्ति]]
|[[फलभित्ति]]
|
|
|
|Pericarp
|
|
|
|
|Pericarp
|-
|-
|
|
Line 1,634: Line 1,815:
|[[वाह्यफल]]
|[[वाह्यफल]]
|
|
|
|Epicarp
|
|
|
|
|Epicarp
|-
|-
|
|
Line 1,643: Line 1,825:
|[[मध्यफल]]
|[[मध्यफल]]
|
|
|
|Mesocarp
|
|
|
|
|Mesocarp
|-
|-
|
|
Line 1,652: Line 1,835:
|[[अन्तःफलभित्ति]]
|[[अन्तःफलभित्ति]]
|
|
|
|Endocarp
|
|
|
|
|Endocarp
|-
|-
|
|
Line 1,661: Line 1,845:
|[[बीजावरण]]
|[[बीजावरण]]
|
|
|
|Testa
|
|
|
|
|Testa
|-
|-
|
|
Line 1,670: Line 1,855:
|[[टेगमेन]]
|[[टेगमेन]]
|
|
|
|tegmen.
|
|
|
|
|tegmen.
|-
|-
|
|
Line 1,679: Line 1,865:
|[[बीजाण्डद्वार]]
|[[बीजाण्डद्वार]]
|
|
|
|Micropyle
|
|
|
|
|Micropyle
|-
|-
|
|
Line 1,688: Line 1,875:
|[[मूलांकुर]]
|[[मूलांकुर]]
|
|
|
|Radicle.
|
|
|
|
|Radicle.
|-
|-
|
|
Line 1,698: Line 1,886:
|
|
|
|
|Endosperm
|shahana rizvi
|
|
|Endosperm
|-
|-
|
|
Line 1,706: Line 1,895:
|[[एल्यूरोन परत]]
|[[एल्यूरोन परत]]
|
|
|
|Aleurone layer
|
|
|
|
|Aleurone layer
|-
|-
|
|
Line 1,715: Line 1,905:
|[[स्कुटेलम]]
|[[स्कुटेलम]]
|
|
|
|scutellum
|
|
|
|
|scutellum
|-
|-
|
|
Line 1,725: Line 1,916:
|
|
|
|
|Plumule
|shahana rizvi
|
|
|Plumule
|-
|-
|
|
Line 1,733: Line 1,925:
|[[मूलांकुर]]
|[[मूलांकुर]]
|
|
|
|Radicle
|
|
|
|
|Radicle
|-
|-
|
|
Line 1,742: Line 1,935:
|[[प्रांकुरचोल]]
|[[प्रांकुरचोल]]
|
|
|
|Coleoptile
|
|
|
|
|Coleoptile
|-
|-
|
|
Line 1,751: Line 1,945:
|[[मूलांकुर चोल]]
|[[मूलांकुर चोल]]
|
|
|
|Coleorhiza
|
|
|
|
|Coleorhiza
|-
|-
|
|
Line 1,760: Line 1,955:
|[[फाबेसी]]
|[[फाबेसी]]
|
|
|
|Fabaceae
|
|
|
|
|Fabaceae
|-
|-
|
|
Line 1,768: Line 1,964:
|
|
|[[सोलैनेसी]]
|[[सोलैनेसी]]
|
|
|
|
|
|Solanaceae
|Solanaceae
|-
|
|
|-
|
|
|
|
Line 1,778: Line 1,975:
|[[लिलिएसी]]
|[[लिलिएसी]]
|
|
|
|Liliaceae
|
|
|
|
|Liliaceae
|-
|-
|'''6'''
|'''6'''
Line 1,786: Line 1,984:
|'''पुष्पी पादपों का शरीर'''
|'''पुष्पी पादपों का शरीर'''
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|
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|'''Anatomy of Flowering Plants'''
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|
|'''Anatomy of Flowering Plants'''
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|-
|-
Line 1,797: Line 1,996:
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|Tissues
|shahana rizvi
|
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|Tissues
|-
|-
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Line 1,806: Line 2,006:
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|Meristematic Tissues
|shahana rizvi
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|Meristematic Tissues
|-
|-
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|
Line 1,814: Line 2,015:
|[[मेरिस्टेम]]
|[[मेरिस्टेम]]
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|Meristems
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|Meristems
|-
|-
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|
Line 1,823: Line 2,025:
|[[शीर्षस्थ मेरिस्टेम]]
|[[शीर्षस्थ मेरिस्टेम]]
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|Apical meristems
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|Apical meristems
|-
|-
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Line 1,832: Line 2,035:
|[[कक्षीय कली]]
|[[कक्षीय कली]]
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|Axillary bud
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|Axillary bud
|-
|-
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|
Line 1,841: Line 2,045:
|[[अंतर्वेशी मेरिस्टेम]]
|[[अंतर्वेशी मेरिस्टेम]]
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|Intercalary Meristem
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|Intercalary Meristem
|-
|-
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|
Line 1,850: Line 2,055:
|[[प्राथमिक मेरिस्टेम्स]]
|[[प्राथमिक मेरिस्टेम्स]]
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|Primary meristem
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|Primary meristem
|-
|-
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Line 1,859: Line 2,065:
|[[द्वितीयक या पार्श्व मेरिस्टेम्स]]
|[[द्वितीयक या पार्श्व मेरिस्टेम्स]]
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|Secondary or lateral meristem
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|Secondary or lateral meristem
|-
|-
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|
Line 1,868: Line 2,075:
|[[स्थायी या परिपक्व कोशिकाएं]]
|[[स्थायी या परिपक्व कोशिकाएं]]
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|Permanent or mature cells
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|Permanent or mature cells
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|-
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Line 1,878: Line 2,086:
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|Simple tissues
|shahana rizvi
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|Simple tissues
|-
|-
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Line 1,887: Line 2,096:
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|Parenchyma
|shahana rizvi
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|Parenchyma
|-
|-
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Line 1,895: Line 2,105:
|[[कोलेन्काइमा]]
|[[कोलेन्काइमा]]
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|Collenchyma
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|Collenchyma
|-
|-
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Line 1,905: Line 2,116:
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|Sclerenchyma
|shahana rizvi
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|Sclerenchyma
|-
|-
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Line 1,913: Line 2,125:
|[[स्किलिरिड]]
|[[स्किलिरिड]]
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|sclereids
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|sclereids
|-
|-
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Line 1,923: Line 2,136:
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|Complex Tissues
|shahana rizvi
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|Complex Tissues
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|-
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Line 1,932: Line 2,146:
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|Xylem
|shahana rizvi
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|Xylem
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|-
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Line 1,941: Line 2,156:
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|Tracheids
|shahana rizvi
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|Tracheids
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|-
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Line 1,950: Line 2,166:
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|Vessel
|shahana rizvi
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|Vessel
|-
|-
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Line 1,958: Line 2,175:
|[[जाइलम तंतु]]
|[[जाइलम तंतु]]
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|Xylem fibres
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|Xylem fibres
|-
|-
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Line 1,968: Line 2,186:
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|Xylem parenchyma
|shahana rizvi
|
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|Xylem parenchyma
|-
|-
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Line 1,976: Line 2,195:
|[[प्रोटोजाइलम]]
|[[प्रोटोजाइलम]]
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|protoxylem
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|protoxylem
|-
|-
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Line 1,985: Line 2,205:
|[[मेटाजाइलम]]
|[[मेटाजाइलम]]
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|Metaxylem
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|Metaxylem
|-
|-
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Line 1,994: Line 2,215:
|[[मध्यादिदारुक]]
|[[मध्यादिदारुक]]
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|Endarch
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|Endarch
|-
|-
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Line 2,003: Line 2,225:
|[[वाह्य आदिदारुक]]
|[[वाह्य आदिदारुक]]
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|exarch
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|exarch
|-
|-
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Line 2,013: Line 2,236:
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|Phloem
|shahana rizvi
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|Phloem
|-
|-
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Line 2,022: Line 2,246:
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|Sieve tube elements
|shahana rizvi
|
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|Sieve tube elements
|-
|-
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|
Line 2,030: Line 2,255:
|[[सहचर कोशिकाएं]]
|[[सहचर कोशिकाएं]]
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|Companion cells
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|Companion cells
|-
|-
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|
Line 2,039: Line 2,265:
|[[फ्लोएम पैरेन्काइमा]]
|[[फ्लोएम पैरेन्काइमा]]
|
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|Phloem parenchyma
|
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|
|Phloem parenchyma
|-
|-
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|
Line 2,048: Line 2,275:
|[[फ्लोएम तंतु]]
|[[फ्लोएम तंतु]]
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|Phloem fibres
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|Phloem fibres
|-
|-
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|
Line 2,057: Line 2,285:
|[[प्रोटोफ्लोएम]]
|[[प्रोटोफ्लोएम]]
|
|
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|Protophloem
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|Protophloem
|-
|-
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|
Line 2,066: Line 2,295:
|[[मेटाफ्लोएम]]
|[[मेटाफ्लोएम]]
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|Metaphloem.
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|Metaphloem.
|-
|-
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Line 2,076: Line 2,306:
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|Cuticle
|shahana rizvi
|
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|Cuticle
|-
|-
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|
Line 2,085: Line 2,316:
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|Stomata
|shahana rizvi
|
|
|Stomata
|-
|-
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|
Line 2,093: Line 2,325:
|[[सहायक कोशिकाएं]]
|[[सहायक कोशिकाएं]]
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|
|
|Subsidiary cells
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|Subsidiary cells
|-
|-
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|
Line 2,102: Line 2,335:
|[[रंध्री तंत्र]]
|[[रंध्री तंत्र]]
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|
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|Stomatal apparatus
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|Stomatal apparatus
|-
|-
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|
Line 2,111: Line 2,345:
|[[मूलरोम]]
|[[मूलरोम]]
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|
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|Root hairs
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|Root hairs
|-
|-
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|
Line 2,120: Line 2,355:
|[[ट्राइकोम्स]]
|[[ट्राइकोम्स]]
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|Trichomes
|
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|Trichomes
|-
|-
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|
Line 2,129: Line 2,365:
|[[भरण ऊतक]]
|[[भरण ऊतक]]
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|
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|Ground tissue
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|Ground tissue
|-
|-
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|
Line 2,138: Line 2,375:
|[[पर्णमध्योतक]]
|[[पर्णमध्योतक]]
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|
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|Mesophyll
|
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|Mesophyll
|-
|-
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|
Line 2,148: Line 2,386:
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|Cambium
|shahana rizvi
|
|
|Cambium
|-
|-
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|
Line 2,156: Line 2,395:
|[[खुला संवहन बंडल]]
|[[खुला संवहन बंडल]]
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|Open vascular bundles.
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|Open vascular bundles.
|-
|-
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|
Line 2,165: Line 2,405:
|[[बंद संवहन बंडल]]
|[[बंद संवहन बंडल]]
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|Closed vascular bundles
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|
|Closed vascular bundles
|-
|-
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|
Line 2,174: Line 2,415:
|[[रेडियल संवहनी बंडल]]
|[[रेडियल संवहनी बंडल]]
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|Radial vascular bundles
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|Radial vascular bundles
|-
|-
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|
Line 2,183: Line 2,425:
|[[मूलीय त्वचा]]
|[[मूलीय त्वचा]]
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|Epiblema
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|Epiblema
|-
|-
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|
Line 2,192: Line 2,435:
|[[कैस्पेरियन पट्टी]]
|[[कैस्पेरियन पट्टी]]
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|Cortex
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|Cortex
|-
|-
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Line 2,201: Line 2,445:
|[[परिरम्भ]]
|[[परिरम्भ]]
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|Casparian strips.
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|Casparian strips.
|-
|-
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|
Line 2,210: Line 2,455:
|[[कंजकटिव ऊतक]]
|[[कंजकटिव ऊतक]]
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|
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|Pericycle
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|Pericycle
|-
|-
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|
Line 2,219: Line 2,465:
|[[पिथ]]
|[[पिथ]]
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|Conjuctive tissue
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|Conjuctive tissue
|-
|-
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|
Line 2,228: Line 2,475:
|[[खम्भा पैरेन्काइमा]]
|[[खम्भा पैरेन्काइमा]]
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|pith
|
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|pith
|-
|-
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|
Line 2,237: Line 2,485:
|[[स्पंजी पैरेन्काइमा]]
|[[स्पंजी पैरेन्काइमा]]
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|
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|palisade parenchyma
|
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|palisade parenchyma
|-
|-
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|
Line 2,245: Line 2,494:
|
|
|[[आवर्ध त्वक्कोशिका]]
|[[आवर्ध त्वक्कोशिका]]
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|
Line 2,256: Line 2,506:
|
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|Secondary growth
|shahana rizvi
|
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|Secondary growth
|-
|-
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|
Line 2,264: Line 2,515:
|[[पार्श्वीय मेरिस्टम]]
|[[पार्श्वीय मेरिस्टम]]
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|
|
|lateral meristem
|
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|
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|lateral meristem
|-
|-
|
|
Line 2,274: Line 2,526:
|
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|vascular cambium
|shahana rizvi
|
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|vascular cambium
|-
|-
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Line 2,283: Line 2,536:
|
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|
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|Cork Cambium
|shahana rizvi
|
|
|Cork Cambium
|-
|-
|
|
Line 2,291: Line 2,545:
|[[अन्तः पूलीय कैम्बियम]]
|[[अन्तः पूलीय कैम्बियम]]
|
|
|
|Intyracalary Cambium
|
|
|
|
|Intyracalary Cambium
|-
|-
|
|
Line 2,299: Line 2,554:
|
|
|[[अन्तरापूलीय कैम्बियम]]
|[[अन्तरापूलीय कैम्बियम]]
|
|
|
|
|
|Intercalary cambium
|Intercalary cambium
|-
|
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|-
|
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|
Line 2,309: Line 2,565:
|[[द्वितीयक जाइलम]]
|[[द्वितीयक जाइलम]]
|
|
|
|Secondary Xylem
|
|
|
|
|Secondary Xylem
|-
|-
|
|
Line 2,318: Line 2,575:
|[[द्वितीयक फ्लोएम]]
|[[द्वितीयक फ्लोएम]]
|
|
|
|Secondary Phloem
|
|
|
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|Secondary Phloem
|-
|-
|
|
Line 2,327: Line 2,585:
|[[द्वितीयक मज्जाकिरण]]
|[[द्वितीयक मज्जाकिरण]]
|
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|Secondary medullary
|
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|Secondary medullary
|-
|-
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|
Line 2,336: Line 2,595:
|[[बसंतदारु (अग्र दारू)]]
|[[बसंतदारु (अग्र दारू)]]
|
|
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|Spring wood
|
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|Spring wood
|-
|-
|
|
Line 2,345: Line 2,605:
|[[शरद दारू (पश्च दारू)]]
|[[शरद दारू (पश्च दारू)]]
|
|
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|Early wood
|
|
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|Early wood
|-
|-
|
|
Line 2,354: Line 2,615:
|[[वार्षिक वलय]]
|[[वार्षिक वलय]]
|
|
|
|Annual ring
|
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|
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|Annual ring
|-
|-
|
|
Line 2,363: Line 2,625:
|[[रसदारु]]
|[[रसदारु]]
|
|
|
|sapwood
|
|
|
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|sapwood
|-
|-
|
|
Line 2,372: Line 2,635:
|[[ह्रददारु]]
|[[ह्रददारु]]
|
|
|
|Heartwood
|
|
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|Heartwood
|-
|-
|
|
Line 2,381: Line 2,645:
|[[कॉर्क कैम्बियम]]
|[[कॉर्क कैम्बियम]]
|
|
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|cork cambium
|
|
|
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|cork cambium
|-
|-
|
|
Line 2,390: Line 2,655:
|[[द्वितीयक वल्कुट]]
|[[द्वितीयक वल्कुट]]
|
|
|
|Secondary cortex or Phelloderm
|
|
|
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|Secondary cortex or Phelloderm
|-
|-
|
|
Line 2,399: Line 2,665:
|[[परिचर्म]]
|[[परिचर्म]]
|
|
|
|Periderm
|
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|Periderm
|-
|-
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|
Line 2,408: Line 2,675:
|[[छालवल्क]]
|[[छालवल्क]]
|
|
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|Bark
|
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|Bark
|-
|-
|
|
Line 2,417: Line 2,685:
|[[वातरंध्र]]
|[[वातरंध्र]]
|
|
|
|Lenticels
|
|
|
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|Lenticels
|-
|-
|'''7'''
|'''7'''
Line 2,425: Line 2,694:
|'''प्राणियों में संरचनात्मक संगठन'''
|'''प्राणियों में संरचनात्मक संगठन'''
|
|
|
|'''Structural Organsation in Animals'''
|
|
|
|
|'''Structural Organsation in Animals'''
|
|
|-
|-
Line 2,436: Line 2,706:
|
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|
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|simple epithelium
|shahana rizvi
|
|
|simple epithelium
|-
|-
|
|
Line 2,445: Line 2,716:
|
|
|
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|compound epithelium
|shahana rizvi
|
|
|compound epithelium
|-
|-
|
|
Line 2,453: Line 2,725:
|[[शल्की उपकला]]
|[[शल्की उपकला]]
|
|
|
|Squamous epithelium
|
|
|
|
|Squamous epithelium
|-
|-
|
|
Line 2,462: Line 2,735:
|[[घनाकार उपकला]]
|[[घनाकार उपकला]]
|
|
|
|Cuboidal epithelium
|
|
|
|
|Cuboidal epithelium
|-
|-
|
|
Line 2,471: Line 2,745:
|[[स्तम्भाकार उपकला]]
|[[स्तम्भाकार उपकला]]
|
|
|
|Columnar epithelium
|
|
|
|
|Columnar epithelium
|-
|-
|
|
Line 2,480: Line 2,755:
|[[पक्ष्माभी उपकला]]
|[[पक्ष्माभी उपकला]]
|
|
|
|Ciliated epithelium
|
|
|
|
|Ciliated epithelium
|-
|-
|
|
Line 2,489: Line 2,765:
|[[ग्रंथिल उपकला]]
|[[ग्रंथिल उपकला]]
|
|
|
|Glandular epithelium
|
|
|
|
|Glandular epithelium
|-
|-
|
|
Line 2,499: Line 2,776:
|
|
|
|
|Exocrine
|shahana rizvi
|
|
|Exocrine
|-
|-
|
|
Line 2,508: Line 2,786:
|
|
|
|
|Endocrine
|shahana rizvi
|
|
|Endocrine
|-
|-
|
|
Line 2,517: Line 2,796:
|
|
|
|
|Compound epithelium
|shahana rizvi
|
|
|Compound epithelium
|-
|-
|
|
Line 2,526: Line 2,806:
|
|
|
|
|Tight junctions
|shahana rizvi
|
|
|Tight junctions
|-
|-
|
|
Line 2,535: Line 2,816:
|
|
|
|
|Adhering junctions
|shahana rizvi
|
|
|Adhering junctions
|-
|-
|
|
Line 2,543: Line 2,825:
|[[अंतराली संधियां]]
|[[अंतराली संधियां]]
|
|
|
|Gap junctions
|
|
|
|
|Gap junctions
|-
|-
|
|
Line 2,553: Line 2,836:
|
|
|
|
|Areolar tissue
|shahana rizvi
|
|
|Areolar tissue
|-
|-
|
|
Line 2,561: Line 2,845:
|[[सघन संयोजी ऊतक]]
|[[सघन संयोजी ऊतक]]
|
|
|
|Dense connective tissues
|
|
|
|
|Dense connective tissues
|-
|-
|
|
Line 2,571: Line 2,856:
|
|
|
|
|Adipose tissue
|shahana rizvi
|
|
|Adipose tissue
|-
|-
|
|
Line 2,579: Line 2,865:
|[[विशिष्ट संयोजी ऊतक]]
|[[विशिष्ट संयोजी ऊतक]]
|
|
|
|specialised connective tissues
|
|
|
|
|specialised connective tissues
|-
|-
|
|
Line 2,589: Line 2,876:
|
|
|
|
|Bones
|shahana rizvi
|
|
|Bones
|-
|-
|
|
Line 2,598: Line 2,886:
|
|
|
|
|Blood
|shahana rizvi
|
|
|Blood
|-
|-
|
|
Line 2,607: Line 2,896:
|
|
|
|
|Skeletal muscle
|shahana rizvi
|
|
|Skeletal muscle
|-
|-
|
|
Line 2,615: Line 2,905:
|[[चिकनी पेशी]]
|[[चिकनी पेशी]]
|
|
|
|smooth muscle
|
|
|
|
|smooth muscle
|-
|-
|
|
Line 2,625: Line 2,916:
|
|
|
|
|Cardiac muscle tissue
|shahana rizvi
|
|
|Cardiac muscle tissue
|-
|-
|
|
Line 2,634: Line 2,926:
|
|
|
|
|Neural Tissue
|Ekatah
|
|
|Neural Tissue
|-
|-
|
|
Line 2,642: Line 2,935:
|[[अंग और अंगतंत्र]]
|[[अंग और अंगतंत्र]]
|
|
|
|Organ and organ System
|
|
|
|
|Organ and organ System
|-
|-
|
|
Line 2,652: Line 2,946:
|
|
|
|
|Earthworm
|shahana rizvi
|
|
|Earthworm
|-
|-
|
|
Line 2,660: Line 2,955:
|[[क्लाइटेलम]]
|[[क्लाइटेलम]]
|
|
|
|Clitellum
|
|
|
|
|Clitellum
|-
|-
|
|
Line 2,669: Line 2,965:
|[[शूक]]
|[[शूक]]
|
|
|
|Setae
|
|
|
|
|Setae
|-
|-
|
|
Line 2,678: Line 2,975:
|[[आंत्रवलन]]
|[[आंत्रवलन]]
|
|
|
|Typhlosole
|
|
|
|
|Typhlosole
|-
|-
|
|
Line 2,687: Line 2,985:
|[[नेफ्रिडिया]]
|[[नेफ्रिडिया]]
|
|
|
|Nephridia
|
|
|
|
|Nephridia
|-
|-
|
|
Line 2,697: Line 2,996:
|
|
|
|
|Cockroache
|shahana rizvi
|
|
|Cockroache
|-
|-
|
|
Line 2,705: Line 3,005:
|[[मैलपीगी नलिकाएं]]
|[[मैलपीगी नलिकाएं]]
|
|
|
|Malpighian tubules
|
|
|
|
|Malpighian tubules
|-
|-
|
|
Line 2,714: Line 3,015:
|[[यूरिकाम्ल]]
|[[यूरिकाम्ल]]
|
|
|
|Uricotelic
|
|
|
|
|Uricotelic
|-
|-
|
|
Line 2,723: Line 3,025:
|[[नेत्राशंक]]
|[[नेत्राशंक]]
|
|
|
|ommatidia
|
|
|
|
|ommatidia
|-
|-
|
|
|'''इकाई - तीन'''
|'''इकाई - तीन'''
|
|
|
|'''Unit - 3'''
|
|
|
|
|'''Unit - 3'''
|
|
|
|
Line 2,739: Line 3,043:
|'''संरचना और कार्य'''
|'''संरचना और कार्य'''
|
|
|
|'''Structure and functions'''
|
|
|
|
|'''Structure and functions'''
|
|
|
|
Line 2,749: Line 3,054:
|'''कोशिका : जीवन की इकाई'''
|'''कोशिका : जीवन की इकाई'''
|
|
|
|'''cell: The unit of life'''
|
|
|
|
|'''cell: The unit of life'''
|
|
|-
|-
Line 2,759: Line 3,065:
|[[कोशिका]]
|[[कोशिका]]
|
|
|
|Cell
|
|
|
|
|Cell
|-
|-
|
|
Line 2,768: Line 3,075:
|[[एंटोन वॉन ल्यूवेनहोक]]
|[[एंटोन वॉन ल्यूवेनहोक]]
|
|
|
|Anton Von Leeuwenhoek
|
|
|
|
|Anton Von Leeuwenhoek
|-
|-
|
|
Line 2,777: Line 3,085:
|[[कोशिका सिद्धांत]]
|[[कोशिका सिद्धांत]]
|
|
|
|Cell theory
|
|
|
|
|Cell theory
|-
|-
|
|
Line 2,786: Line 3,095:
|[[श्लेडेन और श्वान]]
|[[श्लेडेन और श्वान]]
|
|
|
|Schleiden and Schwann
|
|
|
|
|Schleiden and Schwann
|-
|-
|
|
Line 2,796: Line 3,106:
|
|
|
|
|Prokaryotic cells
|shahana rizvi
|
|
|Prokaryotic cells
|-
|-
|
|
Line 2,805: Line 3,116:
|
|
|
|
|DNA
|Ekatah
|
|
|DNA
|-
|-
|
|
Line 2,814: Line 3,126:
|
|
|
|
|Gram positive bacteria
|shahana rizvi
|
|
|Gram positive bacteria
|-
|-
|
|
Line 2,823: Line 3,136:
|
|
|
|
|Gram negative bacteria
|shahana rizvi
|
|
|Gram negative bacteria
|-
|-
|
|
Line 2,830: Line 3,144:
|
|
|[[अवपंक परत]]
|[[अवपंक परत]]
|
|
|
|
|
|Slime layer
|Slime layer
|-
|
|
|-
|
|
|
|
Line 2,840: Line 3,155:
|[[सम्पुटिका]]
|[[सम्पुटिका]]
|
|
|
|Capsule
|
|
|
|
|Capsule
|-
|-
|
|
Line 2,849: Line 3,165:
|[[मीसोजोम]]
|[[मीसोजोम]]
|
|
|
|Mesosome
|
|
|
|
|Mesosome
|-
|-
|
|
Line 2,858: Line 3,175:
|[[पुटिका]]
|[[पुटिका]]
|
|
|
|Form of vesicles
|
|
|
|
|Form of vesicles
|-
|-
|
|
Line 2,867: Line 3,185:
|[[नलिका]]
|[[नलिका]]
|
|
|
|Tubules
|
|
|
|
|Tubules
|-
|-
|
|
Line 2,876: Line 3,195:
|[[पटलिका]]
|[[पटलिका]]
|
|
|
|Lamellae
|
|
|
|
|Lamellae
|-
|-
|
|
Line 2,885: Line 3,205:
|[[तन्तु]]
|[[तन्तु]]
|
|
|
|Filament
|
|
|
|
|Filament
|-
|-
|
|
Line 2,894: Line 3,215:
|[[कशाभिका]]
|[[कशाभिका]]
|
|
|
|Flagellum
|
|
|
|
|Flagellum
|-
|-
|
|
Line 2,903: Line 3,225:
|[[रोम]]
|[[रोम]]
|
|
|
|Pili
|
|
|
|
|Pili
|-
|-
|
|
Line 2,912: Line 3,235:
|[[झालर]]
|[[झालर]]
|
|
|
|Fimbriae
|
|
|
|
|Fimbriae
|-
|-
|
|
Line 2,922: Line 3,246:
|
|
|
|
|Ribosomes
|shahana rizvi
|
|
|Ribosomes
|-
|-
|
|
Line 2,930: Line 3,255:
|[[बहुराइबोसोम या बहु सूत्र]]
|[[बहुराइबोसोम या बहु सूत्र]]
|
|
|
|Polyribosomes or polysome
|
|
|
|
|Polyribosomes or polysome
|-
|-
|
|
Line 2,939: Line 3,265:
|[[अंतर्विष्ट पिंड]]
|[[अंतर्विष्ट पिंड]]
|
|
|
|Inclusion bodies
|
|
|
|
|Inclusion bodies
|-
|-
|
|
Line 2,948: Line 3,275:
|[[केंद्रीय रसधानी]]
|[[केंद्रीय रसधानी]]
|
|
|
|Central vacuole
|
|
|
|
|Central vacuole
|-
|-
|
|
Line 2,958: Line 3,286:
|
|
|
|
|Centrioles
|shahana rizvi
|
|
|Centrioles
|-
|-
|
|
Line 2,967: Line 3,296:
|
|
|
|
|Eukaryotic cells
|shahana rizvi
|
|
|Eukaryotic cells
|-
|-
|
|
Line 2,976: Line 3,306:
|
|
|
|
|Cell Membrane
|shahana rizvi
|
|
|Cell Membrane
|-
|-
|
|
Line 2,985: Line 3,316:
|
|
|
|
|Fluid mosaic model
|shahana rizvi
|
|
|Fluid mosaic model
|-
|-
|
|
Line 2,993: Line 3,325:
|[[निष्क्रिय परिवहन]]
|[[निष्क्रिय परिवहन]]
|
|
|
|Passive transport
|
|
|
|
|Passive transport
|-
|-
|
|
Line 3,002: Line 3,335:
|[[सक्रिय परिवहन]]
|[[सक्रिय परिवहन]]
|
|
|
|Active transport
|
|
|
|
|Active transport
|-
|-
|
|
Line 3,012: Line 3,346:
|
|
|
|
|Osmosis.
|shahana rizvi
|
|
|Osmosis.
|-
|-
|
|
Line 3,020: Line 3,355:
|[[कोशिका भित्ति]]
|[[कोशिका भित्ति]]
|
|
|
|Cell wall
|
|
|
|
|Cell wall
|-
|-
|
|
Line 3,029: Line 3,365:
|[[प्राथमिक भित्ति]]
|[[प्राथमिक भित्ति]]
|
|
|
|Primary wall
|
|
|
|
|Primary wall
|-
|-
|
|
Line 3,038: Line 3,375:
|[[अंतः झिल्लिका तंत्र]]
|[[अंतः झिल्लिका तंत्र]]
|
|
|
|Endomembrane system
|
|
|
|
|Endomembrane system
|-
|-
|
|
Line 3,048: Line 3,386:
|
|
|
|
|Endoplasmic Reticulum
|shahana rizvi
|
|
|Endoplasmic Reticulum
|-
|-
|
|
Line 3,057: Line 3,396:
|
|
|
|
|Golgi apparatus
|shahana rizvi
|
|
|Golgi apparatus
|-
|-
|
|
Line 3,066: Line 3,406:
|
|
|
|
|Lysosomes
|Ekatah
|
|
|Lysosomes
|-
|-
|
|
Line 3,074: Line 3,415:
|[[संकुचनशील रसधानी]]
|[[संकुचनशील रसधानी]]
|
|
|
|Contractile vacuole
|
|
|
|
|Contractile vacuole
|-
|-
|
|
Line 3,083: Line 3,425:
|[[खाध रसधानी]]
|[[खाध रसधानी]]
|
|
|
|Food vacuoles
|
|
|
|
|Food vacuoles
|-
|-
|
|
Line 3,093: Line 3,436:
|
|
|
|
|Mitochondria
|shahana rizvi
|
|
|Mitochondria
|-
|-
|
|
Line 3,101: Line 3,445:
|[[आधात्री]]
|[[आधात्री]]
|
|
|
|Matrix
|
|
|
|
|Matrix
|-
|-
|
|
Line 3,110: Line 3,455:
|[[क्रिस्टी]]
|[[क्रिस्टी]]
|
|
|
|Cristae
|
|
|
|
|Cristae
|-
|-
|
|
Line 3,120: Line 3,466:
|
|
|
|
|Chlorophyll
|Ekatah
|
|
|Chlorophyll
|-
|-
|
|
Line 3,128: Line 3,475:
|[[कैरोटेनॉइड]]
|[[कैरोटेनॉइड]]
|
|
|
|Carotenoid
|
|
|
|
|Carotenoid
|-
|-
|
|
Line 3,137: Line 3,485:
|[[मंड लवक]]
|[[मंड लवक]]
|
|
|
|Amyloplasts
|
|
|
|
|Amyloplasts
|-
|-
|
|
Line 3,146: Line 3,495:
|[[तेल लवक]]
|[[तेल लवक]]
|
|
|
|Elaioplasts
|
|
|
|
|Elaioplasts
|-
|-
|
|
Line 3,155: Line 3,505:
|[[प्रोटीन लवक]]
|[[प्रोटीन लवक]]
|
|
|
|Aleuroplasts
|
|
|
|
|Aleuroplasts
|-
|-
|
|
Line 3,165: Line 3,516:
|
|
|
|
|Thylakoids
|shahana rizvi
|
|
|Thylakoids
|-
|-
|
|
Line 3,174: Line 3,526:
|
|
|
|
|Cytoskeleton
|shahana rizvi
|
|
|Cytoskeleton
|-
|-
|
|
Line 3,181: Line 3,534:
|
|
|[[पक्ष्माभ]]
|[[पक्ष्माभ]]
|
|
|
|
|
|Cilia
|Cilia
|-
|
|
|-
|
|
|
|
Line 3,191: Line 3,545:
|[[कशाभिका]]
|[[कशाभिका]]
|
|
|
|Flagella
|
|
|
|
|Flagella
|-
|-
|
|
Line 3,200: Line 3,555:
|[[अक्षसूत्र]]
|[[अक्षसूत्र]]
|
|
|
|Axoneme
|
|
|
|
|Axoneme
|-
|-
|
|
Line 3,210: Line 3,566:
|
|
|
|
|Chromatin
|shahana rizvi
|
|
|Chromatin
|-
|-
|
|
Line 3,219: Line 3,576:
|
|
|
|
|Nucleoli
|shahana rizvi
|
|
|Nucleoli
|-
|-
|
|
Line 3,227: Line 3,585:
|[[परिकेन्द्रकी अवकाश]]
|[[परिकेन्द्रकी अवकाश]]
|
|
|
|Perinuclear space
|
|
|
|
|Perinuclear space
|-
|-
|
|
Line 3,237: Line 3,596:
|
|
|
|
|Nucleoplasm
|shahana rizvi
|
|
|Nucleoplasm
|-
|-
|
|
Line 3,246: Line 3,606:
|
|
|
|
|Microbodies
|shahana rizvi
|
|
|Microbodies
|-
|-
|'''9'''
|'''9'''
Line 3,253: Line 3,614:
|'''जैव अणु'''
|'''जैव अणु'''
|
|
|
|'''Biomolecules'''
|
|
|
|
|'''Biomolecules'''
|
|
|-
|-
Line 3,264: Line 3,626:
|
|
|
|
|zwitterion
|shahana rizvi
|
|
|zwitterion
|-
|-
|
|
Line 3,273: Line 3,636:
|
|
|
|
|Amino acids
|shahana rizvi
|
|
|Amino acids
|-
|-
|
|
Line 3,282: Line 3,646:
|
|
|
|
|Sugars (Carbohydrates)
|shahana rizvi
|
|
|Sugars (Carbohydrates)
|-
|-
|
|
Line 3,291: Line 3,656:
|
|
|
|
|Glycine
|shahana rizvi
|
|
|Glycine
|-
|-
|
|
Line 3,299: Line 3,665:
|[[एलानिन]]
|[[एलानिन]]
|
|
|
|Alanine
|
|
|
|
|Alanine
|-
|-
|
|
Line 3,309: Line 3,676:
|
|
|
|
|Serine
|shahana rizvi
|
|
|Serine
|-
|-
|
|
Line 3,317: Line 3,685:
|[[पामिटिक अम्ल]]
|[[पामिटिक अम्ल]]
|
|
|
|Palmitic acid
|
|
|
|
|Palmitic acid
|-
|-
|
|
Line 3,327: Line 3,696:
|
|
|
|
|Glycerol
|shahana rizvi
|
|
|Glycerol
|-
|-
|
|
Line 3,335: Line 3,705:
|[[ट्राइग्लिसराइड]]
|[[ट्राइग्लिसराइड]]
|
|
|
|Triglyceride
|
|
|
|
|Triglyceride
|-
|-
|
|
Line 3,344: Line 3,715:
|[[फास्फोलिपिड (लेसिथिन)]]
|[[फास्फोलिपिड (लेसिथिन)]]
|
|
|
|Phospholipid (Lecithin)
|
|
|
|
|Phospholipid (Lecithin)
|-
|-
|
|
Line 3,354: Line 3,726:
|
|
|
|
|Cholesterol
|shahana rizvi
|
|
|Cholesterol
|-
|-
|
|
Line 3,363: Line 3,736:
|
|
|
|
|Adenine (Purine)
|shahana rizvi
|
|
|Adenine (Purine)
|-
|-
|
|
Line 3,370: Line 3,744:
|
|
|[[एडीनोसिन]]
|[[एडीनोसिन]]
|
|
|
|
|
|Adenosine
|Adenosine
|-
|
|
|-
|
|
|
|
Line 3,380: Line 3,755:
|[[एडेनिलिक अम्ल]]
|[[एडेनिलिक अम्ल]]
|
|
|
|Adenylic acid
|
|
|
|
|Adenylic acid
|-
|-
|
|
Line 3,390: Line 3,766:
|
|
|
|
|Uracil (Pyrimidine)
|shahana rizvi
|
|
|Uracil (Pyrimidine)
|-
|-
|
|
Line 3,398: Line 3,775:
|[[यूरिडीन]]
|[[यूरिडीन]]
|
|
|
|Uridine
|
|
|
|
|Uridine
|-
|-
|
|
Line 3,407: Line 3,785:
|[[न्यूक्लियोसाइड]]
|[[न्यूक्लियोसाइड]]
|
|
|
|Nucleosides
|
|
|
|
|Nucleosides
|-
|-
|
|
Line 3,416: Line 3,795:
|[[न्यूक्लियोटाइड]]
|[[न्यूक्लियोटाइड]]
|
|
|
|Nucleotide
|
|
|
|
|Nucleotide
|-
|-
|
|
Line 3,425: Line 3,805:
|[[द्वितीयक उपापचयज]]
|[[द्वितीयक उपापचयज]]
|
|
|
|Secondary metabolites
|
|
|
|
|Secondary metabolites
|-
|-
|
|
Line 3,434: Line 3,815:
|[[प्राथमिक उपापचयज]]
|[[प्राथमिक उपापचयज]]
|
|
|
|Primary metabolites
|
|
|
|
|Primary metabolites
|-
|-
|
|
Line 3,443: Line 3,825:
|[[वृहत जैव अणु]]
|[[वृहत जैव अणु]]
|
|
|
|Biomacromolecules
|
|
|
|
|Biomacromolecules
|-
|-
|
|
Line 3,453: Line 3,836:
|
|
|
|
|Proteins
|shahana rizvi
|
|
|Proteins
|-
|-
|
|
Line 3,461: Line 3,845:
|[[पॉलीसैकराइड]]
|[[पॉलीसैकराइड]]
|
|
|
|Polysaccharides
|
|
|
|
|Polysaccharides
|-
|-
|
|
Line 3,470: Line 3,855:
|[[न्यूक्लिक अम्ल]]
|[[न्यूक्लिक अम्ल]]
|
|
|
|Nucleic acid
|
|
|
|
|Nucleic acid
|-
|-
|
|
Line 3,480: Line 3,866:
|
|
|
|
|Structure of protein
|shahana rizvi
|
|
|Structure of protein
|-
|-
|
|
Line 3,488: Line 3,875:
|[[अल्फा - हेलिक्स]]
|[[अल्फा - हेलिक्स]]
|
|
|
|Alpha – Helix
|
|
|
|
|Alpha – Helix
|-
|-
|
|
Line 3,497: Line 3,885:
|[[बीटा– प्लीटेड शीट]]
|[[बीटा– प्लीटेड शीट]]
|
|
|
|Beta– plated sheet
|
|
|
|
|Beta– plated sheet
|-
|-
|
|
Line 3,507: Line 3,896:
|
|
|
|
|Peptide bond
|shahana rizvi
|
|
|Peptide bond
|-
|-
|
|
Line 3,515: Line 3,905:
|[[ग्लाइकोसिडिक बंध]]
|[[ग्लाइकोसिडिक बंध]]
|
|
|
|Glycosidic bond
|
|
|
|
|Glycosidic bond
|-
|-
|
|
Line 3,524: Line 3,915:
|[[उत्प्रेरित अभिक्रियाएं]]
|[[उत्प्रेरित अभिक्रियाएं]]
|
|
|
|Catalysed Reaction
|
|
|
|
|Catalysed Reaction
|-
|-
|
|
Line 3,533: Line 3,925:
|[[उपापचय पथ]]
|[[उपापचय पथ]]
|
|
|
|Anabolic pathways
|
|
|
|
|Anabolic pathways
|-
|-
|
|
Line 3,542: Line 3,935:
|[[अपचय पथ]]
|[[अपचय पथ]]
|
|
|
|Catabolic pathways.
|
|
|
|
|Catabolic pathways.
|-
|-
|
|
Line 3,552: Line 3,946:
|
|
|
|
|Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
|Ekatah
|
|
|Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
|-
|-
|
|
Line 3,560: Line 3,955:
|[[रासायनिक अभिक्रिया]]
|[[रासायनिक अभिक्रिया]]
|
|
|
|Chemical Reaction
|
|
|
|
|Chemical Reaction
|-
|-
|
|
Line 3,569: Line 3,965:
|[[सक्रियण ऊर्जा]]
|[[सक्रियण ऊर्जा]]
|
|
|
|Activation energy
|
|
|
|
|Activation energy
|-
|-
|
|
Line 3,578: Line 3,975:
|[[एंजाइम क्रिया की प्रकृति]]
|[[एंजाइम क्रिया की प्रकृति]]
|
|
|
|Nature of Enzyme Action
|
|
|
|
|Nature of Enzyme Action
|-
|-
|
|
Line 3,587: Line 3,985:
|[[एंजाइम क्रियाविधि को प्रभावित करने वाले कारक]]
|[[एंजाइम क्रियाविधि को प्रभावित करने वाले कारक]]
|
|
|
|Factors Affecting Enzyme Activity
|
|
|
|
|Factors Affecting Enzyme Activity
|-
|-
|
|
Line 3,597: Line 3,996:
|
|
|
|
|Inhibition
|shahana rizvi
|
|
|Inhibition
|-
|-
|
|
Line 3,605: Line 4,005:
|[[ऑक्सीडोरडक्टेस / डिहाइड्रोजनेज]]
|[[ऑक्सीडोरडक्टेस / डिहाइड्रोजनेज]]
|
|
|
|Oxidoreductases/dehydrogenases
|
|
|
|
|Oxidoreductases/dehydrogenases
|-
|-
|
|
Line 3,614: Line 4,015:
|[[ट्रांसफरेज]]
|[[ट्रांसफरेज]]
|
|
|
|Transferases
|
|
|
|
|Transferases
|-
|-
|
|
Line 3,623: Line 4,025:
|[[हाइड्रोलेजेज]]
|[[हाइड्रोलेजेज]]
|
|
|
|Hydrolases
|
|
|
|
|Hydrolases
|-
|-
|
|
Line 3,632: Line 4,035:
|[[लाइसेस]]
|[[लाइसेस]]
|
|
|
|Lyases
|
|
|
|
|Lyases
|-
|-
|
|
Line 3,642: Line 4,046:
|
|
|
|
|Isomerases
|shahana rizvi
|
|
|Isomerases
|-
|-
|
|
Line 3,650: Line 4,055:
|[[लाइगेजेज]]
|[[लाइगेजेज]]
|
|
|
|Ligases:
|
|
|
|
|Ligases:
|-
|-
|
|
Line 3,659: Line 4,065:
|[[सह-कारक]]
|[[सह-कारक]]
|
|
|
|Co-factors
|
|
|
|
|Co-factors
|-
|-
|'''10'''
|'''10'''
Line 3,667: Line 4,074:
|'''कोशिका चक्र और कोशिका विभाजन'''
|'''कोशिका चक्र और कोशिका विभाजन'''
|
|
|
|'''Cell Cycle and Cell Division'''
|
|
|
|
|'''Cell Cycle and Cell Division'''
|
|
|-
|-
Line 3,678: Line 4,086:
|
|
|
|
|Cell cycle
|Ekatah
|
|
|Cell cycle
|-
|-
|
|
Line 3,686: Line 4,095:
|[[अंतरावस्था]]
|[[अंतरावस्था]]
|
|
|
|Interphase
|
|
|
|
|Interphase
|-
|-
|
|
Line 3,695: Line 4,105:
|[[एम प्रावस्था (समसूत्री विभाजन)]]
|[[एम प्रावस्था (समसूत्री विभाजन)]]
|
|
|
|M Phase (Mitosis phase)
|
|
|
|
|M Phase (Mitosis phase)
|-
|-
|
|
Line 3,704: Line 4,115:
|[[कार्योकाइनेसिस]]
|[[कार्योकाइनेसिस]]
|
|
|
|Karyokinesis
|
|
|
|
|Karyokinesis
|-
|-
|
|
Line 3,714: Line 4,126:
|
|
|
|
|Cytokinesis
|Ekatah
|
|
|Cytokinesis
|-
|-
|
|
Line 3,722: Line 4,135:
|[[पश्च सूत्री अंतरकाल प्रावस्था]]
|[[पश्च सूत्री अंतरकाल प्रावस्था]]
|
|
|
|G1 phase (Gap 1)
|
|
|
|
|G1 phase (Gap 1)
|-
|-
|
|
Line 3,731: Line 4,145:
|[[संश्लेषण प्रावस्था]]
|[[संश्लेषण प्रावस्था]]
|
|
|
|S phase (Synthesis)
|
|
|
|
|S phase (Synthesis)
|-
|-
|
|
Line 3,740: Line 4,155:
|[[पूर्व - सूत्री विभाजन अंतरालकाल प्रावस्था]]
|[[पूर्व - सूत्री विभाजन अंतरालकाल प्रावस्था]]
|
|
|
|G2 phase (Gap 2)
|
|
|
|
|G2 phase (Gap 2)
|-
|-
|
|
Line 3,749: Line 4,165:
|[[शांत अवस्था]]
|[[शांत अवस्था]]
|
|
|
|Quiescent stage (G0 )
|
|
|
|
|Quiescent stage (G0 )
|-
|-
|
|
Line 3,758: Line 4,175:
|[[सूत्री विभाजन अवस्था (M प्रावस्था)]]
|[[सूत्री विभाजन अवस्था (M प्रावस्था)]]
|
|
|
|M Phase (Mitosis phase)
|
|
|
|
|M Phase (Mitosis phase)
|-
|-
|
|
Line 3,768: Line 4,186:
|
|
|
|
|Prophase
|Ekatah
|
|
|Prophase
|-
|-
|
|
Line 3,777: Line 4,196:
|
|
|
|
|Metaphase
|Ekatah
|
|
|Metaphase
|-
|-
|
|
Line 3,786: Line 4,206:
|
|
|
|
|Anaphase
|Ekatah
|
|
|Anaphase
|-
|-
|
|
Line 3,795: Line 4,216:
|
|
|
|
|Telophase
|Ekatah
|
|
|Telophase
|-
|-
|
|
Line 3,804: Line 4,226:
|
|
|
|
|Cytokinesis
|Ekatah
|
|
|Cytokinesis
|-
|-
|
|
Line 3,812: Line 4,235:
|[[अर्धसूत्रीविभाजन]]
|[[अर्धसूत्रीविभाजन]]
|
|
|
|Meiosis
|
|
|
|
|Meiosis
|-
|-
|
|
Line 3,821: Line 4,245:
|[[तनुपट्ट]]
|[[तनुपट्ट]]
|
|
|
|leptotene
|
|
|
|
|leptotene
|-
|-
|
|
Line 3,830: Line 4,255:
|[[युग्मपट्ट]]
|[[युग्मपट्ट]]
|
|
|
|Zygotene
|
|
|
|
|Zygotene
|-
|-
|
|
Line 3,839: Line 4,265:
|[[स्थूलपट्ट]]
|[[स्थूलपट्ट]]
|
|
|
|Pachytene
|
|
|
|
|Pachytene
|-
|-
|
|
Line 3,848: Line 4,275:
|[[द्विपट्ट]]
|[[द्विपट्ट]]
|
|
|
|Diplotene
|
|
|
|
|Diplotene
|-
|-
|
|
Line 3,857: Line 4,285:
|[[काएज्मेटा]]
|[[काएज्मेटा]]
|
|
|
|Chiasmata
|
|
|
|
|Chiasmata
|-
|-
|
|
Line 3,866: Line 4,295:
|[[डायकाइनेसिस]]
|[[डायकाइनेसिस]]
|
|
|
|Diakinesis
|
|
|
|
|Diakinesis
|-
|-
|
|
|'''इकाई - चार'''
|'''इकाई - चार'''
|
|
|
|'''Unit - 4'''
|
|
|
|
|'''Unit - 4'''
|
|
|
|
Line 3,882: Line 4,313:
|'''पादप कार्यकीय (शरीर क्रियात्मकता)'''
|'''पादप कार्यकीय (शरीर क्रियात्मकता)'''
|
|
|
|'''Plant Physiology'''
|
|
|
|
|'''Plant Physiology'''
|
|
|
|
Line 3,892: Line 4,324:
|'''पौधों में परिवहन'''
|'''पौधों में परिवहन'''
|
|
|
|'''Transport in Plants'''
|
|
|
|
|'''Transport in Plants'''
|
|
|-
|-
Line 3,902: Line 4,335:
|[[स्थानान्तरण]]
|[[स्थानान्तरण]]
|
|
|
|Translocation
|
|
|
|
|Translocation
|-
|-
|
|
Line 3,911: Line 4,345:
|[[विसरण]]
|[[विसरण]]
|
|
|
|Diffusion
|
|
|
|
|Diffusion
|-
|-
|
|
Line 3,920: Line 4,355:
|[[सुसाध्य विसरण]]
|[[सुसाध्य विसरण]]
|
|
|
|Facilitated diffusion
|
|
|
|
|Facilitated diffusion
|-
|-
|
|
Line 3,929: Line 4,365:
|[[पोरिन्]]
|[[पोरिन्]]
|
|
|
|Porins
|
|
|
|
|Porins
|-
|-
|
|
Line 3,938: Line 4,375:
|[[एक्वापोरिन]]
|[[एक्वापोरिन]]
|
|
|
|Aquaporins
|
|
|
|
|Aquaporins
|-
|-
|
|
Line 3,947: Line 4,385:
|[[सिम्पोर्ट]]
|[[सिम्पोर्ट]]
|
|
|
|Symport
|
|
|
|
|Symport
|-
|-
|
|
Line 3,956: Line 4,395:
|[[एंटिपोर्ट]]
|[[एंटिपोर्ट]]
|
|
|
|Antiport
|
|
|
|
|Antiport
|-
|-
|
|
Line 3,965: Line 4,405:
|[[यूनिपोर्ट]]
|[[यूनिपोर्ट]]
|
|
|
|Uniport.
|
|
|
|
|Uniport.
|-
|-
|
|
Line 3,975: Line 4,416:
|
|
|
|
|Active transport
|shahana
|
|
|Active transport
|-
|-
|
|
Line 3,984: Line 4,426:
|
|
|
|
|Passive transport
|shahana
|
|
|Passive transport
|-
|-
|
|
Line 3,992: Line 4,435:
|[[जल विभव (Ψw)]]
|[[जल विभव (Ψw)]]
|
|
|
|Water potential (Ψw )
|
|
|
|
|Water potential (Ψw )
|-
|-
|
|
Line 4,001: Line 4,445:
|[[विलेय विभव (Ψs )]]
|[[विलेय विभव (Ψs )]]
|
|
|
|Solute potential (Ψs )
|
|
|
|
|Solute potential (Ψs )
|-
|-
|
|
Line 4,010: Line 4,455:
|[[दाब विभव (Ψp)]]
|[[दाब विभव (Ψp)]]
|
|
|
|Pressure potential (Ψp )
|
|
|
|
|Pressure potential (Ψp )
|-
|-
|
|
Line 4,019: Line 4,465:
|[[दाब प्रवणता]]
|[[दाब प्रवणता]]
|
|
|
|Pressure gradient
|
|
|
|
|Pressure gradient
|-
|-
|
|
Line 4,028: Line 4,475:
|[[सांद्रता प्रवणता]]
|[[सांद्रता प्रवणता]]
|
|
|
|Concentration gradient
|
|
|
|
|Concentration gradient
|-
|-
|
|
Line 4,038: Line 4,486:
|
|
|
|
|Plasmolysis
|shahana
|
|
|Plasmolysis
|-
|-
|
|
Line 4,046: Line 4,495:
|[[समपरासरी]]
|[[समपरासरी]]
|
|
|
|Isotonic
|
|
|
|
|Isotonic
|-
|-
|
|
Line 4,055: Line 4,505:
|[[अल्पपरासारी]]
|[[अल्पपरासारी]]
|
|
|
|Hypotonic
|
|
|
|
|Hypotonic
|-
|-
|
|
Line 4,064: Line 4,515:
|[[अतिपरासारी]]
|[[अतिपरासारी]]
|
|
|
|Hypertonic
|
|
|
|
|Hypertonic
|-
|-
|
|
Line 4,073: Line 4,525:
|[[स्फीत दबाव]]
|[[स्फीत दबाव]]
|
|
|
|Turgor pressure
|
|
|
|
|Turgor pressure
|-
|-
|
|
Line 4,083: Line 4,536:
|
|
|
|
|Imbibition
|shahana
|
|
|Imbibition
|-
|-
|
|
Line 4,091: Line 4,545:
|[[सामूहिक या थोक प्रवाह]]
|[[सामूहिक या थोक प्रवाह]]
|
|
|
|Mass or bulk flow
|
|
|
|
|Mass or bulk flow
|-
|-
|
|
Line 4,100: Line 4,555:
|[[एपोप्लास्ट पथ]]
|[[एपोप्लास्ट पथ]]
|
|
|
|Apoplast pathway
|
|
|
|
|Apoplast pathway
|-
|-
|
|
Line 4,109: Line 4,565:
|[[सिम्प्लास्ट पथ]]
|[[सिम्प्लास्ट पथ]]
|
|
|
|Symplast pathway
|
|
|
|
|Symplast pathway
|-
|-
|
|
Line 4,118: Line 4,575:
|[[कैस्पेरियन पट्टी]]
|[[कैस्पेरियन पट्टी]]
|
|
|
|Casparian strips
|
|
|
|
|Casparian strips
|-
|-
|
|
Line 4,127: Line 4,585:
|[[माइकोराइजा]]
|[[माइकोराइजा]]
|
|
|
|Mycorrhiza
|
|
|
|
|Mycorrhiza
|-
|-
|
|
Line 4,136: Line 4,595:
|[[मूल दाब]]
|[[मूल दाब]]
|
|
|
|Root Pressure
|
|
|
|
|Root Pressure
|-
|-
|
|
Line 4,145: Line 4,605:
|[[बिन्दुस्राव]]
|[[बिन्दुस्राव]]
|
|
|
|Guttation
|
|
|
|
|Guttation
|-
|-
|
|
Line 4,154: Line 4,615:
|[[सामंजस्य-तनाव-वाष्पोत्सर्जन खिंचाव मॉडल]]
|[[सामंजस्य-तनाव-वाष्पोत्सर्जन खिंचाव मॉडल]]
|
|
|
|Cohesion-tension-transpiration pull mode
|
|
|
|
|Cohesion-tension-transpiration pull mode
|-
|-
|
|
Line 4,163: Line 4,625:
|[[रंध्र छिद्र]]
|[[रंध्र छिद्र]]
|
|
|
|Stomatal aperture,
|
|
|
|
|Stomatal aperture,
|-
|-
|
|
Line 4,173: Line 4,636:
|
|
|
|
|Guard cells
|Ekatah
|
|
|Guard cells
|-
|-
|
|
Line 4,181: Line 4,645:
|[[सासंजन]]
|[[सासंजन]]
|
|
|
|Cohesion
|
|
|
|
|Cohesion
|-
|-
|
|
Line 4,190: Line 4,655:
|[[आसंजन]]
|[[आसंजन]]
|
|
|
|Adhesion
|
|
|
|
|Adhesion
|-
|-
|
|
Line 4,199: Line 4,665:
|[[तन्य -सामर्थ्य]]
|[[तन्य -सामर्थ्य]]
|
|
|
|Tensile strength
|
|
|
|
|Tensile strength
|-
|-
|
|
Line 4,208: Line 4,675:
|[[ट्रेकिड् और वाहिका तत्व]]
|[[ट्रेकिड् और वाहिका तत्व]]
|
|
|
|Tracheids and vessel elements
|
|
|
|
|Tracheids and vessel elements
|-
|-
|
|
Line 4,216: Line 4,684:
|
|
|[[सक्रिय अवशोषण]]
|[[सक्रिय अवशोषण]]
|
|
|
|
|
|Active absorption
|Active absorption
|-
|
|
|-
|
|
|
|
Line 4,226: Line 4,695:
|[[दबाव प्रवाह या द्रव्यमान प्रवाह परिकल्पना]]
|[[दबाव प्रवाह या द्रव्यमान प्रवाह परिकल्पना]]
|
|
|
|The Pressure Flow or Mass Flow Hypothesis
|
|
|
|
|The Pressure Flow or Mass Flow Hypothesis
|-
|-
|'''12'''
|'''12'''
Line 4,234: Line 4,704:
|'''खनिज पोषण'''
|'''खनिज पोषण'''
|
|
|
|'''Mineral nutrition'''
|
|
|
|
|'''Mineral nutrition'''
|
|
|-
|-
Line 4,244: Line 4,715:
|[[जल संवर्धन]]
|[[जल संवर्धन]]
|
|
|
|Hydroponics.
|
|
|
|
|Hydroponics.
|-
|-
|
|
Line 4,253: Line 4,725:
|[[वृहत पोषक तत्व]]
|[[वृहत पोषक तत्व]]
|
|
|
|Macronutrients
|
|
|
|
|Macronutrients
|-
|-
|
|
Line 4,262: Line 4,735:
|[[सूक्ष्म पोषक तत्व]]
|[[सूक्ष्म पोषक तत्व]]
|
|
|
|Micronutrients
|
|
|
|
|Micronutrients
|-
|-
|
|
Line 4,271: Line 4,745:
|[[क्रांतिक सांद्रता]]
|[[क्रांतिक सांद्रता]]
|
|
|
|Critical concentration
|
|
|
|
|Critical concentration
|-
|-
|
|
Line 4,280: Line 4,755:
|[[सूक्ष्म पोषक तत्वों की विषाक्तता]]
|[[सूक्ष्म पोषक तत्वों की विषाक्तता]]
|
|
|
|Toxicity of Micronutrients
|
|
|
|
|Toxicity of Micronutrients
|-
|-
|
|
Line 4,289: Line 4,765:
|[[अभिवाह]]
|[[अभिवाह]]
|
|
|
|Flux
|
|
|
|
|Flux
|-
|-
|
|
Line 4,298: Line 4,775:
|[[अन्तर्वाह]]
|[[अन्तर्वाह]]
|
|
|
|Influx
|
|
|
|
|Influx
|-
|-
|
|
Line 4,307: Line 4,785:
|[[बहि: स्राव]]
|[[बहि: स्राव]]
|
|
|
|Efflux
|
|
|
|
|Efflux
|-
|-
|
|
Line 4,316: Line 4,795:
|[[नाइट्रोजन चक्र]]
|[[नाइट्रोजन चक्र]]
|
|
|
|Nitrogen Cycle
|
|
|
|
|Nitrogen Cycle
|-
|-
|
|
Line 4,325: Line 4,805:
|[[नाइट्रोजन स्थिरीकरण]]
|[[नाइट्रोजन स्थिरीकरण]]
|
|
|
|Nitrogenfixation
|
|
|
|
|Nitrogenfixation
|-
|-
|
|
Line 4,334: Line 4,815:
|[[नाइट्रीकरण]]
|[[नाइट्रीकरण]]
|
|
|
|Nitrification
|
|
|
|
|Nitrification
|-
|-
|
|
Line 4,343: Line 4,825:
|[[रसायनपोषी]]
|[[रसायनपोषी]]
|
|
|
|Chemoautotrophs
|
|
|
|
|Chemoautotrophs
|-
|-
|
|
Line 4,352: Line 4,835:
|[[जैविक नाइट्रोजन स्थिरीकरण]]
|[[जैविक नाइट्रोजन स्थिरीकरण]]
|
|
|
|Biological nitrogen fixation
|
|
|
|
|Biological nitrogen fixation
|-
|-
|
|
Line 4,361: Line 4,845:
|[[सहजीवी जैविक नाइट्रोजन स्थिरीकरण]]
|[[सहजीवी जैविक नाइट्रोजन स्थिरीकरण]]
|
|
|
|Symbiotic biological nitrogen fixation
|
|
|
|
|Symbiotic biological nitrogen fixation
|-
|-
|
|
Line 4,369: Line 4,854:
|
|
|[[राइजोबियम]]
|[[राइजोबियम]]
|
|
|
|
|
|Rhizobium
|Rhizobium
|-
|
|
|-
|
|
|
|
Line 4,379: Line 4,865:
|[[अमोनिया की स्थिति]]
|[[अमोनिया की स्थिति]]
|
|
|
|Fate of ammonia
|
|
|
|
|Fate of ammonia
|-
|-
|
|
Line 4,388: Line 4,875:
|[[अपचयित एमीनीकरण]]
|[[अपचयित एमीनीकरण]]
|
|
|
|Reductive amination
|
|
|
|
|Reductive amination
|-
|-
|
|
Line 4,397: Line 4,885:
|[[ट्रांसएमिनेशन]]
|[[ट्रांसएमिनेशन]]
|
|
|
|Transamination
|
|
|
|
|Transamination
|-
|-
|'''13'''
|'''13'''
Line 4,405: Line 4,894:
|'''उच्च पादपों में प्रकाश संश्लेषण'''
|'''उच्च पादपों में प्रकाश संश्लेषण'''
|
|
|
|'''Photosynthesis In Higher Plants'''
|
|
|
|
|'''Photosynthesis In Higher Plants'''
|
|
|-
|-
Line 4,415: Line 4,905:
|[[प्रकाश अभिक्रिया (प्रकाश रासायनिक अभिक्रिया)]]
|[[प्रकाश अभिक्रिया (प्रकाश रासायनिक अभिक्रिया)]]
|
|
|
|light reactions (photochemical reactions)
|
|
|
|
|light reactions (photochemical reactions)
|-
|-
|
|
Line 4,424: Line 4,915:
|[[अप्रकाशीय अभिक्रिया (कार्बन अभिक्रिया)]]
|[[अप्रकाशीय अभिक्रिया (कार्बन अभिक्रिया)]]
|
|
|
|Dark reactions (carbon reactions)
|
|
|
|
|Dark reactions (carbon reactions)
|-
|-
|
|
Line 4,434: Line 4,926:
|
|
|
|
|Chlorophyll a
|Ekatah
|
|
|Chlorophyll a
|-
|-
|
|
Line 4,443: Line 4,936:
|
|
|
|
|Chlorophyll b
|Ekatah
|
|
|Chlorophyll b
|-
|-
|
|
Line 4,452: Line 4,946:
|
|
|
|
|xanthophylls
|shahana rizvi
|
|
|xanthophylls
|-
|-
|
|
Line 4,461: Line 4,956:
|
|
|
|
|carotenoids
|shahana rizvi
|
|
|carotenoids
|-
|-
|
|
Line 4,469: Line 4,965:
|[[लाइट हार्वेस्टिंग काम्प्लेक्स (एल एच एसी)]]
|[[लाइट हार्वेस्टिंग काम्प्लेक्स (एल एच एसी)]]
|
|
|
|light harvesting complexes (LHC)
|
|
|
|
|light harvesting complexes (LHC)
|-
|-
|
|
Line 4,478: Line 4,975:
|[[फोटोसिस्टम I (पीएस I)]]
|[[फोटोसिस्टम I (पीएस I)]]
|
|
|
|Photosystem I (PS I)
|
|
|
|
|Photosystem I (PS I)
|-
|-
|
|
Line 4,487: Line 4,985:
|[[फोटोसिस्टम II (PS II)]]
|[[फोटोसिस्टम II (PS II)]]
|
|
|
|Photosystem II (PS II)
|
|
|
|
|Photosystem II (PS II)
|-
|-
|
|
Line 4,496: Line 4,995:
|[[एंटीना]]
|[[एंटीना]]
|
|
|
|antennae
|
|
|
|
|antennae
|-
|-
|
|
Line 4,505: Line 5,005:
|[[अभिक्रिया केंद्र]]
|[[अभिक्रिया केंद्र]]
|
|
|
|Reaction centre
|
|
|
|
|Reaction centre
|-
|-
|
|
Line 4,514: Line 5,015:
|[[पी700]]
|[[पी700]]
|
|
|
|P700
|
|
|
|
|P700
|-
|-
|
|
Line 4,523: Line 5,025:
|[[पी 680]]
|[[पी 680]]
|
|
|
|P680
|
|
|
|
|P680
|-
|-
|
|
Line 4,532: Line 5,035:
|[[इलेक्ट्रॉन परिवहन]]
|[[इलेक्ट्रॉन परिवहन]]
|
|
|
|Electrons transport
|
|
|
|
|Electrons transport
|-
|-
|
|
Line 4,541: Line 5,045:
|[[Z स्कीम]]
|[[Z स्कीम]]
|
|
|
|Z scheme
|
|
|
|
|Z scheme
|-
|-
|
|
Line 4,550: Line 5,055:
|[[जल विघटन]]
|[[जल विघटन]]
|
|
|
|Splitting of Water
|
|
|
|
|Splitting of Water
|-
|-
|
|
Line 4,559: Line 5,065:
|[[चक्रीय और अचक्रीय फोटो-फास्फोरिलीकरण]]
|[[चक्रीय और अचक्रीय फोटो-फास्फोरिलीकरण]]
|
|
|
|Cyclic and Non-cyclic Photo-phosphorylation
|
|
|
|
|Cyclic and Non-cyclic Photo-phosphorylation
|-
|-
|
|
Line 4,568: Line 5,075:
|[[केमियोस्मोटिक परिकल्पना]]
|[[केमियोस्मोटिक परिकल्पना]]
|
|
|
|Chemiosmotic Hypothesis
|
|
|
|
|Chemiosmotic Hypothesis
|-
|-
|
|
Line 4,577: Line 5,085:
|[[जैवसंश्लेषण चरण]]
|[[जैवसंश्लेषण चरण]]
|
|
|
|Biosynthetic phase
|
|
|
|
|Biosynthetic phase
|-
|-
|
|
Line 4,587: Line 5,096:
|
|
|
|
|Calvin cycle
|shahana rizvi
|
|
|Calvin cycle
|-
|-
|
|
Line 4,595: Line 5,105:
|[[C3 पथ]]
|[[C3 पथ]]
|
|
|
|C3 pathway
|
|
|
|
|C3 pathway
|-
|-
|
|
Line 4,604: Line 5,115:
|[[C4 पथ]]
|[[C4 पथ]]
|
|
|
|C4 pathway
|
|
|
|
|C4 pathway
|-
|-
|
|
Line 4,613: Line 5,125:
|[[बंडल शीथ कोशिकाएं]]
|[[बंडल शीथ कोशिकाएं]]
|
|
|
|Bundle sheath cells
|
|
|
|
|Bundle sheath cells
|-
|-
|
|
Line 4,623: Line 5,136:
|
|
|
|
|Kranz’ anatomy
|shahana rizvi
|
|
|Kranz’ anatomy
|-
|-
|
|
Line 4,631: Line 5,145:
|[[हैच और स्लैक पाथवे]]
|[[हैच और स्लैक पाथवे]]
|
|
|
|Hatch and Slack Pathway
|
|
|
|
|Hatch and Slack Pathway
|-
|-
|
|
Line 4,641: Line 5,156:
|
|
|
|
|Photorespiration
|shahana rizvi
|
|
|Photorespiration
|-
|-
|
|
Line 4,649: Line 5,165:
|[[प्रकाश संश्लेषण को प्रभावित करने वाले कारक]]
|[[प्रकाश संश्लेषण को प्रभावित करने वाले कारक]]
|
|
|
|Factors Affecting Photosynthesis
|
|
|
|
|Factors Affecting Photosynthesis
|-
|-
|
|
Line 4,658: Line 5,175:
|[[लॉ ऑफ लिमिटिंग फैक्टर]]
|[[लॉ ऑफ लिमिटिंग फैक्टर]]
|
|
|
|Law of Limiting Factors
|
|
|
|
|Law of Limiting Factors
|-
|-
|'''14'''
|'''14'''
Line 4,666: Line 5,184:
|'''पौधों में श्वसन'''
|'''पौधों में श्वसन'''
|
|
|
|'''Respiration in plants'''
|
|
|
|
|'''Respiration in plants'''
|
|
|-
|-
Line 4,677: Line 5,196:
|
|
|
|
|Cellular respiration
|shahana rizvi
|
|
|Cellular respiration
|-
|-
|
|
Line 4,685: Line 5,205:
|[[श्वसनी क्रियाधार]]
|[[श्वसनी क्रियाधार]]
|
|
|
|Respiratory substrates
|
|
|
|
|Respiratory substrates
|-
|-
|
|
Line 4,695: Line 5,216:
|
|
|
|
|glycolysis
|shahana rizvi
|
|
|glycolysis
|-
|-
|
|
Line 4,704: Line 5,226:
|
|
|
|
|Krebs’ cycle
|shahana rizvi
|
|
|Krebs’ cycle
|-
|-
|
|
Line 4,713: Line 5,236:
|
|
|
|
|Fermentation
|shahana rizvi
|
|
|Fermentation
|-
|-
|
|
Line 4,722: Line 5,246:
|
|
|
|
|Aerobic respiration
|shahana rizvi
|
|
|Aerobic respiration
|-
|-
|
|
Line 4,731: Line 5,256:
|
|
|
|
|Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle
|shahana rizvi
|
|
|Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle
|-
|-
|
|
Line 4,739: Line 5,265:
|[[इलेक्ट्रॉन परिवहन तंत्र (ETS)]]
|[[इलेक्ट्रॉन परिवहन तंत्र (ETS)]]
|
|
|
|Electron Transport System (ETS)
|
|
|
|
|Electron Transport System (ETS)
|-
|-
|
|
Line 4,748: Line 5,275:
|[[ऑक्सीडेटिव फास्फोराइलेशन]]
|[[ऑक्सीडेटिव फास्फोराइलेशन]]
|
|
|
|Oxidative Phosphorylation
|
|
|
|
|Oxidative Phosphorylation
|-
|-
|
|
Line 4,757: Line 5,285:
|[[एम्फ़िबोलिक मार्ग]]
|[[एम्फ़िबोलिक मार्ग]]
|
|
|
|Amphibolic Pathway
|
|
|
|
|Amphibolic Pathway
|-
|-
|
|
Line 4,766: Line 5,295:
|[[श्वसन गुणांक]]
|[[श्वसन गुणांक]]
|
|
|
|Respiratory quotient
|
|
|
|
|Respiratory quotient
|-
|-
|
|
Line 4,776: Line 5,306:
|
|
|
|
|Citric acid Cycle
|shahana rizvi
|
|
|Citric acid Cycle
|-
|-
|
|
Line 4,784: Line 5,315:
|[[माइटोकॉन्ड्रिया में एटीपी का संश्लेषण]]
|[[माइटोकॉन्ड्रिया में एटीपी का संश्लेषण]]
|
|
|
|ATP synthesis in mitochondria
|
|
|
|
|ATP synthesis in mitochondria
|-
|-
|
|
Line 4,794: Line 5,326:
|
|
|
|
|Anaerobic respiration
|shahana rizvi
|
|
|Anaerobic respiration
|-
|-
|
|
Line 4,802: Line 5,335:
|[[ए.टी.पी]]
|[[ए.टी.पी]]
|
|
|
|ATP
|
|
|
|
|ATP
|-
|-
|'''15'''
|'''15'''
Line 4,810: Line 5,344:
|'''पादप वृद्धि एवं परिवर्धन'''
|'''पादप वृद्धि एवं परिवर्धन'''
|
|
|
|'''Plant growth and development'''
|
|
|
|
|'''Plant growth and development'''
|
|
|-
|-
Line 4,820: Line 5,355:
|[[वृद्धि]]
|[[वृद्धि]]
|
|
|
|Growth
|
|
|
|
|Growth
|-
|-
|
|
Line 4,829: Line 5,365:
|[[वृद्धि के चरण]]
|[[वृद्धि के चरण]]
|
|
|
|Phases of Growth
|
|
|
|
|Phases of Growth
|-
|-
|
|
Line 4,838: Line 5,375:
|[[वृद्धि दर]]
|[[वृद्धि दर]]
|
|
|
|Growth Rates
|
|
|
|
|Growth Rates
|-
|-
|
|
Line 4,847: Line 5,385:
|[[वृद्धि के लिए दशाएं]]
|[[वृद्धि के लिए दशाएं]]
|
|
|
|Conditions for Growth
|
|
|
|
|Conditions for Growth
|-
|-
|
|
Line 4,856: Line 5,395:
|[[विभेदन]]
|[[विभेदन]]
|
|
|
|Differentiation
|
|
|
|
|Differentiation
|-
|-
|
|
Line 4,865: Line 5,405:
|[[निर्विभेदन]]
|[[निर्विभेदन]]
|
|
|
|Dedifferentiation
|
|
|
|
|Dedifferentiation
|-
|-
|
|
Line 4,874: Line 5,415:
|[[पुनर्विभेदित]]
|[[पुनर्विभेदित]]
|
|
|
|Redifferentiated
|
|
|
|
|Redifferentiated
|-
|-
|
|
Line 4,883: Line 5,425:
|[[परिवर्धन]]
|[[परिवर्धन]]
|
|
|
|Development
|
|
|
|
|Development
|-
|-
|
|
Line 4,892: Line 5,435:
|[[प्लास्टिसिटी]]
|[[प्लास्टिसिटी]]
|
|
|
|Plasticity
|
|
|
|
|Plasticity
|-
|-
|
|
Line 4,902: Line 5,446:
|
|
|
|
|Plant growth regulators (PGRs)
|Ekatah
|
|
|Plant growth regulators (PGRs)
|-
|-
|
|
Line 4,911: Line 5,456:
|
|
|
|
|Auxins
|Ekatah
|
|
|Auxins
|-
|-
|
|
Line 4,920: Line 5,466:
|
|
|
|
|Apical dominance
|Ekatah
|
|
|Apical dominance
|-
|-
|
|
Line 4,929: Line 5,476:
|
|
|
|
|Gibberellins
|Ekatah
|
|
|Gibberellins
|-
|-
|
|
Line 4,938: Line 5,486:
|
|
|
|
|Cytokinins
|Ekatah
|
|
|Cytokinins
|-
|-
|
|
Line 4,947: Line 5,496:
|
|
|
|
|Ethylene
|Ekatah
|
|
|Ethylene
|-
|-
|
|
Line 4,956: Line 5,506:
|
|
|
|
|Abscisic acid
|Ekatah
|
|
|Abscisic acid
|-
|-
|
|
Line 4,965: Line 5,516:
|
|
|
|
|Photoperiodism
|Ekatah
|
|
|Photoperiodism
|-
|-
|
|
Line 4,974: Line 5,526:
|
|
|
|
|long day plants
|Ekatah
|
|
|long day plants
|-
|-
|
|
Line 4,983: Line 5,536:
|
|
|
|
|short day plants
|Ekatah
|
|
|short day plants
|-
|-
|
|
Line 4,992: Line 5,546:
|
|
|
|
|Day-neutral plants
|Ekatah
|
|
|Day-neutral plants
|-
|-
|
|
Line 5,001: Line 5,556:
|
|
|
|
|Vernalisation
|Ekatah
|
|
|Vernalisation
|-
|-
|
|
Line 5,010: Line 5,566:
|
|
|
|
|Seed dormancy
|Ekatah
|
|
|Seed dormancy
|-
|-
|
|
|'''इकाई - चार'''
|'''इकाई - चार'''
|
|
|
|'''Unit - 4'''
|
|
|
|
|'''Unit - 4'''
|
|
|
|
Line 5,025: Line 5,583:
|'''मानव शरीर विज्ञान'''
|'''मानव शरीर विज्ञान'''
|
|
|
|'''Human Physiology'''
|
|
|
|
|'''Human Physiology'''
|
|
|
|
Line 5,035: Line 5,594:
|'''पाचन एवं अवशोषण'''
|'''पाचन एवं अवशोषण'''
|
|
|
|'''Digestion and Absorption'''
|
|
|
|
|'''Digestion and Absorption'''
|
|
|-
|-
Line 5,046: Line 5,606:
|
|
|
|
|Digestion
|shahana rizvi
|
|
|Digestion
|-
|-
|
|
Line 5,055: Line 5,616:
|
|
|
|
|Digestive system
|shahana rizvi
|
|
|Digestive system
|-
|-
|
|
Line 5,064: Line 5,626:
|
|
|
|
|Alimentary Canal
|shahana rizvi
|
|
|Alimentary Canal
|-
|-
|
|
Line 5,072: Line 5,635:
|[[गर्तदन्ती]]
|[[गर्तदन्ती]]
|
|
|
|Thecodont
|
|
|
|
|Thecodont
|-
|-
|
|
Line 5,081: Line 5,645:
|[[द्विबारदंती]]
|[[द्विबारदंती]]
|
|
|
|Diphyodont
|
|
|
|
|Diphyodont
|-
|-
|
|
Line 5,091: Line 5,656:
|
|
|
|
|Cardiac
|shahana rizvi
|
|
|Cardiac
|-
|-
|
|
Line 5,099: Line 5,665:
|[[फंडिक क्षेत्र]]
|[[फंडिक क्षेत्र]]
|
|
|
|Fundic region
|
|
|
|
|Fundic region
|-
|-
|
|
Line 5,108: Line 5,675:
|[[जठरनिर्गम भाग]]
|[[जठरनिर्गम भाग]]
|
|
|
|Pyloric portion
|
|
|
|
|Pyloric portion
|-
|-
|
|
Line 5,118: Line 5,686:
|
|
|
|
|Digestive glands
|shahana rizvi
|
|
|Digestive glands
|-
|-
|
|
Line 5,127: Line 5,696:
|
|
|
|
|Bolus
|shahana rizvi
|
|
|Bolus
|-
|-
|
|
Line 5,135: Line 5,705:
|[[काइम]]
|[[काइम]]
|
|
|
|Chyme
|
|
|
|
|Chyme
|-
|-
|
|
Line 5,144: Line 5,715:
|[[ग्लोबेट कोशिकाये]]
|[[ग्लोबेट कोशिकाये]]
|
|
|
|Goblet cells
|
|
|
|
|Goblet cells
|-
|-
|
|
Line 5,153: Line 5,725:
|[[सक्सेस एंटेरिकस]]
|[[सक्सेस एंटेरिकस]]
|
|
|
|Succus entericus
|
|
|
|
|Succus entericus
|-
|-
|
|
Line 5,163: Line 5,736:
|
|
|
|
|Absorption of digested products
|shahana rizvi
|
|
|Absorption of digested products
|-
|-
|
|
Line 5,172: Line 5,746:
|
|
|
|
|Mouth
|shahana rizvi
|
|
|Mouth
|-
|-
|
|
Line 5,180: Line 5,755:
|[[आमाशय]]
|[[आमाशय]]
|
|
|
|Stomach
|
|
|
|
|Stomach
|-
|-
|
|
Line 5,190: Line 5,766:
|
|
|
|
|Small Intestine
|shahana rizvi
|
|
|Small Intestine
|-
|-
|
|
Line 5,199: Line 5,776:
|
|
|
|
|Large Intestine
|shahana rizvi
|
|
|Large Intestine
|-
|-
|
|
Line 5,207: Line 5,785:
|[[पीलिया]]
|[[पीलिया]]
|
|
|
|Jaundice
|
|
|
|
|Jaundice
|-
|-
|
|
Line 5,217: Line 5,796:
|
|
|
|
|Vomiting
|shahana rizvi
|
|
|Vomiting
|-
|-
|
|
Line 5,226: Line 5,806:
|
|
|
|
|Diarrhoea
|shahana rizvi
|
|
|Diarrhoea
|-
|-
|
|
Line 5,235: Line 5,816:
|
|
|
|
|Constipation
|shahana
|
|
|Constipation
|-
|-
|
|
Line 5,244: Line 5,826:
|
|
|
|
|Indigestion
|shahana rizvi
|
|
|Indigestion
|-
|-
|
|
Line 5,253: Line 5,836:
|
|
|
|
|Protein-energy malnutrition (PEM)
|shahana rizvi
|
|
|Protein-energy malnutrition (PEM)
|-
|-
|'''17'''
|'''17'''
Line 5,260: Line 5,844:
|'''श्वास और गैसों का विनिमय'''
|'''श्वास और गैसों का विनिमय'''
|
|
|
|'''Breathing and exchange of gases'''
|
|
|
|
|'''Breathing and exchange of gases'''
|
|
|-
|-
Line 5,270: Line 5,855:
|[[श्वासन]]
|[[श्वासन]]
|
|
|
|Respiration
|
|
|
|
|Respiration
|-
|-
|
|
Line 5,279: Line 5,865:
|[[श्वसन]]
|[[श्वसन]]
|
|
|
|Breathing
|
|
|
|
|Breathing
|-
|-
|
|
Line 5,287: Line 5,874:
|
|
|[[क्लोम]]
|[[क्लोम]]
|
|
|
|
|
|Gills
|Gills
|-
|
|
|-
|
|
|
|
Line 5,297: Line 5,885:
|[[फेफड़े]]
|[[फेफड़े]]
|
|
|
|lungs
|
|
|
|
|lungs
|-
|-
|
|
Line 5,306: Line 5,895:
|[[ग्रसनी]]
|[[ग्रसनी]]
|
|
|
|Pharynx
|
|
|
|
|Pharynx
|-
|-
|
|
Line 5,315: Line 5,905:
|[[श्वासनली]]
|[[श्वासनली]]
|
|
|
|Trachea
|
|
|
|
|Trachea
|-
|-
|
|
Line 5,324: Line 5,915:
|[[ध्वनि पेटिका]]
|[[ध्वनि पेटिका]]
|
|
|
|Sound box
|
|
|
|
|Sound box
|-
|-
|
|
Line 5,333: Line 5,925:
|[[श्वासनलियाँ]]
|[[श्वासनलियाँ]]
|
|
|
|Bronchi
|
|
|
|
|Bronchi
|-
|-
|
|
Line 5,342: Line 5,935:
|[[वायु कूपिका]]
|[[वायु कूपिका]]
|
|
|
|Alveoli
|
|
|
|
|Alveoli
|-
|-
|
|
Line 5,351: Line 5,945:
|[[अन्तः श्वसन]]
|[[अन्तः श्वसन]]
|
|
|
|Inspiration
|
|
|
|
|Inspiration
|-
|-
|
|
Line 5,360: Line 5,955:
|[[निःश्वसन]]
|[[निःश्वसन]]
|
|
|
|Expiration
|
|
|
|
|Expiration
|-
|-
|
|
Line 5,369: Line 5,965:
|[[ज्वारीय आयतन]]
|[[ज्वारीय आयतन]]
|
|
|
|Tidal Volume (TV)
|
|
|
|
|Tidal Volume (TV)
|-
|-
|
|
Line 5,378: Line 5,975:
|[[अंत श्वसन सुरक्षित आयतन (आईआरबी)]]
|[[अंत श्वसन सुरक्षित आयतन (आईआरबी)]]
|
|
|
|Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV)
|
|
|
|
|Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV)
|-
|-
|
|
Line 5,387: Line 5,985:
|[[निःश्वास सुरक्षित आयतन]]
|[[निःश्वास सुरक्षित आयतन]]
|
|
|
|Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV)
|
|
|
|
|Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV)
|-
|-
|
|
Line 5,396: Line 5,995:
|[[अवशिष्ट आयतन (RV)]]
|[[अवशिष्ट आयतन (RV)]]
|
|
|
|Residual Volume (RV)
|
|
|
|
|Residual Volume (RV)
|-
|-
|
|
Line 5,405: Line 6,005:
|[[अन्तः श्वसन क्षमता (आईसी)]]
|[[अन्तः श्वसन क्षमता (आईसी)]]
|
|
|
|Inspiratory Capacity (IC)
|
|
|
|
|Inspiratory Capacity (IC)
|-
|-
|
|
Line 5,414: Line 6,015:
|[[नि:श्वसन क्षमता (ईसी)]]
|[[नि:श्वसन क्षमता (ईसी)]]
|
|
|
|Expiratory Capacity (EC)
|
|
|
|
|Expiratory Capacity (EC)
|-
|-
|
|
Line 5,423: Line 6,025:
|[[क्रियात्मक अवशिष्ट क्षमता (FRC)]]
|[[क्रियात्मक अवशिष्ट क्षमता (FRC)]]
|
|
|
|Functional Residual Capacity (FRC)
|
|
|
|
|Functional Residual Capacity (FRC)
|-
|-
|
|
Line 5,432: Line 6,035:
|[[जैव क्षमता (वीसी)]]
|[[जैव क्षमता (वीसी)]]
|
|
|
|Vital Capacity (VC)
|
|
|
|
|Vital Capacity (VC)
|-
|-
|
|
Line 5,440: Line 6,044:
|
|
|[[फेफड़े की कुल क्षमता (टीएलसी)]]
|[[फेफड़े की कुल क्षमता (टीएलसी)]]
|
|
|
|
|
|Total Lung Capacity (TLC)
|Total Lung Capacity (TLC)
|-
|
|
|-
|
|
|
|
Line 5,450: Line 6,055:
|[[गैसों का आदान-प्रदान]]
|[[गैसों का आदान-प्रदान]]
|
|
|
|Exchange of gases
|
|
|
|
|Exchange of gases
|-
|-
|
|
Line 5,459: Line 6,065:
|[[गैसों का परिवहन]]
|[[गैसों का परिवहन]]
|
|
|
|Transportation of gases
|
|
|
|
|Transportation of gases
|-
|-
|
|
Line 5,468: Line 6,075:
|[[ऑक्सीहीमोग्लोबिन]]
|[[ऑक्सीहीमोग्लोबिन]]
|
|
|
|Oxyhaemoglobin
|
|
|
|
|Oxyhaemoglobin
|-
|-
|
|
Line 5,477: Line 6,085:
|[[कार्बामिनो-हीमोग्लोबिन]]
|[[कार्बामिनो-हीमोग्लोबिन]]
|
|
|
|Carbamino-haemoglobin
|
|
|
|
|Carbamino-haemoglobin
|-
|-
|
|
Line 5,486: Line 6,095:
|[[दमा]]
|[[दमा]]
|
|
|
|Asthma
|
|
|
|
|Asthma
|-
|-
|
|
Line 5,495: Line 6,105:
|[[वातस्फीति]]
|[[वातस्फीति]]
|
|
|
|Emphysema
|
|
|
|
|Emphysema
|-
|-
|
|
Line 5,504: Line 6,115:
|[[व्यावसायिक श्वसन विकार]]
|[[व्यावसायिक श्वसन विकार]]
|
|
|
|Occupational Respiratory Disorders
|
|
|
|
|Occupational Respiratory Disorders
|-
|-
|'''18'''
|'''18'''
Line 5,512: Line 6,124:
|'''शरीर द्रव तथा परिसंचरण'''
|'''शरीर द्रव तथा परिसंचरण'''
|
|
|
|'''Body fluids and circulation'''
|
|
|
|
|'''Body fluids and circulation'''
|
|
|-
|-
Line 5,522: Line 6,135:
|[[रक्त]]
|[[रक्त]]
|
|
|
|Blood
|
|
|
|
|Blood
|-
|-
|
|
Line 5,531: Line 6,145:
|[[लसीका]]
|[[लसीका]]
|
|
|
|lymph
|
|
|
|
|lymph
|-
|-
|
|
Line 5,540: Line 6,155:
|[[प्लाज्मा]]
|[[प्लाज्मा]]
|
|
|
|Plasma
|
|
|
|
|Plasma
|-
|-
|
|
Line 5,549: Line 6,165:
|[[इरिथ्रोसाइट्स (रक्ताणु)]]
|[[इरिथ्रोसाइट्स (रक्ताणु)]]
|
|
|
|Erythrocytes
|
|
|
|
|Erythrocytes
|-
|-
|
|
Line 5,558: Line 6,175:
|[[ल्यूकोसाइट (श्वेत रुधिर कणिकाएं)]]
|[[ल्यूकोसाइट (श्वेत रुधिर कणिकाएं)]]
|
|
|
|Leucocytes
|
|
|
|
|Leucocytes
|-
|-
|
|
Line 5,567: Line 6,185:
|[[थ्रॉम्बोसाइट्स]]
|[[थ्रॉम्बोसाइट्स]]
|
|
|
|Thrombocytes
|
|
|
|
|Thrombocytes
|-
|-
|
|
Line 5,577: Line 6,196:
|
|
|
|
|Blood Groups
|shahana rizvi
|
|
|Blood Groups
|-
|-
|
|
Line 5,585: Line 6,205:
|[[ABO समुह]]
|[[ABO समुह]]
|
|
|
|ABO grouping
|
|
|
|
|ABO grouping
|-
|-
|
|
Line 5,594: Line 6,215:
|[[Rh समूह]]
|[[Rh समूह]]
|
|
|
|Rh grouping
|
|
|
|
|Rh grouping
|-
|-
|
|
Line 5,603: Line 6,225:
|[[Rh सहित]]
|[[Rh सहित]]
|
|
|
|Rh positive
|
|
|
|
|Rh positive
|-
|-
|
|
Line 5,612: Line 6,235:
|[[Rh हीन]]
|[[Rh हीन]]
|
|
|
|Rh negative
|
|
|
|
|Rh negative
|-
|-
|
|
Line 5,621: Line 6,245:
|[[रक्त स्कंदन]]
|[[रक्त स्कंदन]]
|
|
|
|Coagulation of Blood
|
|
|
|
|Coagulation of Blood
|-
|-
|
|
Line 5,630: Line 6,255:
|[[परिसंचरण पथ]]
|[[परिसंचरण पथ]]
|
|
|
|CIRCULATORY PATHWAYS
|
|
|
|
|CIRCULATORY PATHWAYS
|-
|-
|
|
Line 5,639: Line 6,265:
|[[अलिंद]]
|[[अलिंद]]
|
|
|
|Atrium
|
|
|
|
|Atrium
|-
|-
|
|
Line 5,648: Line 6,275:
|[[निलय]]
|[[निलय]]
|
|
|
|Ventricles
|
|
|
|
|Ventricles
|-
|-
|
|
Line 5,657: Line 6,285:
|[[हृदय]]
|[[हृदय]]
|
|
|
|Heart
|
|
|
|
|Heart
|-
|-
|
|
Line 5,666: Line 6,295:
|[[हृदयावरण]]
|[[हृदयावरण]]
|
|
|
|pericardium
|
|
|
|
|pericardium
|-
|-
|
|
Line 5,675: Line 6,305:
|[[शिरा अलिंद पर्व]]
|[[शिरा अलिंद पर्व]]
|
|
|
|sino-atrial node
|
|
|
|
|sino-atrial node
|-
|-
|
|
Line 5,684: Line 6,315:
|[[अलिंद निलय पर्व]]
|[[अलिंद निलय पर्व]]
|
|
|
|atrio-ventricular node
|
|
|
|
|atrio-ventricular node
|-
|-
|
|
Line 5,693: Line 6,325:
|[[हृदय चक्र]]
|[[हृदय चक्र]]
|
|
|
|Cardiac Cycle
|
|
|
|
|Cardiac Cycle
|-
|-
|
|
Line 5,702: Line 6,335:
|[[विद्युत हृद लेख]]
|[[विद्युत हृद लेख]]
|
|
|
|Electrocardiograph (ECG)
|
|
|
|
|Electrocardiograph (ECG)
|-
|-
|
|
Line 5,711: Line 6,345:
|[[आलिंद का उद्दीपन]]
|[[आलिंद का उद्दीपन]]
|
|
|
|excitation (or depolarisation) of the atria
|
|
|
|
|excitation (or depolarisation) of the atria
|-
|-
|
|
Line 5,720: Line 6,355:
|[[निलय का अध्रुवण]]
|[[निलय का अध्रुवण]]
|
|
|
|depolarisation of the ventricles,
|
|
|
|
|depolarisation of the ventricles,
|-
|-
|
|
Line 5,729: Line 6,365:
|[[टी तरंग]]
|[[टी तरंग]]
|
|
|
|T-wave
|
|
|
|
|T-wave
|-
|-
|
|
Line 5,738: Line 6,375:
|[[रक्त वाहिकाएं]]
|[[रक्त वाहिकाएं]]
|
|
|
|Blood Vessels
|
|
|
|
|Blood Vessels
|-
|-
|
|
Line 5,747: Line 6,385:
|[[अंतःस्तर कंचुक]]
|[[अंतःस्तर कंचुक]]
|
|
|
|tunica intima
|
|
|
|
|tunica intima
|-
|-
|
|
Line 5,755: Line 6,394:
|
|
|[[वाह्य कंचुक]]
|[[वाह्य कंचुक]]
|
|
|
|
|
|tunica externa.
|tunica externa.
|-
|
|
|-
|
|
|
|
Line 5,765: Line 6,405:
|[[उच्च रक्त दाब]]
|[[उच्च रक्त दाब]]
|
|
|
|High Blood Pressure (Hypertension)
|
|
|
|
|High Blood Pressure (Hypertension)
|-
|-
|
|
Line 5,774: Line 6,415:
|[[कोरोनरी धमनी रोग (सीएडी)]]
|[[कोरोनरी धमनी रोग (सीएडी)]]
|
|
|
|Coronary Artery Disease (CAD)
|
|
|
|
|Coronary Artery Disease (CAD)
|-
|-
|
|
Line 5,783: Line 6,425:
|[[एनजाइना (ह्रद शूल)]]
|[[एनजाइना (ह्रद शूल)]]
|
|
|
|Angina
|
|
|
|
|Angina
|-
|-
|
|
Line 5,792: Line 6,435:
|[[हृद्पात]]
|[[हृद्पात]]
|
|
|
|Heart Failure
|
|
|
|
|Heart Failure
|-
|-
|
|
Line 5,801: Line 6,445:
|[[अनुशिथिलन]]
|[[अनुशिथिलन]]
|
|
|
|Diastole
|
|
|
|
|Diastole
|-
|-
|
|
Line 5,810: Line 6,455:
|[[प्रकुंचन]]
|[[प्रकुंचन]]
|
|
|
|Systole
|
|
|
|
|Systole
|-
|-
|
|
Line 5,819: Line 6,465:
|[[P- तरंग]]
|[[P- तरंग]]
|
|
|
|P-wave
|
|
|
|
|P-wave
|-
|-
|
|
Line 5,828: Line 6,475:
|[[सिनो-आलिंद नोड]]
|[[सिनो-आलिंद नोड]]
|
|
|
|Sino-atrial node
|
|
|
|
|Sino-atrial node
|-
|-
|
|
Line 5,837: Line 6,485:
|[[मायोजेनिक]]
|[[मायोजेनिक]]
|
|
|
|myogenic
|
|
|
|
|myogenic
|-
|-
|
|
Line 5,846: Line 6,495:
|[[हृदयी निर्गम]]
|[[हृदयी निर्गम]]
|
|
|
|cardiac output
|
|
|
|
|cardiac output
|-
|-
|
|
Line 5,855: Line 6,505:
|[[प्लेटलेट्स]]
|[[प्लेटलेट्स]]
|
|
|
|Platelets
|
|
|
|
|Platelets
|-
|-
|
|
Line 5,864: Line 6,515:
|[[पेसमेकर]]
|[[पेसमेकर]]
|
|
|
|Pacemaker
|
|
|
|
|Pacemaker
|-
|-
|
|
Line 5,873: Line 6,525:
|[[ह्रद निकास]]
|[[ह्रद निकास]]
|
|
|
|Cardiac output
|
|
|
|
|Cardiac output
|-
|-
|
|
Line 5,882: Line 6,535:
|[[स्ट्रोक या विस्पंदन आयतन]]
|[[स्ट्रोक या विस्पंदन आयतन]]
|
|
|
|Stroke or stroke volume
|
|
|
|
|Stroke or stroke volume
|-
|-
|'''19'''
|'''19'''
Line 5,890: Line 6,544:
|'''उत्सर्जी उत्पाद और उनका निष्कासन'''
|'''उत्सर्जी उत्पाद और उनका निष्कासन'''
|
|
|
|'''Excretory products and their Elimination'''
|
|
|
|
|'''Excretory products and their Elimination'''
|
|
|-
|-
Line 5,900: Line 6,555:
|[[अमोनिया उत्सर्जी]]
|[[अमोनिया उत्सर्जी]]
|
|
|
|Ammonotelic
|
|
|
|
|Ammonotelic
|-
|-
|
|
Line 5,908: Line 6,564:
|
|
|[[यूरिया उत्सर्जी]]
|[[यूरिया उत्सर्जी]]
|
|
|
|
|
|Ureotelic
|Ureotelic
|-
|
|
|-
|
|
|
|
Line 5,918: Line 6,575:
|[[यूरिकोटेलिक]]
|[[यूरिकोटेलिक]]
|
|
|
|Uricotelic
|
|
|
|
|Uricotelic
|-
|-
|
|
Line 5,927: Line 6,585:
|[[मैलपीगी नलिकाएं]]
|[[मैलपीगी नलिकाएं]]
|
|
|
|Malpighian tubules
|
|
|
|
|Malpighian tubules
|-
|-
|
|
Line 5,936: Line 6,595:
|[[बर्टिनी स्तंभ]]
|[[बर्टिनी स्तंभ]]
|
|
|
|Columns of Bertini
|
|
|
|
|Columns of Bertini
|-
|-
|
|
Line 5,945: Line 6,605:
|[[नेफ्रॉन]]
|[[नेफ्रॉन]]
|
|
|
|Nephrons
|
|
|
|
|Nephrons
|-
|-
|
|
Line 5,954: Line 6,615:
|[[बोमेन सम्पुट]]
|[[बोमेन सम्पुट]]
|
|
|
|Bowman’s capsule
|
|
|
|
|Bowman’s capsule
|-
|-
|
|
Line 5,963: Line 6,625:
|[[समीपस्थ संवलित नलिका]]
|[[समीपस्थ संवलित नलिका]]
|
|
|
|proximal convoluted tubule
|
|
|
|
|proximal convoluted tubule
|-
|-
|
|
Line 5,972: Line 6,635:
|[[हेन्ले लूप]]
|[[हेन्ले लूप]]
|
|
|
|Henle’s loop
|
|
|
|
|Henle’s loop
|-
|-
|
|
Line 5,981: Line 6,645:
|[[दूरस्थ संवलित नलिका]]
|[[दूरस्थ संवलित नलिका]]
|
|
|
|distal convoluted tubule (DCT)
|
|
|
|
|distal convoluted tubule (DCT)
|-
|-
|
|
Line 5,990: Line 6,655:
|[[केशिकागुच्छीय निस्पंदन]]
|[[केशिकागुच्छीय निस्पंदन]]
|
|
|
|Glomerular filtration
|
|
|
|
|Glomerular filtration
|-
|-
|
|
Line 5,999: Line 6,665:
|[[परा निस्पंदन]]
|[[परा निस्पंदन]]
|
|
|
|Ultra filtration
|
|
|
|
|Ultra filtration
|-
|-
|
|
Line 6,008: Line 6,675:
|[[केशिकागुच्छीय निस्पंदन दर]]
|[[केशिकागुच्छीय निस्पंदन दर]]
|
|
|
|Glomerular filtration rate
|
|
|
|
|Glomerular filtration rate
|-
|-
|
|
Line 6,017: Line 6,685:
|[[पुनः अवशोषण]]
|[[पुनः अवशोषण]]
|
|
|
|Reabsorption
|
|
|
|
|Reabsorption
|-
|-
|
|
Line 6,026: Line 6,695:
|[[संग्रह नलिका]]
|[[संग्रह नलिका]]
|
|
|
|Collecting Duct
|
|
|
|
|Collecting Duct
|-
|-
|
|
Line 6,035: Line 6,705:
|[[प्रतिधारा क्रियाविधि]]
|[[प्रतिधारा क्रियाविधि]]
|
|
|
|Counter current mechanism
|
|
|
|
|Counter current mechanism
|-
|-
|
|
Line 6,044: Line 6,715:
|[[वासा रेक्टा]]
|[[वासा रेक्टा]]
|
|
|
|Vasa recta
|
|
|
|
|Vasa recta
|-
|-
|
|
Line 6,053: Line 6,725:
|[[रेनिन]]
|[[रेनिन]]
|
|
|
|Renin
|
|
|
|
|Renin
|-
|-
|
|
Line 6,061: Line 6,734:
|
|
|[[रेनिन-एंजियोटेनसिन]]
|[[रेनिन-एंजियोटेनसिन]]
|
|
|
|
|
|Renin-Angiotensin
|Renin-Angiotensin
|-
|
|
|-
|
|
|
|
Line 6,071: Line 6,745:
|[[आलिंद नैट्रियूरेटिक कारक]]
|[[आलिंद नैट्रियूरेटिक कारक]]
|
|
|
|Atrial Natriuretic Factor
|
|
|
|
|Atrial Natriuretic Factor
|-
|-
|
|
Line 6,080: Line 6,755:
|[[यूरीमिया]]
|[[यूरीमिया]]
|
|
|
|Uremia
|
|
|
|
|Uremia
|-
|-
|
|
Line 6,090: Line 6,766:
|
|
|
|
|Hemodialysis
|shahana rizvi
|
|
|Hemodialysis
|-
|-
|
|
Line 6,098: Line 6,775:
|[[कृत्रिम वृक्क]]
|[[कृत्रिम वृक्क]]
|
|
|
|Artificial kidney
|
|
|
|
|Artificial kidney
|-
|-
|
|
Line 6,107: Line 6,785:
|[[वृक्क की क्रियाहीनता]]
|[[वृक्क की क्रियाहीनता]]
|
|
|
|Renal failures
|
|
|
|
|Renal failures
|-
|-
|
|
Line 6,116: Line 6,795:
|[[रेनल कैलकुली]]
|[[रेनल कैलकुली]]
|
|
|
|Renal calculi
|
|
|
|
|Renal calculi
|-
|-
|
|
Line 6,125: Line 6,805:
|[[ग्लोमेरुलोनेफ्राइटिस]]
|[[ग्लोमेरुलोनेफ्राइटिस]]
|
|
|
|Glomerulonephritis
|
|
|
|
|Glomerulonephritis
|-
|-
|'''20'''
|'''20'''
Line 6,133: Line 6,814:
|'''गमन एवं संचलन'''
|'''गमन एवं संचलन'''
|
|
|
|'''Locomotion & Movement'''
|
|
|
|
|'''Locomotion & Movement'''
|
|
|-
|-
Line 6,144: Line 6,826:
|
|
|
|
|locomotion
|shahana
|
|
|locomotion
|-
|-
|
|
Line 6,153: Line 6,836:
|
|
|
|
|Flagellar movement
|shahana
|
|
|Flagellar movement
|-
|-
|
|
Line 6,161: Line 6,845:
|[[कंकाल पेशियाँ]]
|[[कंकाल पेशियाँ]]
|
|
|
|Skeletal muscles
|
|
|
|
|Skeletal muscles
|-
|-
|
|
Line 6,171: Line 6,856:
|
|
|
|
|striated muscles
|shahana
|
|
|striated muscles
|-
|-
|
|
Line 6,179: Line 6,865:
|[[अंतरंग पेशियाँ]]
|[[अंतरंग पेशियाँ]]
|
|
|
|Visceral muscles
|
|
|
|
|Visceral muscles
|-
|-
|
|
Line 6,189: Line 6,876:
|
|
|
|
|smooth muscles (nonstriated muscle)
|shahana
|
|
|smooth muscles (nonstriated muscle)
|-
|-
|
|
Line 6,198: Line 6,886:
|
|
|
|
|Cardiac muscles
|shahana
|
|
|Cardiac muscles
|-
|-
|
|
Line 6,206: Line 6,895:
|[[पेशी बण्डल या पूलिकाओं]]
|[[पेशी बण्डल या पूलिकाओं]]
|
|
|
|Muscle bundles or fascicles
|
|
|
|
|Muscle bundles or fascicles
|-
|-
|
|
Line 6,215: Line 6,905:
|[[संपटट]]
|[[संपटट]]
|
|
|
|Fascia
|
|
|
|
|Fascia
|-
|-
|
|
Line 6,224: Line 6,915:
|[[पेशी तन्तुक]]
|[[पेशी तन्तुक]]
|
|
|
|myofibrils
|
|
|
|
|myofibrils
|-
|-
|
|
Line 6,232: Line 6,924:
|
|
|[[एक्टिन]]
|[[एक्टिन]]
|
|
|
|
|
|Actin
|Actin
|-
|
|
|-
|
|
|
|
Line 6,242: Line 6,935:
|[[मायोसीन]]
|[[मायोसीन]]
|
|
|
|Myosin
|
|
|
|
|Myosin
|-
|-
|
|
Line 6,252: Line 6,946:
|
|
|
|
|Axial skeleton
|shahana
|
|
|Axial skeleton
|-
|-
|
|
Line 6,260: Line 6,955:
|[[कर्ण अस्थिकाएँ]]
|[[कर्ण अस्थिकाएँ]]
|
|
|
|Ear Ossicles
|
|
|
|
|Ear Ossicles
|-
|-
|
|
Line 6,270: Line 6,966:
|
|
|
|
|vertebral column
|shahana
|
|
|vertebral column
|-
|-
|
|
Line 6,278: Line 6,975:
|[[उरोस्थि]]
|[[उरोस्थि]]
|
|
|
|Sternum
|
|
|
|
|Sternum
|-
|-
|
|
Line 6,288: Line 6,986:
|
|
|
|
|Ribs
|shahana
|
|
|Ribs
|-
|-
|
|
Line 6,297: Line 6,996:
|
|
|
|
|Appendicular skeleton
|shahana
|
|
|Appendicular skeleton
|-
|-
|
|
Line 6,306: Line 7,006:
|
|
|
|
|limb
|shahana
|
|
|limb
|-
|-
|
|
Line 6,315: Line 7,016:
|
|
|
|
|Pectoral and Pelvic girdle
|shahana
|
|
|Pectoral and Pelvic girdle
|-
|-
|
|
Line 6,324: Line 7,026:
|
|
|
|
|Fibrous joints
|shahana
|
|
|Fibrous joints
|-
|-
|
|
Line 6,333: Line 7,036:
|
|
|
|
|cartilaginous joints
|shahana
|
|
|cartilaginous joints
|-
|-
|
|
Line 6,342: Line 7,046:
|
|
|
|
|Synovial joints
|shahana
|
|
|Synovial joints
|-
|-
|
|
Line 6,351: Line 7,056:
|
|
|
|
|Myasthenia gravis
|shahana
|
|
|Myasthenia gravis
|-
|-
|
|
Line 6,360: Line 7,066:
|
|
|
|
|Muscular dystrophy
|shahana
|
|
|Muscular dystrophy
|-
|-
|
|
Line 6,369: Line 7,076:
|
|
|
|
|Tetany
|shahana
|
|
|Tetany
|-
|-
|
|
Line 6,378: Line 7,086:
|
|
|
|
|Arthritis
|shahana
|
|
|Arthritis
|-
|-
|
|
Line 6,387: Line 7,096:
|
|
|
|
|Osteoporosis
|shahana
|
|
|Osteoporosis
|-
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|
|सन्धिवात
|
|
|
|
|Gout
|
|
|
|
|Gout
|-
|-
|'''21'''
|'''21'''
Line 6,403: Line 7,114:
|'''तंत्रिका नियंत्रण और समन्वय'''
|'''तंत्रिका नियंत्रण और समन्वय'''
|
|
|
|'''Neural control and Coordination'''
|
|
|
|
|'''Neural control and Coordination'''
|
|
|-
|-
Line 6,413: Line 7,125:
|[[न्यूरॉन]]
|[[न्यूरॉन]]
|
|
|
|Neurons
|
|
|
|
|Neurons
|-
|-
|
|
Line 6,423: Line 7,136:
|
|
|
|
|Central neural system (CNS)
|shahana
|
|
|Central neural system (CNS)
|-
|-
|
|
Line 6,432: Line 7,146:
|
|
|
|
|Peripheral neural system (PNS)
|shahana
|
|
|Peripheral neural system (PNS)
|-
|-
|
|
Line 6,440: Line 7,155:
|[[मस्तिष्क]]
|[[मस्तिष्क]]
|
|
|
|Brain
|
|
|
|
|Brain
|-
|-
|
|
Line 6,449: Line 7,165:
|[[मेरुदंड]]
|[[मेरुदंड]]
|
|
|
|Spinal cord
|
|
|
|
|Spinal cord
|-
|-
|
|
Line 6,458: Line 7,175:
|[[तंत्रिका तंत्र]]
|[[तंत्रिका तंत्र]]
|
|
|
|Neural system
|
|
|
|
|Neural system
|-
|-
|
|
Line 6,467: Line 7,185:
|[[निसेल ग्रेन्युल]]
|[[निसेल ग्रेन्युल]]
|
|
|
|Nissl’s granules.
|
|
|
|
|Nissl’s granules.
|-
|-
|
|
Line 6,476: Line 7,195:
|[[न्यूरोट्रांसमीटर]]
|[[न्यूरोट्रांसमीटर]]
|
|
|
|Neurotransmitters
|
|
|
|
|Neurotransmitters
|-
|-
|
|
Line 6,485: Line 7,205:
|[[तंत्रिका आवेग]]
|[[तंत्रिका आवेग]]
|
|
|
|Nerve impulse.
|
|
|
|
|Nerve impulse.
|-
|-
|
|
Line 6,494: Line 7,215:
|[[सिनैप्टिक दरार]]
|[[सिनैप्टिक दरार]]
|
|
|
|Synaptic cleft
|
|
|
|
|Synaptic cleft
|-
|-
|
|
Line 6,503: Line 7,225:
|[[ग्राही]]
|[[ग्राही]]
|
|
|
|Receptors
|
|
|
|
|Receptors
|-
|-
|
|
Line 6,512: Line 7,235:
|[[अग्रमस्तिष्क]]
|[[अग्रमस्तिष्क]]
|
|
|
|Forebrain
|
|
|
|
|Forebrain
|-
|-
|
|
Line 6,521: Line 7,245:
|[[मध्यमस्तिष्क]]
|[[मध्यमस्तिष्क]]
|
|
|
|Midbrain
|
|
|
|
|Midbrain
|-
|-
|
|
Line 6,531: Line 7,256:
|
|
|
|
|Hindbrain
|shahana
|
|
|Hindbrain
|-
|-
|
|
Line 6,539: Line 7,265:
|[[प्रतिवर्ती क्रिया]]
|[[प्रतिवर्ती क्रिया]]
|
|
|
|reflex action
|
|
|
|
|reflex action
|-
|-
|
|
Line 6,549: Line 7,276:
|
|
|
|
|Sense Organs
|shahana
|
|
|Sense Organs
|-
|-
|
|
Line 6,558: Line 7,286:
|
|
|
|
|Parts of an eye
|shahana
|
|
|Parts of an eye
|-
|-
|
|
Line 6,567: Line 7,296:
|
|
|
|
|Mechanism of Vision
|shahana
|
|
|Mechanism of Vision
|-
|-
|
|
Line 6,576: Line 7,306:
|
|
|
|
|The Ear
|shahana
|
|
|The Ear
|-
|-
|'''22'''
|'''22'''
Line 6,583: Line 7,314:
|'''रासायनिक समन्वय तथा एकीकरण'''
|'''रासायनिक समन्वय तथा एकीकरण'''
|
|
|
|'''Chemical coordination and integration'''
|
|
|
|
|'''Chemical coordination and integration'''
|
|
|-
|-
Line 6,594: Line 7,326:
|
|
|
|
|Endocrine Glands & Hormones
|Ekatah
|
|
|Endocrine Glands & Hormones
|-
|-
|
|
Line 6,602: Line 7,335:
|[[हाइपोथैलेमस]]
|[[हाइपोथैलेमस]]
|
|
|
|Hypothalamus
|
|
|
|
|Hypothalamus
|-
|-
|
|
Line 6,612: Line 7,346:
|
|
|
|
|The pituitary gland
|Ekatah
|
|
|The pituitary gland
|-
|-
|
|
Line 6,621: Line 7,356:
|
|
|
|
|The pineal gland
|Ekatah
|
|
|The pineal gland
|-
|-
|
|
Line 6,630: Line 7,366:
|
|
|
|
|Thyroid gland
|Ekatah
|
|
|Thyroid gland
|-
|-
|
|
Line 6,639: Line 7,376:
|
|
|
|
|Parathyroid hormone
|Ekatah
|
|
|Parathyroid hormone
|-
|-
|
|
Line 6,648: Line 7,386:
|
|
|
|
|Thymus gland
|Ekatah
|
|
|Thymus gland
|-
|-
|
|
Line 6,657: Line 7,396:
|
|
|
|
|Adrenal glands
|Ekatah
|
|
|Adrenal glands
|-
|-
|
|
Line 6,666: Line 7,406:
|
|
|
|
|Addison’s disease
|Ekatah
|
|
|Addison’s disease
|-
|-
|
|
Line 6,674: Line 7,415:
|[[अग्न्याशय]]
|[[अग्न्याशय]]
|
|
|
|Pancreas
|
|
|
|
|Pancreas
|-
|-
|
|
Line 6,683: Line 7,425:
|[[वृषण]]
|[[वृषण]]
|
|
|
|Testis
|
|
|
|
|Testis
|-
|-
|
|
Line 6,692: Line 7,435:
|[[शुक्रजनक नलिकाएं]]
|[[शुक्रजनक नलिकाएं]]
|
|
|
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[[Category:जीव विज्ञान]]
[[Category:Information]]
[[Category:कक्षा-11]]

Latest revision as of 16:18, 12 May 2024

S.No. इकाई अध्याय विषय Unit - 1 Chapter Topic Article Creator Name Review by IIT Kanpur
इकाई - एक
1 जीव जगत में विविधता Diversity in the living world
जीव जगत The living world
जीव living
वृद्धि Growth
जनन Reproduction Deeksha Dwivedi
उपापचयन Metabolism
जैविक विविधता Biodiversity
नाम पद्धति Nomenclature
द्विपदनाम पद्धति Binomial Nomenclature Deeksha Dwivedi
टैक्सा Taxa
वर्गिकी Taxonomy
जाति (स्पीशीज) Species
वंश Genus
गण order
संघ Phylum
हरबेरियम Herbarium Deeksha Dwivedi
वनस्पति-उद्यान Botanical Garden Deeksha Dwivedi
संग्रहालय Museum Deeksha Dwivedi
प्राणि उद्यान Zoological park Deeksha Dwivedi
2 जीव जगत का वर्गीकरण Biological Classification
द्विजगत पद्धति Dual system
आध बैक्टीरिया Archaebacteria shahana rizvi
यूबैक्टीरिया Eubacteria shahana rizvi
सायनोबैक्टीरिया Cyanobacteria shahana rizvi
परपोषी बैक्टीरिया Parasitic Bacteria
प्रोटिस्टा जगत Protista Kingdom
क्राइसोफाइट्स Chrysophytes shahana rizvi
डायनोफ्लैजिलेट Dinoflagellates
यूग्लेनॉइड्स Euglenoids
अवपंक कवक scale fungus
प्रोटोजोआ Protozoa shahana rizvi
कवक Fungi
फाइकोमाइसिटीज Phycomycetes
एस्कोमाइसिटीज Ascomycetes
बेसिडियोमाइसिटीज Basidiomycetes
डयूटिरोमाइसिटीज Deuteromycetes
पादप जगत Plantae Kingdom
जंतु जगत Animal kingdom
विषाणु Virus shahana rizvi
वाइराइड Viroid shahana rizvi
प्रिऑन Prione shahana rizvi
लाइकेन Lichen shahana rizvi
शैवालांश Algae shahana rizvi
माइकोवायंट Mycovyant
3 वनस्पति जगत Plant Kingdom
शैवाल Algae
जूस्पोर Zoospores shahana rizvi
समयुग्मकी homozygous
असमयुग्मकी heterozygous
नरयुग्मक Male gametes
लाल शैवाल Red algae shahana rizvi
कैरागीन carrageen
क्लोरोफाइसी (हरा शैवाल) Chlorophyceae (green algae) shahana rizvi
फियोफाइसी (भूरा शैवाल) phaeophyceae (Brown Algae) shahana rizvi
रोडोफाइसी (लाल शैवाल) Rhodophyceae shahana rizvi
ब्रायोफाइट्स Bryophytes
युग्मकोभिद Gametophyte shahana rizvi
पुंधानी Antheridium
स्त्रीधानी Archegonium
स्पोरोफाइट Sporophyte shahana rizvi
लिवरवर्ट Livervart shahana rizvi
मॉस Moss shahana rizvi
टेरिडोफाइट pteridophytes shahana rizvi
जिमनोस्पर्म Gymnosperm Deeksha Dwivedi
एंजियोस्पेर्म Angiosperms Deeksha Dwivedi
परागण pollination Deeksha Dwivedi
पीढ़ी एकान्तरण Alternation of generations Deeksha Dwivedi
बीजाणु उद्भिद (स्पोरोफिटिक) Sporophyte
4 प्राणी जगत Animal Kingdom
एक्टोडर्म Ectoderm shahana rizvi
एंडोडर्म Endoderm shahana rizvi
मीजोडर्म Mesoderm shahana rizvi
देहगुहा (प्रगुहा) Coelom shahana rizvi
सैगमेंटेशन (खंडीभवन) Segmentation
विखंडावस्था metameric segmentation
पृष्ठरज्जु Notochord shahana rizvi
संघ पोरिफेरा Phylum Porifera Deeksha Dwivedi
ऑस्टिया Austia
स्पंज गुहा Spongocoel
ऑस्कुलम Osculam
कोएनोसाइट Choanocytes
नाल तंत्र canals
ओस्टिया Ostia
स्पांजिला Spongilla
यूस्पॉन्जिया Euspongia
फाइलम सीलेन्ट्रेटा Phylum – Coelenterata (Cnidaria) Deeksha Dwivedi
दंश कोशिका Nematocysts shahana rizvi
नाइडोब्लास्ट Cnidoblasts
संघ टीनोफोर Phylum – Ctenophora Deeksha Dwivedi
संघ प्लेटीहेल्मिन्थीज (चपटे कृमि) Phylum – Platyhelminthes Deeksha Dwivedi
संघ एस्केल्मिन्थीज (गोलकृमि) Phylum – Aschelminthes Deeksha Dwivedi
संघ एनेलिडा Phylum – Annelida Deeksha Dwivedi
पैरापोडिया Parapodia
वृक्कक Nephridia
नेफ्रीडियम Nephridium
संघ आर्थोपोडा Phylum – Arthropoda Deeksha Dwivedi
संधियुक्त पाद Jointed appendages
मैलपिगी नलिका Malpighian tubules
संघ मोलस्का Phylum mollusca Deeksha Dwivedi
रेडुला Radula
संघ इकोनोडर्मेटा Phylum Echinodermata Deeksha Dwivedi
जल संवहन तंत्र Water vascular system
संघ हेमीकोर्डेटा Phylum – Hemichordata Deeksha Dwivedi
क्लोम छिद्र Gill slits
उपास्थिल मेरुदंड Notochord
वर्ग-साइक्लोस्टोमेटा Class – Cyclostomata shahana rizvi
वर्ग-कांड्रीक्थीज Class – Chondrichthyes shahana rizvi
ऑपरकुलम Operculum
वर्ग- एम्फीबिया Class – Amphibia shahana rizvi
कर्णपटल Tympanum
अवस्कर Cloaca
वर्ग- सरीसृप Class – Reptilia
प्रशल्क Scales
वर्ग एवीज Class – Aves shahana rizvi
समतापी Homoiothermous
वर्ग स्तनधारी Class – Mammalia shahana rizvi
स्तनग्रंथि Mammary glands
इकाई - दो Unit- 2
पादप एवं प्राणियों में संरचनात्मक संगठन Structural Organisation in Plants and Animals
5 पुष्पी पादपों की आकारिकी Morphology of Flowering Plants
आकारिकी Morphology shahana rizvi
प्राथमिक मूल Primary root
द्वितीयक मूल Secondary Root
तृतीयक मूल Tertiary root
मूसला मूलतंत्र Tap root system
झकड़ा मूलतंत्र Fibrous root
अपस्थानिक मूल Adventitious roots
मूल गोप Root cap
मेरिस्टमी क्रियाओं का क्षेत्र Region of meristematic activity
दीर्घीकरण क्षेत्र Region of elongation
परिपक्व क्षेत्र Region of maturation
मूलरोम Root hairs
प्रोप रुट Prop roots
अवस्तम्भ रूट Stilt roots
श्वसन मूल pneumatophores
प्रतान Tendrils
पर्णाधार leaf base
पर्णवृंततल्प Petiole
पर्णवृंत Petiole
स्तरिका lamina
मध्यशिरा Midrib
शिराविन्यास venation
सरल पत्ती simple leaf
संयुक्त पत्ती compound leaf shahana rizvi
पर्णविन्यास foliage
पत्ती के रूपांतरण metamorphosis of leaf
पुष्पक्रम inflorescence shahana
असीमाक्षी Racemose
ससीमाक्षी cymose
पुष्प flowers shahana rizvi
पुष्पासन Thalamus or receptacle.
सहपत्री Bracteate
सहपत्रहीन Ebracteate
अधोजायांगता Hypogynous
परिजायांगता Perigynous
अधिजायांगता Epigynous
अधोवर्ती downward
ऊर्ध्ववर्ती vertical
केल्किस Calyx shahana rizvi
केल्किस संयुक्त बाह्य दली Gamosepalous
पृथक बाह्यदली Polysepalous
कोरोला Corolla shahana rizvi
कोरस्पर्शी Valvate
व्यावर्तित Twisted
कोरछादी Imbricate
वैक्ज़ीलरी vaccillary
पुमंग stamen shahana rizvi
स्टेमिनाएड Staminode
दललग्न (एपिपेटलस) Epipetalus
परिदल लग्न (एपिफिलस) Epiphyllus
जायांग Gynoecium shahana rizvi
वर्तिका style
वर्तिकाग्र stigma
बीजाण्डासन Placenta
वियुक्तांडपी Apocarpous
युक्तांडपी Syncarpous
बीजाण्डन्यास Placentation shahana rizvi
अनिषेक फलन Parthenocarpic
फलभित्ति Pericarp
वाह्यफल Epicarp
मध्यफल Mesocarp
अन्तःफलभित्ति Endocarp
बीजावरण Testa
टेगमेन tegmen.
बीजाण्डद्वार Micropyle
मूलांकुर Radicle.
भ्रूणपोष Endosperm shahana rizvi
एल्यूरोन परत Aleurone layer
स्कुटेलम scutellum
प्रांकुर Plumule shahana rizvi
मूलांकुर Radicle
प्रांकुरचोल Coleoptile
मूलांकुर चोल Coleorhiza
फाबेसी Fabaceae
सोलैनेसी Solanaceae
लिलिएसी Liliaceae
6 पुष्पी पादपों का शरीर Anatomy of Flowering Plants
ऊतक Tissues shahana rizvi
मेरिस्टेमेटिक ऊतक Meristematic Tissues shahana rizvi
मेरिस्टेम Meristems
शीर्षस्थ मेरिस्टेम Apical meristems
कक्षीय कली Axillary bud
अंतर्वेशी मेरिस्टेम Intercalary Meristem
प्राथमिक मेरिस्टेम्स Primary meristem
द्वितीयक या पार्श्व मेरिस्टेम्स Secondary or lateral meristem
स्थायी या परिपक्व कोशिकाएं Permanent or mature cells
सरल ऊतक Simple tissues shahana rizvi
पैरेन्काइमा Parenchyma shahana rizvi
कोलेन्काइमा Collenchyma
स्क्लेरेन्काइमा Sclerenchyma shahana rizvi
स्किलिरिड sclereids
जटिल ऊतक Complex Tissues shahana rizvi
जाइलम Xylem shahana rizvi
ट्रेकीड Tracheids shahana rizvi
वाहिका Vessel shahana rizvi
जाइलम तंतु Xylem fibres
जाइलम पैरेन्काइमा Xylem parenchyma shahana rizvi
प्रोटोजाइलम protoxylem
मेटाजाइलम Metaxylem
मध्यादिदारुक Endarch
वाह्य आदिदारुक exarch
फ्लाएम Phloem shahana rizvi
चालनी नलिका Sieve tube elements shahana rizvi
सहचर कोशिकाएं Companion cells
फ्लोएम पैरेन्काइमा Phloem parenchyma
फ्लोएम तंतु Phloem fibres
प्रोटोफ्लोएम Protophloem
मेटाफ्लोएम Metaphloem.
क्यूटिकल Cuticle shahana rizvi
रंध्र Stomata shahana rizvi
सहायक कोशिकाएं Subsidiary cells
रंध्री तंत्र Stomatal apparatus
मूलरोम Root hairs
ट्राइकोम्स Trichomes
भरण ऊतक Ground tissue
पर्णमध्योतक Mesophyll
कैंबियम Cambium shahana rizvi
खुला संवहन बंडल Open vascular bundles.
बंद संवहन बंडल Closed vascular bundles
रेडियल संवहनी बंडल Radial vascular bundles
मूलीय त्वचा Epiblema
कैस्पेरियन पट्टी Cortex
परिरम्भ Casparian strips.
कंजकटिव ऊतक Pericycle
पिथ Conjuctive tissue
खम्भा पैरेन्काइमा pith
स्पंजी पैरेन्काइमा palisade parenchyma
आवर्ध त्वक्कोशिका
द्वितीयक वृद्धि Secondary growth shahana rizvi
पार्श्वीय मेरिस्टम lateral meristem
संवहन कैंबियम vascular cambium shahana rizvi
कार्क कैंबियम Cork Cambium shahana rizvi
अन्तः पूलीय कैम्बियम Intyracalary Cambium
अन्तरापूलीय कैम्बियम Intercalary cambium
द्वितीयक जाइलम Secondary Xylem
द्वितीयक फ्लोएम Secondary Phloem
द्वितीयक मज्जाकिरण Secondary medullary
बसंतदारु (अग्र दारू) Spring wood
शरद दारू (पश्च दारू) Early wood
वार्षिक वलय Annual ring
रसदारु sapwood
ह्रददारु Heartwood
कॉर्क कैम्बियम cork cambium
द्वितीयक वल्कुट Secondary cortex or Phelloderm
परिचर्म Periderm
छालवल्क Bark
वातरंध्र Lenticels
7 प्राणियों में संरचनात्मक संगठन Structural Organsation in Animals
सरल उपकला simple epithelium shahana rizvi
संयुक्त उपकला compound epithelium shahana rizvi
शल्की उपकला Squamous epithelium
घनाकार उपकला Cuboidal epithelium
स्तम्भाकार उपकला Columnar epithelium
पक्ष्माभी उपकला Ciliated epithelium
ग्रंथिल उपकला Glandular epithelium
बहिःस्त्रावी Exocrine shahana rizvi
अंत: स्रावी Endocrine shahana rizvi
संयुक्त उपकला Compound epithelium shahana rizvi
दृढ संधियाँ Tight junctions shahana rizvi
आसंजी संधियाँ Adhering junctions shahana rizvi
अंतराली संधियां Gap junctions
लचीले संयोजी ऊतक Areolar tissue shahana rizvi
सघन संयोजी ऊतक Dense connective tissues
वसा ऊतक Adipose tissue shahana rizvi
विशिष्ट संयोजी ऊतक specialised connective tissues
अस्थि Bones shahana rizvi
रक्त Blood shahana rizvi
कंकाल पेशी Skeletal muscle shahana rizvi
चिकनी पेशी smooth muscle
हृद पेशी Cardiac muscle tissue shahana rizvi
तंत्रिका ऊतक Neural Tissue Ekatah
अंग और अंगतंत्र Organ and organ System
केंचुआ Earthworm shahana rizvi
क्लाइटेलम Clitellum
शूक Setae
आंत्रवलन Typhlosole
नेफ्रिडिया Nephridia
कॉकरोच Cockroache shahana rizvi
मैलपीगी नलिकाएं Malpighian tubules
यूरिकाम्ल Uricotelic
नेत्राशंक ommatidia
इकाई - तीन Unit - 3
संरचना और कार्य Structure and functions
8 कोशिका : जीवन की इकाई cell: The unit of life
कोशिका Cell
एंटोन वॉन ल्यूवेनहोक Anton Von Leeuwenhoek
कोशिका सिद्धांत Cell theory
श्लेडेन और श्वान Schleiden and Schwann
प्रोकैरियोटिक कोशिकाएं Prokaryotic cells shahana rizvi
डीएनए DNA Ekatah
ग्राम धनात्मक जीवाणु Gram positive bacteria shahana rizvi
ग्राम ऋणात्मक जीवाणु Gram negative bacteria shahana rizvi
अवपंक परत Slime layer
सम्पुटिका Capsule
मीसोजोम Mesosome
पुटिका Form of vesicles
नलिका Tubules
पटलिका Lamellae
तन्तु Filament
कशाभिका Flagellum
रोम Pili
झालर Fimbriae
राइबोसोम Ribosomes shahana rizvi
बहुराइबोसोम या बहु सूत्र Polyribosomes or polysome
अंतर्विष्ट पिंड Inclusion bodies
केंद्रीय रसधानी Central vacuole
तारक काय Centrioles shahana rizvi
यूकेरियोटिक कोशिकाएं Eukaryotic cells shahana rizvi
कोशिका झिल्ली Cell Membrane shahana rizvi
तरल किर्मीर नमूना Fluid mosaic model shahana rizvi
निष्क्रिय परिवहन Passive transport
सक्रिय परिवहन Active transport
परासरण Osmosis. shahana rizvi
कोशिका भित्ति Cell wall
प्राथमिक भित्ति Primary wall
अंतः झिल्लिका तंत्र Endomembrane system
अन्तः प्रदव्ययी जलिका Endoplasmic Reticulum shahana rizvi
गॉल्जीकाय Golgi apparatus shahana rizvi
लाइसोसोम Lysosomes Ekatah
संकुचनशील रसधानी Contractile vacuole
खाध रसधानी Food vacuoles
माइटोकॉन्ड्रिया Mitochondria shahana rizvi
आधात्री Matrix
क्रिस्टी Cristae
पर्णहरित Chlorophyll Ekatah
कैरोटेनॉइड Carotenoid
मंड लवक Amyloplasts
तेल लवक Elaioplasts
प्रोटीन लवक Aleuroplasts
थाइलेकोइड Thylakoids shahana rizvi
साइटोपंजर Cytoskeleton shahana rizvi
पक्ष्माभ Cilia
कशाभिका Flagella
अक्षसूत्र Axoneme
क्रोमेटिन Chromatin shahana rizvi
केंद्रिक Nucleoli shahana rizvi
परिकेन्द्रकी अवकाश Perinuclear space
केन्द्रक द्रव्य Nucleoplasm shahana rizvi
माइक्रोबॉडीज Microbodies shahana rizvi
9 जैव अणु Biomolecules
ज्विटर आयन zwitterion shahana rizvi
अमीनो अम्ल Amino acids shahana rizvi
शर्करा (कार्बोहाइड्रेट) Sugars (Carbohydrates) shahana rizvi
ग्लाइसीन Glycine shahana rizvi
एलानिन Alanine
सेरिन Serine shahana rizvi
पामिटिक अम्ल Palmitic acid
ग्लिसरॉल Glycerol shahana rizvi
ट्राइग्लिसराइड Triglyceride
फास्फोलिपिड (लेसिथिन) Phospholipid (Lecithin)
कोलेस्ट्रॉल Cholesterol shahana rizvi
एडेनिन (प्यूरिन) Adenine (Purine) shahana rizvi
एडीनोसिन Adenosine
एडेनिलिक अम्ल Adenylic acid
यूरेसिल (पाइरीमिडीन) Uracil (Pyrimidine) shahana rizvi
यूरिडीन Uridine
न्यूक्लियोसाइड Nucleosides
न्यूक्लियोटाइड Nucleotide
द्वितीयक उपापचयज Secondary metabolites
प्राथमिक उपापचयज Primary metabolites
वृहत जैव अणु Biomacromolecules
प्रोटीन Proteins shahana rizvi
पॉलीसैकराइड Polysaccharides
न्यूक्लिक अम्ल Nucleic acid
प्रोटीन की संरचना Structure of protein shahana rizvi
अल्फा - हेलिक्स Alpha – Helix
बीटा– प्लीटेड शीट Beta– plated sheet
पेप्टाइड बंध Peptide bond shahana rizvi
ग्लाइकोसिडिक बंध Glycosidic bond
उत्प्रेरित अभिक्रियाएं Catalysed Reaction
उपापचय पथ Anabolic pathways
अपचय पथ Catabolic pathways.
एडेनोसाइन ट्राइफॉस्फेट (एटीपी) Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) Ekatah
रासायनिक अभिक्रिया Chemical Reaction
सक्रियण ऊर्जा Activation energy
एंजाइम क्रिया की प्रकृति Nature of Enzyme Action
एंजाइम क्रियाविधि को प्रभावित करने वाले कारक Factors Affecting Enzyme Activity
संदमन Inhibition shahana rizvi
ऑक्सीडोरडक्टेस / डिहाइड्रोजनेज Oxidoreductases/dehydrogenases
ट्रांसफरेज Transferases
हाइड्रोलेजेज Hydrolases
लाइसेस Lyases
आइसोमरेज Isomerases shahana rizvi
लाइगेजेज Ligases:
सह-कारक Co-factors
10 कोशिका चक्र और कोशिका विभाजन Cell Cycle and Cell Division
कोशिका चक्र Cell cycle Ekatah
अंतरावस्था Interphase
एम प्रावस्था (समसूत्री विभाजन) M Phase (Mitosis phase)
कार्योकाइनेसिस Karyokinesis
साइटोकाइनेसिस Cytokinesis Ekatah
पश्च सूत्री अंतरकाल प्रावस्था G1 phase (Gap 1)
संश्लेषण प्रावस्था S phase (Synthesis)
पूर्व - सूत्री विभाजन अंतरालकाल प्रावस्था G2 phase (Gap 2)
शांत अवस्था Quiescent stage (G0 )
सूत्री विभाजन अवस्था (M प्रावस्था) M Phase (Mitosis phase)
पूर्वावस्था Prophase Ekatah
मध्यावस्था Metaphase Ekatah
पश्चावस्था Anaphase Ekatah
अंत्यावस्था Telophase Ekatah
कोशिकाद्रव्य विभाजन Cytokinesis Ekatah
अर्धसूत्रीविभाजन Meiosis
तनुपट्ट leptotene
युग्मपट्ट Zygotene
स्थूलपट्ट Pachytene
द्विपट्ट Diplotene
काएज्मेटा Chiasmata
डायकाइनेसिस Diakinesis
इकाई - चार Unit - 4
पादप कार्यकीय (शरीर क्रियात्मकता) Plant Physiology
11 पौधों में परिवहन Transport in Plants
स्थानान्तरण Translocation
विसरण Diffusion
सुसाध्य विसरण Facilitated diffusion
पोरिन् Porins
एक्वापोरिन Aquaporins
सिम्पोर्ट Symport
एंटिपोर्ट Antiport
यूनिपोर्ट Uniport.
सक्रिय परिवहन Active transport shahana
निष्क्रिय परिवहन Passive transport shahana
जल विभव (Ψw) Water potential (Ψw )
विलेय विभव (Ψs ) Solute potential (Ψs )
दाब विभव (Ψp) Pressure potential (Ψp )
दाब प्रवणता Pressure gradient
सांद्रता प्रवणता Concentration gradient
जीवद्रव्यकुंचन Plasmolysis shahana
समपरासरी Isotonic
अल्पपरासारी Hypotonic
अतिपरासारी Hypertonic
स्फीत दबाव Turgor pressure
अंत-शोषण Imbibition shahana
सामूहिक या थोक प्रवाह Mass or bulk flow
एपोप्लास्ट पथ Apoplast pathway
सिम्प्लास्ट पथ Symplast pathway
कैस्पेरियन पट्टी Casparian strips
माइकोराइजा Mycorrhiza
मूल दाब Root Pressure
बिन्दुस्राव Guttation
सामंजस्य-तनाव-वाष्पोत्सर्जन खिंचाव मॉडल Cohesion-tension-transpiration pull mode
रंध्र छिद्र Stomatal aperture,
रक्षक कोशिकाएं Guard cells Ekatah
सासंजन Cohesion
आसंजन Adhesion
तन्य -सामर्थ्य Tensile strength
ट्रेकिड् और वाहिका तत्व Tracheids and vessel elements
सक्रिय अवशोषण Active absorption
दबाव प्रवाह या द्रव्यमान प्रवाह परिकल्पना The Pressure Flow or Mass Flow Hypothesis
12 खनिज पोषण Mineral nutrition
जल संवर्धन Hydroponics.
वृहत पोषक तत्व Macronutrients
सूक्ष्म पोषक तत्व Micronutrients
क्रांतिक सांद्रता Critical concentration
सूक्ष्म पोषक तत्वों की विषाक्तता Toxicity of Micronutrients
अभिवाह Flux
अन्तर्वाह Influx
बहि: स्राव Efflux
नाइट्रोजन चक्र Nitrogen Cycle
नाइट्रोजन स्थिरीकरण Nitrogenfixation
नाइट्रीकरण Nitrification
रसायनपोषी Chemoautotrophs
जैविक नाइट्रोजन स्थिरीकरण Biological nitrogen fixation
सहजीवी जैविक नाइट्रोजन स्थिरीकरण Symbiotic biological nitrogen fixation
राइजोबियम Rhizobium
अमोनिया की स्थिति Fate of ammonia
अपचयित एमीनीकरण Reductive amination
ट्रांसएमिनेशन Transamination
13 उच्च पादपों में प्रकाश संश्लेषण Photosynthesis In Higher Plants
प्रकाश अभिक्रिया (प्रकाश रासायनिक अभिक्रिया) light reactions (photochemical reactions)
अप्रकाशीय अभिक्रिया (कार्बन अभिक्रिया) Dark reactions (carbon reactions)
क्लोरोफिल ए Chlorophyll a Ekatah
क्लोरोफिल बी Chlorophyll b Ekatah
ज़ैंथोफिल xanthophylls shahana rizvi
कैरोटीनॉयड carotenoids shahana rizvi
लाइट हार्वेस्टिंग काम्प्लेक्स (एल एच एसी) light harvesting complexes (LHC)
फोटोसिस्टम I (पीएस I) Photosystem I (PS I)
फोटोसिस्टम II (PS II) Photosystem II (PS II)
एंटीना antennae
अभिक्रिया केंद्र Reaction centre
पी700 P700
पी 680 P680
इलेक्ट्रॉन परिवहन Electrons transport
Z स्कीम Z scheme
जल विघटन Splitting of Water
चक्रीय और अचक्रीय फोटो-फास्फोरिलीकरण Cyclic and Non-cyclic Photo-phosphorylation
केमियोस्मोटिक परिकल्पना Chemiosmotic Hypothesis
जैवसंश्लेषण चरण Biosynthetic phase
केल्विन चक्र Calvin cycle shahana rizvi
C3 पथ C3 pathway
C4 पथ C4 pathway
बंडल शीथ कोशिकाएं Bundle sheath cells
क्रांज़ 'शारीरिक रचना Kranz’ anatomy shahana rizvi
हैच और स्लैक पाथवे Hatch and Slack Pathway
प्रकाश श्वसन Photorespiration shahana rizvi
प्रकाश संश्लेषण को प्रभावित करने वाले कारक Factors Affecting Photosynthesis
लॉ ऑफ लिमिटिंग फैक्टर Law of Limiting Factors
14 पौधों में श्वसन Respiration in plants
कोशिकीय श्वसन Cellular respiration shahana rizvi
श्वसनी क्रियाधार Respiratory substrates
ग्लाइकोलिसिस glycolysis shahana rizvi
क्रेब्स चक्र Krebs’ cycle shahana rizvi
किण्वन Fermentation shahana rizvi
ऑक्सी श्वसन Aerobic respiration shahana rizvi
ट्राइकारबॉक्सिलिक अम्ल चक्र Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle shahana rizvi
इलेक्ट्रॉन परिवहन तंत्र (ETS) Electron Transport System (ETS)
ऑक्सीडेटिव फास्फोराइलेशन Oxidative Phosphorylation
एम्फ़िबोलिक मार्ग Amphibolic Pathway
श्वसन गुणांक Respiratory quotient
साइट्रिक एसिड चक्र Citric acid Cycle shahana rizvi
माइटोकॉन्ड्रिया में एटीपी का संश्लेषण ATP synthesis in mitochondria
अनॉक्सी श्वसन Anaerobic respiration shahana rizvi
ए.टी.पी ATP
15 पादप वृद्धि एवं परिवर्धन Plant growth and development
वृद्धि Growth
वृद्धि के चरण Phases of Growth
वृद्धि दर Growth Rates
वृद्धि के लिए दशाएं Conditions for Growth
विभेदन Differentiation
निर्विभेदन Dedifferentiation
पुनर्विभेदित Redifferentiated
परिवर्धन Development
प्लास्टिसिटी Plasticity
पादप वृद्धि नियामक Plant growth regulators (PGRs) Ekatah
ऑक्सिन्स Auxins Ekatah
शिखाग्र प्रधान्यता Apical dominance Ekatah
जिबरेलिन्स Gibberellins Ekatah
साइटोकाइनिन्स Cytokinins Ekatah
एथिलीन Ethylene Ekatah
एब्सिसिक अम्ल Abscisic acid Ekatah
दीप्तिकालिता Photoperiodism Ekatah
दीर्घ प्रदीप्तकाली पौधे long day plants Ekatah
अल्प प्रदीप्तकाली पौधे short day plants Ekatah
तटस्थ प्रदीप्तकाली पौधे Day-neutral plants Ekatah
वसंतीकरण Vernalisation Ekatah
बीज प्रसुप्ति Seed dormancy Ekatah
इकाई - चार Unit - 4
16 मानव शरीर विज्ञान Human Physiology
पाचन एवं अवशोषण Digestion and Absorption
पाचन Digestion shahana rizvi
पाचन तंत्र Digestive system shahana rizvi
आहार नाल Alimentary Canal shahana rizvi
गर्तदन्ती Thecodont
द्विबारदंती Diphyodont
जठरागम भाग Cardiac shahana rizvi
फंडिक क्षेत्र Fundic region
जठरनिर्गम भाग Pyloric portion
पाचन ग्रंथियां Digestive glands shahana rizvi
ग्रास Bolus shahana rizvi
काइम Chyme
ग्लोबेट कोशिकाये Goblet cells
सक्सेस एंटेरिकस Succus entericus
पचाए गए उत्पादों का अवशोषण Absorption of digested products shahana rizvi
मुख Mouth shahana rizvi
आमाशय Stomach
छोटी आंत Small Intestine shahana rizvi
बड़ी आँत Large Intestine shahana rizvi
पीलिया Jaundice
वमन Vomiting shahana rizvi
प्रवाहिका Diarrhoea shahana rizvi
कोष्ठबद्धता Constipation shahana
अपच Indigestion shahana rizvi
प्रोटीन ऊर्जा कुपोषण (पीईएम) Protein-energy malnutrition (PEM) shahana rizvi
17 श्वास और गैसों का विनिमय Breathing and exchange of gases
श्वासन Respiration
श्वसन Breathing
क्लोम Gills
फेफड़े lungs
ग्रसनी Pharynx
श्वासनली Trachea
ध्वनि पेटिका Sound box
श्वासनलियाँ Bronchi
वायु कूपिका Alveoli
अन्तः श्वसन Inspiration
निःश्वसन Expiration
ज्वारीय आयतन Tidal Volume (TV)
अंत श्वसन सुरक्षित आयतन (आईआरबी) Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV)
निःश्वास सुरक्षित आयतन Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV)
अवशिष्ट आयतन (RV) Residual Volume (RV)
अन्तः श्वसन क्षमता (आईसी) Inspiratory Capacity (IC)
नि:श्वसन क्षमता (ईसी) Expiratory Capacity (EC)
क्रियात्मक अवशिष्ट क्षमता (FRC) Functional Residual Capacity (FRC)
जैव क्षमता (वीसी) Vital Capacity (VC)
फेफड़े की कुल क्षमता (टीएलसी) Total Lung Capacity (TLC)
गैसों का आदान-प्रदान Exchange of gases
गैसों का परिवहन Transportation of gases
ऑक्सीहीमोग्लोबिन Oxyhaemoglobin
कार्बामिनो-हीमोग्लोबिन Carbamino-haemoglobin
दमा Asthma
वातस्फीति Emphysema
व्यावसायिक श्वसन विकार Occupational Respiratory Disorders
18 शरीर द्रव तथा परिसंचरण Body fluids and circulation
रक्त Blood
लसीका lymph
प्लाज्मा Plasma
इरिथ्रोसाइट्स (रक्ताणु) Erythrocytes
ल्यूकोसाइट (श्वेत रुधिर कणिकाएं) Leucocytes
थ्रॉम्बोसाइट्स Thrombocytes
रक्त समूह Blood Groups shahana rizvi
ABO समुह ABO grouping
Rh समूह Rh grouping
Rh सहित Rh positive
Rh हीन Rh negative
रक्त स्कंदन Coagulation of Blood
परिसंचरण पथ CIRCULATORY PATHWAYS
अलिंद Atrium
निलय Ventricles
हृदय Heart
हृदयावरण pericardium
शिरा अलिंद पर्व sino-atrial node
अलिंद निलय पर्व atrio-ventricular node
हृदय चक्र Cardiac Cycle
विद्युत हृद लेख Electrocardiograph (ECG)
आलिंद का उद्दीपन excitation (or depolarisation) of the atria
निलय का अध्रुवण depolarisation of the ventricles,
टी तरंग T-wave
रक्त वाहिकाएं Blood Vessels
अंतःस्तर कंचुक tunica intima
वाह्य कंचुक tunica externa.
उच्च रक्त दाब High Blood Pressure (Hypertension)
कोरोनरी धमनी रोग (सीएडी) Coronary Artery Disease (CAD)
एनजाइना (ह्रद शूल) Angina
हृद्पात Heart Failure
अनुशिथिलन Diastole
प्रकुंचन Systole
P- तरंग P-wave
सिनो-आलिंद नोड Sino-atrial node
मायोजेनिक myogenic
हृदयी निर्गम cardiac output
प्लेटलेट्स Platelets
पेसमेकर Pacemaker
ह्रद निकास Cardiac output
स्ट्रोक या विस्पंदन आयतन Stroke or stroke volume
19 उत्सर्जी उत्पाद और उनका निष्कासन Excretory products and their Elimination
अमोनिया उत्सर्जी Ammonotelic
यूरिया उत्सर्जी Ureotelic
यूरिकोटेलिक Uricotelic
मैलपीगी नलिकाएं Malpighian tubules
बर्टिनी स्तंभ Columns of Bertini
नेफ्रॉन Nephrons
बोमेन सम्पुट Bowman’s capsule
समीपस्थ संवलित नलिका proximal convoluted tubule
हेन्ले लूप Henle’s loop
दूरस्थ संवलित नलिका distal convoluted tubule (DCT)
केशिकागुच्छीय निस्पंदन Glomerular filtration
परा निस्पंदन Ultra filtration
केशिकागुच्छीय निस्पंदन दर Glomerular filtration rate
पुनः अवशोषण Reabsorption
संग्रह नलिका Collecting Duct
प्रतिधारा क्रियाविधि Counter current mechanism
वासा रेक्टा Vasa recta
रेनिन Renin
रेनिन-एंजियोटेनसिन Renin-Angiotensin
आलिंद नैट्रियूरेटिक कारक Atrial Natriuretic Factor
यूरीमिया Uremia
हीमोडायलिसिस Hemodialysis shahana rizvi
कृत्रिम वृक्क Artificial kidney
वृक्क की क्रियाहीनता Renal failures
रेनल कैलकुली Renal calculi
ग्लोमेरुलोनेफ्राइटिस Glomerulonephritis
20 गमन एवं संचलन Locomotion & Movement
गमन locomotion shahana
कशाभिका गति Flagellar movement shahana
कंकाल पेशियाँ Skeletal muscles
ऐच्छिक पेशियाँ striated muscles shahana
अंतरंग पेशियाँ Visceral muscles
चिकनी पेशियाँ smooth muscles (nonstriated muscle) shahana
हृद पेशियाँ Cardiac muscles shahana
पेशी बण्डल या पूलिकाओं Muscle bundles or fascicles
संपटट Fascia
पेशी तन्तुक myofibrils
एक्टिन Actin
मायोसीन Myosin
अक्षीय कंकाल Axial skeleton shahana
कर्ण अस्थिकाएँ Ear Ossicles
कशेरुक दंड vertebral column shahana
उरोस्थि Sternum
पसलियां Ribs shahana
उपांगीय कंकाल Appendicular skeleton shahana
पाद limb shahana
अंश और श्रोणि मेखला Pectoral and Pelvic girdle shahana
रेशीय जोड़ Fibrous joints shahana
उपास्थि युक्त जोड़ cartilaginous joints shahana
सिनोवियल जोड़ Synovial joints shahana
माइस्थेनिया ग्रेविस Myasthenia gravis shahana
पेशीय दुष्पोसण Muscular dystrophy shahana
अपतानिका Tetany shahana
संधि शोथ Arthritis shahana
अस्थि सुषिरता Osteoporosis shahana
सन्धिवात Gout
21 तंत्रिका नियंत्रण और समन्वय Neural control and Coordination
न्यूरॉन Neurons
केंद्रीय तंत्रिका तंत्र (सीएनएस) Central neural system (CNS) shahana
परिधीय तंत्रिका तंत्र (PNS) Peripheral neural system (PNS) shahana
मस्तिष्क Brain
मेरुदंड Spinal cord
तंत्रिका तंत्र Neural system
निसेल ग्रेन्युल Nissl’s granules.
न्यूरोट्रांसमीटर Neurotransmitters
तंत्रिका आवेग Nerve impulse.
सिनैप्टिक दरार Synaptic cleft
ग्राही Receptors
अग्रमस्तिष्क Forebrain
मध्यमस्तिष्क Midbrain
पश्चमस्तिष्क Hindbrain shahana
प्रतिवर्ती क्रिया reflex action
संवेदी अंग Sense Organs shahana
नेत्र के भाग Parts of an eye shahana
देखने की प्रक्रिया Mechanism of Vision shahana
कर्ण The Ear shahana
22 रासायनिक समन्वय तथा एकीकरण Chemical coordination and integration
अंतःस्रावी ग्रंथियाँ और हार्मोन Endocrine Glands & Hormones Ekatah
हाइपोथैलेमस Hypothalamus
पीयूष ग्रन्थि The pituitary gland Ekatah
पीनियल ग्रंथि The pineal gland Ekatah
थाइरॉयड ग्रंथि Thyroid gland Ekatah
पैराथाइरॉइड हार्मोन Parathyroid hormone Ekatah
थाइमस ग्रंथि Thymus gland Ekatah
अधिवृक्क ग्रंथियां Adrenal glands Ekatah
एडिसन रोग Addison’s disease Ekatah
अग्न्याशय Pancreas
वृषण Testis
शुक्रजनक नलिकाएं seminiferous tubules
टेस्टोस्टेरोन Testosterone
प्रोजेस्ट्रोन Progesterone Ekatah
एस्ट्रोजन Estrogen Ekatah
कॉर्पस ल्यूटियम Corpus luteum Ekatah
एट्रियल नैट्रियूरेटिक फैक्टर Atrial natriuretic factor
हार्मोन ग्राही Hormone receptors
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