Taxonomy for Biology Articles-11th Class: Difference between revisions
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|'''अध्याय''' | |'''अध्याय''' | ||
|'''विषय''' | |'''विषय''' | ||
|'''Unit - 1''' | |'''Unit - 1''' | ||
|'''Chapter''' | |'''Chapter''' | ||
|'''Topic''' | |'''Topic''' | ||
|'''Article Creator Name''' | |||
|'''[https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1W0E_JcTAuGojSdK8vcLmC9v91rRN0oWZOtUxlijjZBc/edit#gid=629091502 Review by IIT Kanpur]''' | |||
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|'''इकाई - एक''' | |'''इकाई - एक''' | ||
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Line 21: | Line 23: | ||
|'''जीव जगत में विविधता''' | |'''जीव जगत में विविधता''' | ||
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|'''Diversity in the living world''' | |||
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Line 31: | Line 34: | ||
|'''जीव जगत''' | |'''जीव जगत''' | ||
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|'''The living world''' | |||
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Line 41: | Line 45: | ||
|[[जीव]] | |[[जीव]] | ||
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|living | |||
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Line 50: | Line 55: | ||
|[[वृद्धि]] | |[[वृद्धि]] | ||
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|Growth | |||
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Line 60: | Line 66: | ||
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|Reproduction | |||
|Deeksha Dwivedi | |||
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|- | |- | ||
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Line 68: | Line 75: | ||
|[[उपापचयन]] | |[[उपापचयन]] | ||
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|Metabolism | |||
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Line 77: | Line 85: | ||
|[[जैविक विविधता]] | |[[जैविक विविधता]] | ||
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|Biodiversity | |||
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Line 86: | Line 95: | ||
|[[नाम पद्धति]] | |[[नाम पद्धति]] | ||
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|Nomenclature | |||
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Line 96: | Line 106: | ||
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|Binomial Nomenclature | |||
|Deeksha Dwivedi | |||
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Line 104: | Line 115: | ||
|[[टैक्सा]] | |[[टैक्सा]] | ||
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|Taxa | |||
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Line 113: | Line 125: | ||
|[[वर्गिकी]] | |[[वर्गिकी]] | ||
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|Taxonomy | |||
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|- | |- | ||
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Line 122: | Line 135: | ||
|[[जाति (स्पीशीज)]] | |[[जाति (स्पीशीज)]] | ||
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|Species | |||
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Line 131: | Line 145: | ||
|[[वंश]] | |[[वंश]] | ||
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|Genus | |||
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Line 140: | Line 155: | ||
|[[गण]] | |[[गण]] | ||
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|order | |||
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|- | |- | ||
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Line 149: | Line 165: | ||
|[[संघ]] | |[[संघ]] | ||
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|Phylum | |||
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Line 159: | Line 176: | ||
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|Herbarium | |||
|Deeksha Dwivedi | |||
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|- | |- | ||
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Line 168: | Line 186: | ||
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|Botanical Garden | |||
|Deeksha Dwivedi | |||
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|- | |- | ||
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Line 177: | Line 196: | ||
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|Museum | |||
|Deeksha Dwivedi | |||
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|- | |- | ||
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Line 186: | Line 206: | ||
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|Zoological park | |||
|Deeksha Dwivedi | |||
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|- | |- | ||
|'''2''' | |'''2''' | ||
Line 193: | Line 214: | ||
|'''जीव जगत का वर्गीकरण''' | |'''जीव जगत का वर्गीकरण''' | ||
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|'''Biological Classification''' | |||
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|- | |- | ||
Line 203: | Line 225: | ||
|[[द्विजगत पद्धति]] | |[[द्विजगत पद्धति]] | ||
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|Dual system | |||
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|- | |- | ||
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Line 213: | Line 236: | ||
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|Archaebacteria | |||
|shahana rizvi | |||
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|- | |- | ||
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Line 222: | Line 246: | ||
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|Eubacteria | |||
|shahana rizvi | |||
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|- | |- | ||
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Line 231: | Line 256: | ||
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|Cyanobacteria | |||
|shahana rizvi | |||
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|- | |- | ||
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Line 239: | Line 265: | ||
|[[परपोषी बैक्टीरिया]] | |[[परपोषी बैक्टीरिया]] | ||
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|Parasitic Bacteria | |||
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|- | |- | ||
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Line 248: | Line 275: | ||
|[[प्रोटिस्टा जगत]] | |[[प्रोटिस्टा जगत]] | ||
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|Protista Kingdom | |||
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|- | |- | ||
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Line 258: | Line 286: | ||
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|Chrysophytes | |||
|shahana rizvi | |||
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|- | |- | ||
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Line 266: | Line 295: | ||
|[[डायनोफ्लैजिलेट]] | |[[डायनोफ्लैजिलेट]] | ||
| | | | ||
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|Dinoflagellates | |||
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|- | |- | ||
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Line 275: | Line 305: | ||
|[[यूग्लेनॉइड्स]] | |[[यूग्लेनॉइड्स]] | ||
| | | | ||
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|Euglenoids | |||
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|- | |- | ||
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Line 284: | Line 315: | ||
|[[अवपंक कवक]] | |[[अवपंक कवक]] | ||
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|scale fungus | |||
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|- | |- | ||
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Line 294: | Line 326: | ||
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|Protozoa | |||
|shahana rizvi | |||
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|- | |- | ||
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Line 302: | Line 335: | ||
|[[कवक]] | |[[कवक]] | ||
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|Fungi | |||
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|- | |- | ||
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|[[फाइकोमाइसिटीज]] | |[[फाइकोमाइसिटीज]] | ||
| | | | ||
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|Phycomycetes | |||
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|- | |- | ||
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Line 320: | Line 355: | ||
|[[एस्कोमाइसिटीज]] | |[[एस्कोमाइसिटीज]] | ||
| | | | ||
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|Ascomycetes | |||
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|- | |- | ||
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Line 329: | Line 365: | ||
|[[बेसिडियोमाइसिटीज]] | |[[बेसिडियोमाइसिटीज]] | ||
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|Basidiomycetes | |||
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|- | |- | ||
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Line 338: | Line 375: | ||
|[[डयूटिरोमाइसिटीज]] | |[[डयूटिरोमाइसिटीज]] | ||
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|Deuteromycetes | |||
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|- | |- | ||
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Line 347: | Line 385: | ||
|[[पादप जगत]] | |[[पादप जगत]] | ||
| | | | ||
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|Plantae Kingdom | |||
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|- | |- | ||
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Line 355: | Line 394: | ||
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|[[जंतु जगत]] | |[[जंतु जगत]] | ||
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|Animal kingdom | |Animal kingdom | ||
|- | | | ||
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|- | |||
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Line 366: | Line 406: | ||
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|Virus | |||
|shahana rizvi | |||
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|- | |- | ||
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Line 375: | Line 416: | ||
| | | | ||
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|Viroid | |||
|shahana rizvi | |||
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|- | |- | ||
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Line 384: | Line 426: | ||
| | | | ||
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|Prione | |||
|shahana rizvi | |||
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|- | |- | ||
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Line 393: | Line 436: | ||
| | | | ||
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|Lichen | |||
|shahana rizvi | |||
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|- | |- | ||
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Line 402: | Line 446: | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|Algae | |||
|shahana rizvi | |||
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|- | |- | ||
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Line 410: | Line 455: | ||
|[[माइकोवायंट]] | |[[माइकोवायंट]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Mycovyant | |||
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|- | |- | ||
|'''3''' | |'''3''' | ||
Line 418: | Line 464: | ||
|'''वनस्पति जगत''' | |'''वनस्पति जगत''' | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|'''Plant Kingdom''' | |||
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|- | |- | ||
Line 428: | Line 475: | ||
|[[शैवाल]] | |[[शैवाल]] | ||
| | | | ||
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|Algae | |||
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|- | |- | ||
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Line 438: | Line 486: | ||
| | | | ||
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|Zoospores | |||
|shahana rizvi | |||
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|- | |- | ||
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Line 446: | Line 495: | ||
|[[समयुग्मकी]] | |[[समयुग्मकी]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|homozygous | |||
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|- | |- | ||
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Line 455: | Line 505: | ||
|[[असमयुग्मकी]] | |[[असमयुग्मकी]] | ||
| | | | ||
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|heterozygous | |||
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|- | |- | ||
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Line 464: | Line 515: | ||
|[[नरयुग्मक]] | |[[नरयुग्मक]] | ||
| | | | ||
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|Male gametes | |||
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|- | |- | ||
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Line 474: | Line 526: | ||
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|Red algae | |||
|shahana rizvi | |||
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|- | |- | ||
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Line 482: | Line 535: | ||
|[[कैरागीन]] | |[[कैरागीन]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|carrageen | |||
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|- | |- | ||
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Line 492: | Line 546: | ||
| | | | ||
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|Chlorophyceae (green algae) | |||
|shahana rizvi | |||
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|- | |- | ||
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Line 501: | Line 556: | ||
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|phaeophyceae (Brown Algae) | |||
|shahana rizvi | |||
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|- | |- | ||
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Line 510: | Line 566: | ||
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|Rhodophyceae | |||
|shahana rizvi | |||
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|- | |- | ||
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Line 518: | Line 575: | ||
|[[ब्रायोफाइट्स]] | |[[ब्रायोफाइट्स]] | ||
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|Bryophytes | |||
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|- | |- | ||
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Line 528: | Line 586: | ||
| | | | ||
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|Gametophyte | |||
|shahana rizvi | |||
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|- | |- | ||
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Line 536: | Line 595: | ||
|[[पुंधानी]] | |[[पुंधानी]] | ||
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| | |||
|Antheridium | |||
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|- | |- | ||
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Line 545: | Line 605: | ||
|[[स्त्रीधानी]] | |[[स्त्रीधानी]] | ||
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|Archegonium | |||
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|- | |- | ||
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Line 555: | Line 616: | ||
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|Sporophyte | |||
|shahana rizvi | |||
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|- | |- | ||
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Line 564: | Line 626: | ||
| | | | ||
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|Livervart | |||
|shahana rizvi | |||
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|- | |- | ||
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Line 573: | Line 636: | ||
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|Moss | |||
|shahana rizvi | |||
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|- | |- | ||
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Line 582: | Line 646: | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|pteridophytes | |||
|shahana rizvi | |||
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|- | |- | ||
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Line 591: | Line 656: | ||
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|Gymnosperm | |||
|Deeksha Dwivedi | |||
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|- | |- | ||
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Line 600: | Line 666: | ||
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|Angiosperms | |||
|Deeksha Dwivedi | |||
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|- | |- | ||
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Line 609: | Line 676: | ||
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|pollination | |||
|Deeksha Dwivedi | |||
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|- | |- | ||
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Line 618: | Line 686: | ||
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|Alternation of generations | |||
|Deeksha Dwivedi | |||
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|- | |- | ||
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Line 626: | Line 695: | ||
|[[बीजाणु उद्भिद (स्पोरोफिटिक)]] | |[[बीजाणु उद्भिद (स्पोरोफिटिक)]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Sporophyte | |||
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|- | |- | ||
|'''4''' | |'''4''' | ||
Line 634: | Line 704: | ||
|'''प्राणी जगत''' | |'''प्राणी जगत''' | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|'''Animal Kingdom''' | |||
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|- | |- | ||
Line 645: | Line 716: | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|Ectoderm | |||
|shahana rizvi | |||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
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Line 654: | Line 726: | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|Endoderm | |||
|shahana rizvi | |||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
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Line 663: | Line 736: | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|Mesoderm | |||
|shahana rizvi | |||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 672: | Line 746: | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|Coelom | |||
|shahana rizvi | |||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 680: | Line 755: | ||
|[[सैगमेंटेशन (खंडीभवन)]] | |[[सैगमेंटेशन (खंडीभवन)]] | ||
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| | |||
|Segmentation | |||
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|- | |- | ||
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Line 689: | Line 765: | ||
|[[विखंडावस्था]] | |[[विखंडावस्था]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|metameric segmentation | |||
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| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
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Line 699: | Line 776: | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|Notochord | |||
|shahana rizvi | |||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 708: | Line 786: | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|Phylum Porifera | |||
|Deeksha Dwivedi | |||
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|- | |- | ||
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Line 716: | Line 795: | ||
|[[ऑस्टिया]] | |[[ऑस्टिया]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Austia | |||
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|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 725: | Line 805: | ||
|[[स्पंज गुहा]] | |[[स्पंज गुहा]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Spongocoel | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 734: | Line 815: | ||
|[[ऑस्कुलम]] | |[[ऑस्कुलम]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Osculam | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 742: | Line 824: | ||
| | | | ||
|[[कोएनोसाइट]] | |[[कोएनोसाइट]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|Choanocytes | |Choanocytes | ||
|- | | | ||
| | |||
|- | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
Line 752: | Line 835: | ||
|[[नाल तंत्र]] | |[[नाल तंत्र]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|canals | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 761: | Line 845: | ||
|[[ओस्टिया]] | |[[ओस्टिया]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Ostia | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 770: | Line 855: | ||
|[[स्पांजिला]] | |[[स्पांजिला]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Spongilla | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 779: | Line 865: | ||
|[[यूस्पॉन्जिया]] | |[[यूस्पॉन्जिया]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Euspongia | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 789: | Line 876: | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|Phylum – Coelenterata (Cnidaria) | |||
|Deeksha Dwivedi | |||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 798: | Line 886: | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|Nematocysts | |||
|shahana rizvi | |||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 806: | Line 895: | ||
|[[नाइडोब्लास्ट]] | |[[नाइडोब्लास्ट]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Cnidoblasts | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 816: | Line 906: | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|Phylum – Ctenophora | |||
|Deeksha Dwivedi | |||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 825: | Line 916: | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|Phylum – Platyhelminthes | |||
|Deeksha Dwivedi | |||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 834: | Line 926: | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|Phylum – Aschelminthes | |||
|Deeksha Dwivedi | |||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 843: | Line 936: | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|Phylum – Annelida | |||
|Deeksha Dwivedi | |||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 851: | Line 945: | ||
|[[पैरापोडिया]] | |[[पैरापोडिया]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Parapodia | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 860: | Line 955: | ||
|[[वृक्कक]] | |[[वृक्कक]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Nephridia | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 869: | Line 965: | ||
|[[नेफ्रीडियम]] | |[[नेफ्रीडियम]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Nephridium | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 879: | Line 976: | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|Phylum – Arthropoda | |||
|Deeksha Dwivedi | |||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 887: | Line 985: | ||
|[[संधियुक्त पाद]] | |[[संधियुक्त पाद]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Jointed appendages | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 896: | Line 995: | ||
|[[मैलपिगी नलिका]] | |[[मैलपिगी नलिका]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Malpighian tubules | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 906: | Line 1,006: | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|Phylum mollusca | |||
|Deeksha Dwivedi | |||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 914: | Line 1,015: | ||
|[[रेडुला]] | |[[रेडुला]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Radula | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 924: | Line 1,026: | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|Phylum Echinodermata | |||
|Deeksha Dwivedi | |||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 932: | Line 1,035: | ||
|[[जल संवहन तंत्र]] | |[[जल संवहन तंत्र]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Water vascular system | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 942: | Line 1,046: | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|Phylum – Hemichordata | |||
|Deeksha Dwivedi | |||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 950: | Line 1,055: | ||
|[[क्लोम छिद्र]] | |[[क्लोम छिद्र]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Gill slits | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 959: | Line 1,065: | ||
|[[उपास्थिल मेरुदंड]] | |[[उपास्थिल मेरुदंड]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Notochord | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 969: | Line 1,076: | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|Class – Cyclostomata | |||
|shahana rizvi | |||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 978: | Line 1,086: | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|Class – Chondrichthyes | |||
|shahana rizvi | |||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 986: | Line 1,095: | ||
|[[ऑपरकुलम]] | |[[ऑपरकुलम]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Operculum | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 996: | Line 1,106: | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|Class – Amphibia | |||
|shahana rizvi | |||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,004: | Line 1,115: | ||
|[[कर्णपटल]] | |[[कर्णपटल]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Tympanum | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,013: | Line 1,125: | ||
|[[अवस्कर]] | |[[अवस्कर]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Cloaca | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,022: | Line 1,135: | ||
|[[वर्ग- सरीसृप]] | |[[वर्ग- सरीसृप]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Class – Reptilia | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,031: | Line 1,145: | ||
|[[प्रशल्क]] | |[[प्रशल्क]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Scales | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,041: | Line 1,156: | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|Class – Aves | |||
|shahana rizvi | |||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,049: | Line 1,165: | ||
|[[समतापी]] | |[[समतापी]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Homoiothermous | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,059: | Line 1,176: | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|Class – Mammalia | |||
|shahana rizvi | |||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,067: | Line 1,185: | ||
|[[स्तनग्रंथि]] | |[[स्तनग्रंथि]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Mammary glands | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
|'''इकाई - दो''' | |'''इकाई - दो''' | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|'''Unit- 2''' | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,083: | Line 1,203: | ||
|'''पादप एवं प्राणियों में संरचनात्मक संगठन''' | |'''पादप एवं प्राणियों में संरचनात्मक संगठन''' | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|'''Structural Organisation in Plants and Animals''' | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,093: | Line 1,214: | ||
|'''पुष्पी पादपों की आकारिकी''' | |'''पुष्पी पादपों की आकारिकी''' | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|'''Morphology of Flowering Plants''' | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
Line 1,104: | Line 1,226: | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|Morphology | |||
|shahana rizvi | |||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,112: | Line 1,235: | ||
|[[प्राथमिक मूल]] | |[[प्राथमिक मूल]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Primary root | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,121: | Line 1,245: | ||
|[[द्वितीयक मूल]] | |[[द्वितीयक मूल]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Secondary Root | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,130: | Line 1,255: | ||
|[[तृतीयक मूल]] | |[[तृतीयक मूल]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Tertiary root | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,139: | Line 1,265: | ||
|[[मूसला मूलतंत्र]] | |[[मूसला मूलतंत्र]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Tap root system | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,148: | Line 1,275: | ||
|[[झकड़ा मूलतंत्र]] | |[[झकड़ा मूलतंत्र]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Fibrous root | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,157: | Line 1,285: | ||
|[[अपस्थानिक मूल]] | |[[अपस्थानिक मूल]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Adventitious roots | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,166: | Line 1,295: | ||
|[[मूल गोप]] | |[[मूल गोप]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Root cap | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,175: | Line 1,305: | ||
|[[मेरिस्टमी क्रियाओं का क्षेत्र]] | |[[मेरिस्टमी क्रियाओं का क्षेत्र]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Region of meristematic activity | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,184: | Line 1,315: | ||
|[[दीर्घीकरण क्षेत्र]] | |[[दीर्घीकरण क्षेत्र]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Region of elongation | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,193: | Line 1,325: | ||
|[[परिपक्व क्षेत्र]] | |[[परिपक्व क्षेत्र]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Region of maturation | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,202: | Line 1,335: | ||
|[[मूलरोम]] | |[[मूलरोम]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Root hairs | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,211: | Line 1,345: | ||
|[[प्रोप रुट]] | |[[प्रोप रुट]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Prop roots | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,220: | Line 1,355: | ||
|[[अवस्तम्भ रूट]] | |[[अवस्तम्भ रूट]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Stilt roots | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,229: | Line 1,365: | ||
|[[श्वसन मूल]] | |[[श्वसन मूल]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|pneumatophores | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,238: | Line 1,375: | ||
|[[प्रतान]] | |[[प्रतान]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Tendrils | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,247: | Line 1,385: | ||
|[[पर्णाधार]] | |[[पर्णाधार]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|leaf base | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,256: | Line 1,395: | ||
|[[पर्णवृंततल्प]] | |[[पर्णवृंततल्प]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Petiole | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,265: | Line 1,405: | ||
|[[पर्णवृंत]] | |[[पर्णवृंत]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Petiole | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,274: | Line 1,415: | ||
|[[स्तरिका]] | |[[स्तरिका]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|lamina | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,283: | Line 1,425: | ||
|[[मध्यशिरा]] | |[[मध्यशिरा]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Midrib | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,292: | Line 1,435: | ||
|[[शिराविन्यास]] | |[[शिराविन्यास]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|venation | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,301: | Line 1,445: | ||
|[[सरल पत्ती]] | |[[सरल पत्ती]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|simple leaf | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,311: | Line 1,456: | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|compound leaf | |||
|shahana rizvi | |||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,319: | Line 1,465: | ||
|[[पर्णविन्यास]] | |[[पर्णविन्यास]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|foliage | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,328: | Line 1,475: | ||
|[[पत्ती के रूपांतरण]] | |[[पत्ती के रूपांतरण]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|metamorphosis of leaf | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,338: | Line 1,486: | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|inflorescence | |||
|shahana | |||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,346: | Line 1,495: | ||
|[[असीमाक्षी]] | |[[असीमाक्षी]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Racemose | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,355: | Line 1,505: | ||
|[[ससीमाक्षी]] | |[[ससीमाक्षी]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|cymose | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,365: | Line 1,516: | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|flowers | |||
|shahana rizvi | |||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,373: | Line 1,525: | ||
|[[पुष्पासन]] | |[[पुष्पासन]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Thalamus or receptacle. | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,382: | Line 1,535: | ||
|[[सहपत्री]] | |[[सहपत्री]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Bracteate | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,391: | Line 1,545: | ||
|[[सहपत्रहीन]] | |[[सहपत्रहीन]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Ebracteate | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,400: | Line 1,555: | ||
|[[अधोजायांगता]] | |[[अधोजायांगता]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Hypogynous | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,409: | Line 1,565: | ||
|[[परिजायांगता]] | |[[परिजायांगता]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Perigynous | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,418: | Line 1,575: | ||
|[[अधिजायांगता]] | |[[अधिजायांगता]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Epigynous | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,427: | Line 1,585: | ||
|[[अधोवर्ती]] | |[[अधोवर्ती]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|downward | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,436: | Line 1,595: | ||
|[[ऊर्ध्ववर्ती]] | |[[ऊर्ध्ववर्ती]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|vertical | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,446: | Line 1,606: | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|Calyx | |||
|shahana rizvi | |||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,454: | Line 1,615: | ||
|[[केल्किस संयुक्त बाह्य दली]] | |[[केल्किस संयुक्त बाह्य दली]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Gamosepalous | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,463: | Line 1,625: | ||
|[[पृथक बाह्यदली]] | |[[पृथक बाह्यदली]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Polysepalous | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,473: | Line 1,636: | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|Corolla | |||
|shahana rizvi | |||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,481: | Line 1,645: | ||
|[[कोरस्पर्शी]] | |[[कोरस्पर्शी]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Valvate | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,490: | Line 1,655: | ||
|[[व्यावर्तित]] | |[[व्यावर्तित]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Twisted | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,499: | Line 1,665: | ||
|[[कोरछादी]] | |[[कोरछादी]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Imbricate | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,508: | Line 1,675: | ||
|[[वैक्ज़ीलरी]] | |[[वैक्ज़ीलरी]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|vaccillary | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,518: | Line 1,686: | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|stamen | |||
|shahana rizvi | |||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,526: | Line 1,695: | ||
|[[स्टेमिनाएड]] | |[[स्टेमिनाएड]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Staminode | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,535: | Line 1,705: | ||
|[[दललग्न (एपिपेटलस)]] | |[[दललग्न (एपिपेटलस)]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Epipetalus | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,544: | Line 1,715: | ||
|[[परिदल लग्न (एपिफिलस)]] | |[[परिदल लग्न (एपिफिलस)]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Epiphyllus | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,554: | Line 1,726: | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|Gynoecium | |||
|shahana rizvi | |||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,562: | Line 1,735: | ||
|[[वर्तिका]] | |[[वर्तिका]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|style | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,571: | Line 1,745: | ||
|[[वर्तिकाग्र]] | |[[वर्तिकाग्र]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|stigma | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,580: | Line 1,755: | ||
|[[बीजाण्डासन]] | |[[बीजाण्डासन]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Placenta | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,589: | Line 1,765: | ||
|[[वियुक्तांडपी]] | |[[वियुक्तांडपी]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Apocarpous | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,598: | Line 1,775: | ||
|[[युक्तांडपी]] | |[[युक्तांडपी]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Syncarpous | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,608: | Line 1,786: | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|Placentation | |||
|shahana rizvi | |||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,616: | Line 1,795: | ||
|[[अनिषेक फलन]] | |[[अनिषेक फलन]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Parthenocarpic | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,625: | Line 1,805: | ||
|[[फलभित्ति]] | |[[फलभित्ति]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Pericarp | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,634: | Line 1,815: | ||
|[[वाह्यफल]] | |[[वाह्यफल]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Epicarp | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,643: | Line 1,825: | ||
|[[मध्यफल]] | |[[मध्यफल]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Mesocarp | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,652: | Line 1,835: | ||
|[[अन्तःफलभित्ति]] | |[[अन्तःफलभित्ति]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Endocarp | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,661: | Line 1,845: | ||
|[[बीजावरण]] | |[[बीजावरण]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Testa | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,670: | Line 1,855: | ||
|[[टेगमेन]] | |[[टेगमेन]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|tegmen. | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,679: | Line 1,865: | ||
|[[बीजाण्डद्वार]] | |[[बीजाण्डद्वार]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Micropyle | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,688: | Line 1,875: | ||
|[[मूलांकुर]] | |[[मूलांकुर]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Radicle. | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,698: | Line 1,886: | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|Endosperm | |||
|shahana rizvi | |||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,706: | Line 1,895: | ||
|[[एल्यूरोन परत]] | |[[एल्यूरोन परत]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Aleurone layer | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,715: | Line 1,905: | ||
|[[स्कुटेलम]] | |[[स्कुटेलम]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|scutellum | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,725: | Line 1,916: | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|Plumule | |||
|shahana rizvi | |||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,733: | Line 1,925: | ||
|[[मूलांकुर]] | |[[मूलांकुर]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Radicle | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,742: | Line 1,935: | ||
|[[प्रांकुरचोल]] | |[[प्रांकुरचोल]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Coleoptile | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,751: | Line 1,945: | ||
|[[मूलांकुर चोल]] | |[[मूलांकुर चोल]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Coleorhiza | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,760: | Line 1,955: | ||
|[[फाबेसी]] | |[[फाबेसी]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Fabaceae | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,768: | Line 1,964: | ||
| | | | ||
|[[सोलैनेसी]] | |[[सोलैनेसी]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|Solanaceae | |Solanaceae | ||
|- | | | ||
| | |||
|- | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,778: | Line 1,975: | ||
|[[लिलिएसी]] | |[[लिलिएसी]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Liliaceae | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
|'''6''' | |'''6''' | ||
Line 1,786: | Line 1,984: | ||
|'''पुष्पी पादपों का शरीर''' | |'''पुष्पी पादपों का शरीर''' | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|'''Anatomy of Flowering Plants''' | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
Line 1,797: | Line 1,996: | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|Tissues | |||
|shahana rizvi | |||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,806: | Line 2,006: | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|Meristematic Tissues | |||
|shahana rizvi | |||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,814: | Line 2,015: | ||
|[[मेरिस्टेम]] | |[[मेरिस्टेम]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Meristems | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,823: | Line 2,025: | ||
|[[शीर्षस्थ मेरिस्टेम]] | |[[शीर्षस्थ मेरिस्टेम]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Apical meristems | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,832: | Line 2,035: | ||
|[[कक्षीय कली]] | |[[कक्षीय कली]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Axillary bud | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,841: | Line 2,045: | ||
|[[अंतर्वेशी मेरिस्टेम]] | |[[अंतर्वेशी मेरिस्टेम]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Intercalary Meristem | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,850: | Line 2,055: | ||
|[[प्राथमिक मेरिस्टेम्स]] | |[[प्राथमिक मेरिस्टेम्स]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Primary meristem | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,859: | Line 2,065: | ||
|[[द्वितीयक या पार्श्व मेरिस्टेम्स]] | |[[द्वितीयक या पार्श्व मेरिस्टेम्स]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Secondary or lateral meristem | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,868: | Line 2,075: | ||
|[[स्थायी या परिपक्व कोशिकाएं]] | |[[स्थायी या परिपक्व कोशिकाएं]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Permanent or mature cells | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,878: | Line 2,086: | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|Simple tissues | |||
|shahana rizvi | |||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,887: | Line 2,096: | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|Parenchyma | |||
|shahana rizvi | |||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,895: | Line 2,105: | ||
|[[कोलेन्काइमा]] | |[[कोलेन्काइमा]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Collenchyma | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,905: | Line 2,116: | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|Sclerenchyma | |||
|shahana rizvi | |||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,913: | Line 2,125: | ||
|[[स्किलिरिड]] | |[[स्किलिरिड]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|sclereids | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,923: | Line 2,136: | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|Complex Tissues | |||
|shahana rizvi | |||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,932: | Line 2,146: | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|Xylem | |||
|shahana rizvi | |||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,941: | Line 2,156: | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|Tracheids | |||
|shahana rizvi | |||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,950: | Line 2,166: | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|Vessel | |||
|shahana rizvi | |||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,958: | Line 2,175: | ||
|[[जाइलम तंतु]] | |[[जाइलम तंतु]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Xylem fibres | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,968: | Line 2,186: | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|Xylem parenchyma | |||
|shahana rizvi | |||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,976: | Line 2,195: | ||
|[[प्रोटोजाइलम]] | |[[प्रोटोजाइलम]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|protoxylem | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,985: | Line 2,205: | ||
|[[मेटाजाइलम]] | |[[मेटाजाइलम]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Metaxylem | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,994: | Line 2,215: | ||
|[[मध्यादिदारुक]] | |[[मध्यादिदारुक]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Endarch | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,003: | Line 2,225: | ||
|[[वाह्य आदिदारुक]] | |[[वाह्य आदिदारुक]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|exarch | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,013: | Line 2,236: | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|Phloem | |||
|shahana rizvi | |||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,022: | Line 2,246: | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|Sieve tube elements | |||
|shahana rizvi | |||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,030: | Line 2,255: | ||
|[[सहचर कोशिकाएं]] | |[[सहचर कोशिकाएं]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Companion cells | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,039: | Line 2,265: | ||
|[[फ्लोएम पैरेन्काइमा]] | |[[फ्लोएम पैरेन्काइमा]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Phloem parenchyma | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,048: | Line 2,275: | ||
|[[फ्लोएम तंतु]] | |[[फ्लोएम तंतु]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Phloem fibres | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,057: | Line 2,285: | ||
|[[प्रोटोफ्लोएम]] | |[[प्रोटोफ्लोएम]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Protophloem | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,066: | Line 2,295: | ||
|[[मेटाफ्लोएम]] | |[[मेटाफ्लोएम]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Metaphloem. | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,076: | Line 2,306: | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|Cuticle | |||
|shahana rizvi | |||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,085: | Line 2,316: | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|Stomata | |||
|shahana rizvi | |||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,093: | Line 2,325: | ||
|[[सहायक कोशिकाएं]] | |[[सहायक कोशिकाएं]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Subsidiary cells | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,102: | Line 2,335: | ||
|[[रंध्री तंत्र]] | |[[रंध्री तंत्र]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Stomatal apparatus | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,111: | Line 2,345: | ||
|[[मूलरोम]] | |[[मूलरोम]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Root hairs | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,120: | Line 2,355: | ||
|[[ट्राइकोम्स]] | |[[ट्राइकोम्स]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Trichomes | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,129: | Line 2,365: | ||
|[[भरण ऊतक]] | |[[भरण ऊतक]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Ground tissue | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,138: | Line 2,375: | ||
|[[पर्णमध्योतक]] | |[[पर्णमध्योतक]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Mesophyll | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,148: | Line 2,386: | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|Cambium | |||
|shahana rizvi | |||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,156: | Line 2,395: | ||
|[[खुला संवहन बंडल]] | |[[खुला संवहन बंडल]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Open vascular bundles. | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,165: | Line 2,405: | ||
|[[बंद संवहन बंडल]] | |[[बंद संवहन बंडल]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Closed vascular bundles | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,174: | Line 2,415: | ||
|[[रेडियल संवहनी बंडल]] | |[[रेडियल संवहनी बंडल]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Radial vascular bundles | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,183: | Line 2,425: | ||
|[[मूलीय त्वचा]] | |[[मूलीय त्वचा]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Epiblema | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,192: | Line 2,435: | ||
|[[कैस्पेरियन पट्टी]] | |[[कैस्पेरियन पट्टी]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Cortex | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,201: | Line 2,445: | ||
|[[परिरम्भ]] | |[[परिरम्भ]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Casparian strips. | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,210: | Line 2,455: | ||
|[[कंजकटिव ऊतक]] | |[[कंजकटिव ऊतक]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Pericycle | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,219: | Line 2,465: | ||
|[[पिथ]] | |[[पिथ]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Conjuctive tissue | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,228: | Line 2,475: | ||
|[[खम्भा पैरेन्काइमा]] | |[[खम्भा पैरेन्काइमा]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|pith | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,237: | Line 2,485: | ||
|[[स्पंजी पैरेन्काइमा]] | |[[स्पंजी पैरेन्काइमा]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|palisade parenchyma | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,245: | Line 2,494: | ||
| | | | ||
|[[आवर्ध त्वक्कोशिका]] | |[[आवर्ध त्वक्कोशिका]] | ||
| | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,256: | Line 2,506: | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|Secondary growth | |||
|shahana rizvi | |||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,264: | Line 2,515: | ||
|[[पार्श्वीय मेरिस्टम]] | |[[पार्श्वीय मेरिस्टम]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|lateral meristem | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,274: | Line 2,526: | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|vascular cambium | |||
|shahana rizvi | |||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,283: | Line 2,536: | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|Cork Cambium | |||
|shahana rizvi | |||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,291: | Line 2,545: | ||
|[[अन्तः पूलीय कैम्बियम]] | |[[अन्तः पूलीय कैम्बियम]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Intyracalary Cambium | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,299: | Line 2,554: | ||
| | | | ||
|[[अन्तरापूलीय कैम्बियम]] | |[[अन्तरापूलीय कैम्बियम]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|Intercalary cambium | |Intercalary cambium | ||
|- | | | ||
| | |||
|- | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,309: | Line 2,565: | ||
|[[द्वितीयक जाइलम]] | |[[द्वितीयक जाइलम]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Secondary Xylem | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,318: | Line 2,575: | ||
|[[द्वितीयक फ्लोएम]] | |[[द्वितीयक फ्लोएम]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Secondary Phloem | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,327: | Line 2,585: | ||
|[[द्वितीयक मज्जाकिरण]] | |[[द्वितीयक मज्जाकिरण]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Secondary medullary | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,336: | Line 2,595: | ||
|[[बसंतदारु (अग्र दारू)]] | |[[बसंतदारु (अग्र दारू)]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Spring wood | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,345: | Line 2,605: | ||
|[[शरद दारू (पश्च दारू)]] | |[[शरद दारू (पश्च दारू)]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Early wood | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,354: | Line 2,615: | ||
|[[वार्षिक वलय]] | |[[वार्षिक वलय]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Annual ring | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,363: | Line 2,625: | ||
|[[रसदारु]] | |[[रसदारु]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|sapwood | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,372: | Line 2,635: | ||
|[[ह्रददारु]] | |[[ह्रददारु]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Heartwood | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,381: | Line 2,645: | ||
|[[कॉर्क कैम्बियम]] | |[[कॉर्क कैम्बियम]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|cork cambium | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,390: | Line 2,655: | ||
|[[द्वितीयक वल्कुट]] | |[[द्वितीयक वल्कुट]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Secondary cortex or Phelloderm | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,399: | Line 2,665: | ||
|[[परिचर्म]] | |[[परिचर्म]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Periderm | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,408: | Line 2,675: | ||
|[[छालवल्क]] | |[[छालवल्क]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Bark | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,417: | Line 2,685: | ||
|[[वातरंध्र]] | |[[वातरंध्र]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Lenticels | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
|'''7''' | |'''7''' | ||
Line 2,425: | Line 2,694: | ||
|'''प्राणियों में संरचनात्मक संगठन''' | |'''प्राणियों में संरचनात्मक संगठन''' | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|'''Structural Organsation in Animals''' | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
Line 2,436: | Line 2,706: | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|simple epithelium | |||
|shahana rizvi | |||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,445: | Line 2,716: | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|compound epithelium | |||
|shahana rizvi | |||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,453: | Line 2,725: | ||
|[[शल्की उपकला]] | |[[शल्की उपकला]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Squamous epithelium | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,462: | Line 2,735: | ||
|[[घनाकार उपकला]] | |[[घनाकार उपकला]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Cuboidal epithelium | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,471: | Line 2,745: | ||
|[[स्तम्भाकार उपकला]] | |[[स्तम्भाकार उपकला]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Columnar epithelium | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,480: | Line 2,755: | ||
|[[पक्ष्माभी उपकला]] | |[[पक्ष्माभी उपकला]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Ciliated epithelium | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,489: | Line 2,765: | ||
|[[ग्रंथिल उपकला]] | |[[ग्रंथिल उपकला]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Glandular epithelium | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,499: | Line 2,776: | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|Exocrine | |||
|shahana rizvi | |||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,508: | Line 2,786: | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|Endocrine | |||
|shahana rizvi | |||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,517: | Line 2,796: | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|Compound epithelium | |||
|shahana rizvi | |||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,526: | Line 2,806: | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|Tight junctions | |||
|shahana rizvi | |||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,535: | Line 2,816: | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|Adhering junctions | |||
|shahana rizvi | |||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,543: | Line 2,825: | ||
|[[अंतराली संधियां]] | |[[अंतराली संधियां]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Gap junctions | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,553: | Line 2,836: | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|Areolar tissue | |||
|shahana rizvi | |||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,561: | Line 2,845: | ||
|[[सघन संयोजी ऊतक]] | |[[सघन संयोजी ऊतक]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Dense connective tissues | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,571: | Line 2,856: | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|Adipose tissue | |||
|shahana rizvi | |||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,579: | Line 2,865: | ||
|[[विशिष्ट संयोजी ऊतक]] | |[[विशिष्ट संयोजी ऊतक]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|specialised connective tissues | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,589: | Line 2,876: | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|Bones | |||
|shahana rizvi | |||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,598: | Line 2,886: | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|Blood | |||
|shahana rizvi | |||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,607: | Line 2,896: | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|Skeletal muscle | |||
|shahana rizvi | |||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,615: | Line 2,905: | ||
|[[चिकनी पेशी]] | |[[चिकनी पेशी]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|smooth muscle | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,625: | Line 2,916: | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|Cardiac muscle tissue | |||
|shahana rizvi | |||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,634: | Line 2,926: | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|Neural Tissue | |||
|Ekatah | |||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,642: | Line 2,935: | ||
|[[अंग और अंगतंत्र]] | |[[अंग और अंगतंत्र]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Organ and organ System | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,652: | Line 2,946: | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|Earthworm | |||
|shahana rizvi | |||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,660: | Line 2,955: | ||
|[[क्लाइटेलम]] | |[[क्लाइटेलम]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Clitellum | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,669: | Line 2,965: | ||
|[[शूक]] | |[[शूक]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Setae | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,678: | Line 2,975: | ||
|[[आंत्रवलन]] | |[[आंत्रवलन]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Typhlosole | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,687: | Line 2,985: | ||
|[[नेफ्रिडिया]] | |[[नेफ्रिडिया]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Nephridia | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,697: | Line 2,996: | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|Cockroache | |||
|shahana rizvi | |||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,705: | Line 3,005: | ||
|[[मैलपीगी नलिकाएं]] | |[[मैलपीगी नलिकाएं]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Malpighian tubules | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,714: | Line 3,015: | ||
|[[यूरिकाम्ल]] | |[[यूरिकाम्ल]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Uricotelic | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,723: | Line 3,025: | ||
|[[नेत्राशंक]] | |[[नेत्राशंक]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|ommatidia | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
|'''इकाई - तीन''' | |'''इकाई - तीन''' | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|'''Unit - 3''' | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,739: | Line 3,043: | ||
|'''संरचना और कार्य''' | |'''संरचना और कार्य''' | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|'''Structure and functions''' | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,749: | Line 3,054: | ||
|'''कोशिका : जीवन की इकाई''' | |'''कोशिका : जीवन की इकाई''' | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|'''cell: The unit of life''' | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
Line 2,759: | Line 3,065: | ||
|[[कोशिका]] | |[[कोशिका]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Cell | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,768: | Line 3,075: | ||
|[[एंटोन वॉन ल्यूवेनहोक]] | |[[एंटोन वॉन ल्यूवेनहोक]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Anton Von Leeuwenhoek | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,777: | Line 3,085: | ||
|[[कोशिका सिद्धांत]] | |[[कोशिका सिद्धांत]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Cell theory | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,786: | Line 3,095: | ||
|[[श्लेडेन और श्वान]] | |[[श्लेडेन और श्वान]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Schleiden and Schwann | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,796: | Line 3,106: | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|Prokaryotic cells | |||
|shahana rizvi | |||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,805: | Line 3,116: | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|DNA | |||
|Ekatah | |||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,814: | Line 3,126: | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|Gram positive bacteria | |||
|shahana rizvi | |||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,823: | Line 3,136: | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|Gram negative bacteria | |||
|shahana rizvi | |||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,830: | Line 3,144: | ||
| | | | ||
|[[अवपंक परत]] | |[[अवपंक परत]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|Slime layer | |Slime layer | ||
|- | | | ||
| | |||
|- | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,840: | Line 3,155: | ||
|[[सम्पुटिका]] | |[[सम्पुटिका]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Capsule | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,849: | Line 3,165: | ||
|[[मीसोजोम]] | |[[मीसोजोम]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Mesosome | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,858: | Line 3,175: | ||
|[[पुटिका]] | |[[पुटिका]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Form of vesicles | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,867: | Line 3,185: | ||
|[[नलिका]] | |[[नलिका]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Tubules | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,876: | Line 3,195: | ||
|[[पटलिका]] | |[[पटलिका]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Lamellae | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,885: | Line 3,205: | ||
|[[तन्तु]] | |[[तन्तु]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Filament | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,894: | Line 3,215: | ||
|[[कशाभिका]] | |[[कशाभिका]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Flagellum | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,903: | Line 3,225: | ||
|[[रोम]] | |[[रोम]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Pili | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,912: | Line 3,235: | ||
|[[झालर]] | |[[झालर]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Fimbriae | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,922: | Line 3,246: | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|Ribosomes | |||
|shahana rizvi | |||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,930: | Line 3,255: | ||
|[[बहुराइबोसोम या बहु सूत्र]] | |[[बहुराइबोसोम या बहु सूत्र]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Polyribosomes or polysome | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,939: | Line 3,265: | ||
|[[अंतर्विष्ट पिंड]] | |[[अंतर्विष्ट पिंड]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Inclusion bodies | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,948: | Line 3,275: | ||
|[[केंद्रीय रसधानी]] | |[[केंद्रीय रसधानी]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Central vacuole | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,958: | Line 3,286: | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|Centrioles | |||
|shahana rizvi | |||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,967: | Line 3,296: | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|Eukaryotic cells | |||
|shahana rizvi | |||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,976: | Line 3,306: | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|Cell Membrane | |||
|shahana rizvi | |||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,985: | Line 3,316: | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|Fluid mosaic model | |||
|shahana rizvi | |||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,993: | Line 3,325: | ||
|[[निष्क्रिय परिवहन]] | |[[निष्क्रिय परिवहन]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Passive transport | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 3,002: | Line 3,335: | ||
|[[सक्रिय परिवहन]] | |[[सक्रिय परिवहन]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Active transport | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 3,012: | Line 3,346: | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|Osmosis. | |||
|shahana rizvi | |||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 3,020: | Line 3,355: | ||
|[[कोशिका भित्ति]] | |[[कोशिका भित्ति]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Cell wall | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 3,029: | Line 3,365: | ||
|[[प्राथमिक भित्ति]] | |[[प्राथमिक भित्ति]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Primary wall | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 3,038: | Line 3,375: | ||
|[[अंतः झिल्लिका तंत्र]] | |[[अंतः झिल्लिका तंत्र]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Endomembrane system | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 3,048: | Line 3,386: | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|Endoplasmic Reticulum | |||
|shahana rizvi | |||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 3,057: | Line 3,396: | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|Golgi apparatus | |||
|shahana rizvi | |||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 3,066: | Line 3,406: | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|Lysosomes | |||
|Ekatah | |||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 3,074: | Line 3,415: | ||
|[[संकुचनशील रसधानी]] | |[[संकुचनशील रसधानी]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Contractile vacuole | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 3,083: | Line 3,425: | ||
|[[खाध रसधानी]] | |[[खाध रसधानी]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Food vacuoles | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 3,093: | Line 3,436: | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|Mitochondria | |||
|shahana rizvi | |||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 3,101: | Line 3,445: | ||
|[[आधात्री]] | |[[आधात्री]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Matrix | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 3,110: | Line 3,455: | ||
|[[क्रिस्टी]] | |[[क्रिस्टी]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Cristae | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 3,120: | Line 3,466: | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|Chlorophyll | |||
|Ekatah | |||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 3,128: | Line 3,475: | ||
|[[कैरोटेनॉइड]] | |[[कैरोटेनॉइड]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Carotenoid | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 3,137: | Line 3,485: | ||
|[[मंड लवक]] | |[[मंड लवक]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Amyloplasts | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 3,146: | Line 3,495: | ||
|[[तेल लवक]] | |[[तेल लवक]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Elaioplasts | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 3,155: | Line 3,505: | ||
|[[प्रोटीन लवक]] | |[[प्रोटीन लवक]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Aleuroplasts | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 3,165: | Line 3,516: | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|Thylakoids | |||
|shahana rizvi | |||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 3,174: | Line 3,526: | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|Cytoskeleton | |||
|shahana rizvi | |||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 3,181: | Line 3,534: | ||
| | | | ||
|[[पक्ष्माभ]] | |[[पक्ष्माभ]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|Cilia | |Cilia | ||
|- | | | ||
| | |||
|- | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
Line 3,191: | Line 3,545: | ||
|[[कशाभिका]] | |[[कशाभिका]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Flagella | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 3,200: | Line 3,555: | ||
|[[अक्षसूत्र]] | |[[अक्षसूत्र]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Axoneme | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 3,210: | Line 3,566: | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|Chromatin | |||
|shahana rizvi | |||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 3,219: | Line 3,576: | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|Nucleoli | |||
|shahana rizvi | |||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 3,227: | Line 3,585: | ||
|[[परिकेन्द्रकी अवकाश]] | |[[परिकेन्द्रकी अवकाश]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Perinuclear space | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 3,237: | Line 3,596: | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|Nucleoplasm | |||
|shahana rizvi | |||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 3,246: | Line 3,606: | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|Microbodies | |||
|shahana rizvi | |||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
|'''9''' | |'''9''' | ||
Line 3,253: | Line 3,614: | ||
|'''जैव अणु''' | |'''जैव अणु''' | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|'''Biomolecules''' | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
Line 3,264: | Line 3,626: | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|zwitterion | |||
|shahana rizvi | |||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 3,273: | Line 3,636: | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|Amino acids | |||
|shahana rizvi | |||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 3,282: | Line 3,646: | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|Sugars (Carbohydrates) | |||
|shahana rizvi | |||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 3,291: | Line 3,656: | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|Glycine | |||
|shahana rizvi | |||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 3,299: | Line 3,665: | ||
|[[एलानिन]] | |[[एलानिन]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Alanine | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 3,309: | Line 3,676: | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|Serine | |||
|shahana rizvi | |||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 3,317: | Line 3,685: | ||
|[[पामिटिक अम्ल]] | |[[पामिटिक अम्ल]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Palmitic acid | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 3,327: | Line 3,696: | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|Glycerol | |||
|shahana rizvi | |||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 3,335: | Line 3,705: | ||
|[[ट्राइग्लिसराइड]] | |[[ट्राइग्लिसराइड]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Triglyceride | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 3,344: | Line 3,715: | ||
|[[फास्फोलिपिड (लेसिथिन)]] | |[[फास्फोलिपिड (लेसिथिन)]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Phospholipid (Lecithin) | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 3,354: | Line 3,726: | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|Cholesterol | |||
|shahana rizvi | |||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 3,363: | Line 3,736: | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|Adenine (Purine) | |||
|shahana rizvi | |||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 3,370: | Line 3,744: | ||
| | | | ||
|[[एडीनोसिन]] | |[[एडीनोसिन]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|Adenosine | |Adenosine | ||
|- | | | ||
| | |||
|- | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
Line 3,380: | Line 3,755: | ||
|[[एडेनिलिक अम्ल]] | |[[एडेनिलिक अम्ल]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Adenylic acid | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 3,390: | Line 3,766: | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|Uracil (Pyrimidine) | |||
|shahana rizvi | |||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 3,398: | Line 3,775: | ||
|[[यूरिडीन]] | |[[यूरिडीन]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Uridine | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 3,407: | Line 3,785: | ||
|[[न्यूक्लियोसाइड]] | |[[न्यूक्लियोसाइड]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Nucleosides | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 3,416: | Line 3,795: | ||
|[[न्यूक्लियोटाइड]] | |[[न्यूक्लियोटाइड]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Nucleotide | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 3,425: | Line 3,805: | ||
|[[द्वितीयक उपापचयज]] | |[[द्वितीयक उपापचयज]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Secondary metabolites | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 3,434: | Line 3,815: | ||
|[[प्राथमिक उपापचयज]] | |[[प्राथमिक उपापचयज]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Primary metabolites | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 3,443: | Line 3,825: | ||
|[[वृहत जैव अणु]] | |[[वृहत जैव अणु]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Biomacromolecules | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 3,453: | Line 3,836: | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|Proteins | |||
|shahana rizvi | |||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 3,461: | Line 3,845: | ||
|[[पॉलीसैकराइड]] | |[[पॉलीसैकराइड]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Polysaccharides | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 3,470: | Line 3,855: | ||
|[[न्यूक्लिक अम्ल]] | |[[न्यूक्लिक अम्ल]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Nucleic acid | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 3,480: | Line 3,866: | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|Structure of protein | |||
|shahana rizvi | |||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 3,488: | Line 3,875: | ||
|[[अल्फा - हेलिक्स]] | |[[अल्फा - हेलिक्स]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Alpha – Helix | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 3,497: | Line 3,885: | ||
|[[बीटा– प्लीटेड शीट]] | |[[बीटा– प्लीटेड शीट]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Beta– plated sheet | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 3,507: | Line 3,896: | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|Peptide bond | |||
|shahana rizvi | |||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 3,515: | Line 3,905: | ||
|[[ग्लाइकोसिडिक बंध]] | |[[ग्लाइकोसिडिक बंध]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Glycosidic bond | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 3,524: | Line 3,915: | ||
|[[उत्प्रेरित अभिक्रियाएं]] | |[[उत्प्रेरित अभिक्रियाएं]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Catalysed Reaction | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 3,533: | Line 3,925: | ||
|[[उपापचय पथ]] | |[[उपापचय पथ]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Anabolic pathways | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 3,542: | Line 3,935: | ||
|[[अपचय पथ]] | |[[अपचय पथ]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Catabolic pathways. | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 3,552: | Line 3,946: | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) | |||
|Ekatah | |||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 3,560: | Line 3,955: | ||
|[[रासायनिक अभिक्रिया]] | |[[रासायनिक अभिक्रिया]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Chemical Reaction | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 3,569: | Line 3,965: | ||
|[[सक्रियण ऊर्जा]] | |[[सक्रियण ऊर्जा]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Activation energy | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 3,578: | Line 3,975: | ||
|[[एंजाइम क्रिया की प्रकृति]] | |[[एंजाइम क्रिया की प्रकृति]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Nature of Enzyme Action | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 3,587: | Line 3,985: | ||
|[[एंजाइम क्रियाविधि को प्रभावित करने वाले कारक]] | |[[एंजाइम क्रियाविधि को प्रभावित करने वाले कारक]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Factors Affecting Enzyme Activity | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 3,597: | Line 3,996: | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|Inhibition | |||
|shahana rizvi | |||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 3,605: | Line 4,005: | ||
|[[ऑक्सीडोरडक्टेस / डिहाइड्रोजनेज]] | |[[ऑक्सीडोरडक्टेस / डिहाइड्रोजनेज]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Oxidoreductases/dehydrogenases | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 3,614: | Line 4,015: | ||
|[[ट्रांसफरेज]] | |[[ट्रांसफरेज]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Transferases | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 3,623: | Line 4,025: | ||
|[[हाइड्रोलेजेज]] | |[[हाइड्रोलेजेज]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Hydrolases | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 3,632: | Line 4,035: | ||
|[[लाइसेस]] | |[[लाइसेस]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Lyases | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 3,642: | Line 4,046: | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|Isomerases | |||
|shahana rizvi | |||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 3,650: | Line 4,055: | ||
|[[लाइगेजेज]] | |[[लाइगेजेज]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Ligases: | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 3,659: | Line 4,065: | ||
|[[सह-कारक]] | |[[सह-कारक]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Co-factors | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
|'''10''' | |'''10''' | ||
Line 3,667: | Line 4,074: | ||
|'''कोशिका चक्र और कोशिका विभाजन''' | |'''कोशिका चक्र और कोशिका विभाजन''' | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|'''Cell Cycle and Cell Division''' | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
Line 3,678: | Line 4,086: | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|Cell cycle | |||
|Ekatah | |||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 3,686: | Line 4,095: | ||
|[[अंतरावस्था]] | |[[अंतरावस्था]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Interphase | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 3,695: | Line 4,105: | ||
|[[एम प्रावस्था (समसूत्री विभाजन)]] | |[[एम प्रावस्था (समसूत्री विभाजन)]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|M Phase (Mitosis phase) | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 3,704: | Line 4,115: | ||
|[[कार्योकाइनेसिस]] | |[[कार्योकाइनेसिस]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Karyokinesis | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 3,714: | Line 4,126: | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|Cytokinesis | |||
|Ekatah | |||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 3,722: | Line 4,135: | ||
|[[पश्च सूत्री अंतरकाल प्रावस्था]] | |[[पश्च सूत्री अंतरकाल प्रावस्था]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|G1 phase (Gap 1) | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 3,731: | Line 4,145: | ||
|[[संश्लेषण प्रावस्था]] | |[[संश्लेषण प्रावस्था]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|S phase (Synthesis) | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 3,740: | Line 4,155: | ||
|[[पूर्व - सूत्री विभाजन अंतरालकाल प्रावस्था]] | |[[पूर्व - सूत्री विभाजन अंतरालकाल प्रावस्था]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|G2 phase (Gap 2) | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 3,749: | Line 4,165: | ||
|[[शांत अवस्था]] | |[[शांत अवस्था]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Quiescent stage (G0 ) | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 3,758: | Line 4,175: | ||
|[[सूत्री विभाजन अवस्था (M प्रावस्था)]] | |[[सूत्री विभाजन अवस्था (M प्रावस्था)]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|M Phase (Mitosis phase) | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 3,768: | Line 4,186: | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|Prophase | |||
|Ekatah | |||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 3,777: | Line 4,196: | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|Metaphase | |||
|Ekatah | |||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 3,786: | Line 4,206: | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|Anaphase | |||
|Ekatah | |||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 3,795: | Line 4,216: | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|Telophase | |||
|Ekatah | |||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 3,804: | Line 4,226: | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|Cytokinesis | |||
|Ekatah | |||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 3,812: | Line 4,235: | ||
|[[अर्धसूत्रीविभाजन]] | |[[अर्धसूत्रीविभाजन]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Meiosis | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 3,821: | Line 4,245: | ||
|[[तनुपट्ट]] | |[[तनुपट्ट]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|leptotene | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 3,830: | Line 4,255: | ||
|[[युग्मपट्ट]] | |[[युग्मपट्ट]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Zygotene | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 3,839: | Line 4,265: | ||
|[[स्थूलपट्ट]] | |[[स्थूलपट्ट]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Pachytene | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 3,848: | Line 4,275: | ||
|[[द्विपट्ट]] | |[[द्विपट्ट]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Diplotene | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 3,857: | Line 4,285: | ||
|[[काएज्मेटा]] | |[[काएज्मेटा]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Chiasmata | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 3,866: | Line 4,295: | ||
|[[डायकाइनेसिस]] | |[[डायकाइनेसिस]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Diakinesis | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
|'''इकाई - चार''' | |'''इकाई - चार''' | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|'''Unit - 4''' | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
Line 3,882: | Line 4,313: | ||
|'''पादप कार्यकीय (शरीर क्रियात्मकता)''' | |'''पादप कार्यकीय (शरीर क्रियात्मकता)''' | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|'''Plant Physiology''' | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
Line 3,892: | Line 4,324: | ||
|'''पौधों में परिवहन''' | |'''पौधों में परिवहन''' | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|'''Transport in Plants''' | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
Line 3,902: | Line 4,335: | ||
|[[स्थानान्तरण]] | |[[स्थानान्तरण]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Translocation | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 3,911: | Line 4,345: | ||
|[[विसरण]] | |[[विसरण]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Diffusion | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 3,920: | Line 4,355: | ||
|[[सुसाध्य विसरण]] | |[[सुसाध्य विसरण]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Facilitated diffusion | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 3,929: | Line 4,365: | ||
|[[पोरिन्]] | |[[पोरिन्]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Porins | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 3,938: | Line 4,375: | ||
|[[एक्वापोरिन]] | |[[एक्वापोरिन]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Aquaporins | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 3,947: | Line 4,385: | ||
|[[सिम्पोर्ट]] | |[[सिम्पोर्ट]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Symport | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 3,956: | Line 4,395: | ||
|[[एंटिपोर्ट]] | |[[एंटिपोर्ट]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Antiport | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 3,965: | Line 4,405: | ||
|[[यूनिपोर्ट]] | |[[यूनिपोर्ट]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Uniport. | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 3,975: | Line 4,416: | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|Active transport | |||
|shahana | |||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 3,984: | Line 4,426: | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|Passive transport | |||
|shahana | |||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 3,992: | Line 4,435: | ||
|[[जल विभव (Ψw)]] | |[[जल विभव (Ψw)]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Water potential (Ψw ) | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 4,001: | Line 4,445: | ||
|[[विलेय विभव (Ψs )]] | |[[विलेय विभव (Ψs )]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Solute potential (Ψs ) | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 4,010: | Line 4,455: | ||
|[[दाब विभव (Ψp)]] | |[[दाब विभव (Ψp)]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Pressure potential (Ψp ) | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 4,019: | Line 4,465: | ||
|[[दाब प्रवणता]] | |[[दाब प्रवणता]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Pressure gradient | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 4,028: | Line 4,475: | ||
|[[सांद्रता प्रवणता]] | |[[सांद्रता प्रवणता]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Concentration gradient | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 4,038: | Line 4,486: | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|Plasmolysis | |||
|shahana | |||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 4,046: | Line 4,495: | ||
|[[समपरासरी]] | |[[समपरासरी]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Isotonic | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 4,055: | Line 4,505: | ||
|[[अल्पपरासारी]] | |[[अल्पपरासारी]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Hypotonic | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 4,064: | Line 4,515: | ||
|[[अतिपरासारी]] | |[[अतिपरासारी]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Hypertonic | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 4,073: | Line 4,525: | ||
|[[स्फीत दबाव]] | |[[स्फीत दबाव]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Turgor pressure | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 4,083: | Line 4,536: | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|Imbibition | |||
|shahana | |||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 4,091: | Line 4,545: | ||
|[[सामूहिक या थोक प्रवाह]] | |[[सामूहिक या थोक प्रवाह]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Mass or bulk flow | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 4,100: | Line 4,555: | ||
|[[एपोप्लास्ट पथ]] | |[[एपोप्लास्ट पथ]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Apoplast pathway | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 4,109: | Line 4,565: | ||
|[[सिम्प्लास्ट पथ]] | |[[सिम्प्लास्ट पथ]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Symplast pathway | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 4,118: | Line 4,575: | ||
|[[कैस्पेरियन पट्टी]] | |[[कैस्पेरियन पट्टी]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Casparian strips | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 4,127: | Line 4,585: | ||
|[[माइकोराइजा]] | |[[माइकोराइजा]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Mycorrhiza | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 4,136: | Line 4,595: | ||
|[[मूल दाब]] | |[[मूल दाब]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Root Pressure | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 4,145: | Line 4,605: | ||
|[[बिन्दुस्राव]] | |[[बिन्दुस्राव]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Guttation | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 4,154: | Line 4,615: | ||
|[[सामंजस्य-तनाव-वाष्पोत्सर्जन खिंचाव मॉडल]] | |[[सामंजस्य-तनाव-वाष्पोत्सर्जन खिंचाव मॉडल]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Cohesion-tension-transpiration pull mode | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 4,163: | Line 4,625: | ||
|[[रंध्र छिद्र]] | |[[रंध्र छिद्र]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Stomatal aperture, | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 4,173: | Line 4,636: | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|Guard cells | |||
|Ekatah | |||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 4,181: | Line 4,645: | ||
|[[सासंजन]] | |[[सासंजन]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Cohesion | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 4,190: | Line 4,655: | ||
|[[आसंजन]] | |[[आसंजन]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Adhesion | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 4,199: | Line 4,665: | ||
|[[तन्य -सामर्थ्य]] | |[[तन्य -सामर्थ्य]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Tensile strength | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 4,208: | Line 4,675: | ||
|[[ट्रेकिड् और वाहिका तत्व]] | |[[ट्रेकिड् और वाहिका तत्व]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Tracheids and vessel elements | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 4,216: | Line 4,684: | ||
| | | | ||
|[[सक्रिय अवशोषण]] | |[[सक्रिय अवशोषण]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|Active absorption | |Active absorption | ||
|- | | | ||
| | |||
|- | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
Line 4,226: | Line 4,695: | ||
|[[दबाव प्रवाह या द्रव्यमान प्रवाह परिकल्पना]] | |[[दबाव प्रवाह या द्रव्यमान प्रवाह परिकल्पना]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|The Pressure Flow or Mass Flow Hypothesis | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
|'''12''' | |'''12''' | ||
Line 4,234: | Line 4,704: | ||
|'''खनिज पोषण''' | |'''खनिज पोषण''' | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|'''Mineral nutrition''' | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
Line 4,244: | Line 4,715: | ||
|[[जल संवर्धन]] | |[[जल संवर्धन]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Hydroponics. | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 4,253: | Line 4,725: | ||
|[[वृहत पोषक तत्व]] | |[[वृहत पोषक तत्व]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Macronutrients | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 4,262: | Line 4,735: | ||
|[[सूक्ष्म पोषक तत्व]] | |[[सूक्ष्म पोषक तत्व]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Micronutrients | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 4,271: | Line 4,745: | ||
|[[क्रांतिक सांद्रता]] | |[[क्रांतिक सांद्रता]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Critical concentration | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 4,280: | Line 4,755: | ||
|[[सूक्ष्म पोषक तत्वों की विषाक्तता]] | |[[सूक्ष्म पोषक तत्वों की विषाक्तता]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Toxicity of Micronutrients | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 4,289: | Line 4,765: | ||
|[[अभिवाह]] | |[[अभिवाह]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Flux | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 4,298: | Line 4,775: | ||
|[[अन्तर्वाह]] | |[[अन्तर्वाह]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Influx | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 4,307: | Line 4,785: | ||
|[[बहि: स्राव]] | |[[बहि: स्राव]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Efflux | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 4,316: | Line 4,795: | ||
|[[नाइट्रोजन चक्र]] | |[[नाइट्रोजन चक्र]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Nitrogen Cycle | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 4,325: | Line 4,805: | ||
|[[नाइट्रोजन स्थिरीकरण]] | |[[नाइट्रोजन स्थिरीकरण]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Nitrogenfixation | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 4,334: | Line 4,815: | ||
|[[नाइट्रीकरण]] | |[[नाइट्रीकरण]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Nitrification | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 4,343: | Line 4,825: | ||
|[[रसायनपोषी]] | |[[रसायनपोषी]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Chemoautotrophs | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 4,352: | Line 4,835: | ||
|[[जैविक नाइट्रोजन स्थिरीकरण]] | |[[जैविक नाइट्रोजन स्थिरीकरण]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Biological nitrogen fixation | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 4,361: | Line 4,845: | ||
|[[सहजीवी जैविक नाइट्रोजन स्थिरीकरण]] | |[[सहजीवी जैविक नाइट्रोजन स्थिरीकरण]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Symbiotic biological nitrogen fixation | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 4,369: | Line 4,854: | ||
| | | | ||
|[[राइजोबियम]] | |[[राइजोबियम]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|Rhizobium | |Rhizobium | ||
|- | | | ||
| | |||
|- | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
Line 4,379: | Line 4,865: | ||
|[[अमोनिया की स्थिति]] | |[[अमोनिया की स्थिति]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Fate of ammonia | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 4,388: | Line 4,875: | ||
|[[अपचयित एमीनीकरण]] | |[[अपचयित एमीनीकरण]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Reductive amination | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 4,397: | Line 4,885: | ||
|[[ट्रांसएमिनेशन]] | |[[ट्रांसएमिनेशन]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Transamination | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
|'''13''' | |'''13''' | ||
Line 4,405: | Line 4,894: | ||
|'''उच्च पादपों में प्रकाश संश्लेषण''' | |'''उच्च पादपों में प्रकाश संश्लेषण''' | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|'''Photosynthesis In Higher Plants''' | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
Line 4,415: | Line 4,905: | ||
|[[प्रकाश अभिक्रिया (प्रकाश रासायनिक अभिक्रिया)]] | |[[प्रकाश अभिक्रिया (प्रकाश रासायनिक अभिक्रिया)]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|light reactions (photochemical reactions) | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 4,424: | Line 4,915: | ||
|[[अप्रकाशीय अभिक्रिया (कार्बन अभिक्रिया)]] | |[[अप्रकाशीय अभिक्रिया (कार्बन अभिक्रिया)]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Dark reactions (carbon reactions) | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 4,434: | Line 4,926: | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|Chlorophyll a | |||
|Ekatah | |||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 4,443: | Line 4,936: | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|Chlorophyll b | |||
|Ekatah | |||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 4,452: | Line 4,946: | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|xanthophylls | |||
|shahana rizvi | |||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 4,461: | Line 4,956: | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|carotenoids | |||
|shahana rizvi | |||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 4,469: | Line 4,965: | ||
|[[लाइट हार्वेस्टिंग काम्प्लेक्स (एल एच एसी)]] | |[[लाइट हार्वेस्टिंग काम्प्लेक्स (एल एच एसी)]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|light harvesting complexes (LHC) | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 4,478: | Line 4,975: | ||
|[[फोटोसिस्टम I (पीएस I)]] | |[[फोटोसिस्टम I (पीएस I)]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Photosystem I (PS I) | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 4,487: | Line 4,985: | ||
|[[फोटोसिस्टम II (PS II)]] | |[[फोटोसिस्टम II (PS II)]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Photosystem II (PS II) | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 4,496: | Line 4,995: | ||
|[[एंटीना]] | |[[एंटीना]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|antennae | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 4,505: | Line 5,005: | ||
|[[अभिक्रिया केंद्र]] | |[[अभिक्रिया केंद्र]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Reaction centre | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 4,514: | Line 5,015: | ||
|[[पी700]] | |[[पी700]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|P700 | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 4,523: | Line 5,025: | ||
|[[पी 680]] | |[[पी 680]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|P680 | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 4,532: | Line 5,035: | ||
|[[इलेक्ट्रॉन परिवहन]] | |[[इलेक्ट्रॉन परिवहन]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Electrons transport | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 4,541: | Line 5,045: | ||
|[[Z स्कीम]] | |[[Z स्कीम]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Z scheme | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 4,550: | Line 5,055: | ||
|[[जल विघटन]] | |[[जल विघटन]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Splitting of Water | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 4,559: | Line 5,065: | ||
|[[चक्रीय और अचक्रीय फोटो-फास्फोरिलीकरण]] | |[[चक्रीय और अचक्रीय फोटो-फास्फोरिलीकरण]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Cyclic and Non-cyclic Photo-phosphorylation | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 4,568: | Line 5,075: | ||
|[[केमियोस्मोटिक परिकल्पना]] | |[[केमियोस्मोटिक परिकल्पना]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Chemiosmotic Hypothesis | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 4,577: | Line 5,085: | ||
|[[जैवसंश्लेषण चरण]] | |[[जैवसंश्लेषण चरण]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Biosynthetic phase | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 4,587: | Line 5,096: | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|Calvin cycle | |||
|shahana rizvi | |||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 4,595: | Line 5,105: | ||
|[[C3 पथ]] | |[[C3 पथ]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|C3 pathway | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 4,604: | Line 5,115: | ||
|[[C4 पथ]] | |[[C4 पथ]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|C4 pathway | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 4,613: | Line 5,125: | ||
|[[बंडल शीथ कोशिकाएं]] | |[[बंडल शीथ कोशिकाएं]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Bundle sheath cells | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 4,623: | Line 5,136: | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|Kranz’ anatomy | |||
|shahana rizvi | |||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 4,631: | Line 5,145: | ||
|[[हैच और स्लैक पाथवे]] | |[[हैच और स्लैक पाथवे]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Hatch and Slack Pathway | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 4,641: | Line 5,156: | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|Photorespiration | |||
|shahana rizvi | |||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 4,649: | Line 5,165: | ||
|[[प्रकाश संश्लेषण को प्रभावित करने वाले कारक]] | |[[प्रकाश संश्लेषण को प्रभावित करने वाले कारक]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Factors Affecting Photosynthesis | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 4,658: | Line 5,175: | ||
|[[लॉ ऑफ लिमिटिंग फैक्टर]] | |[[लॉ ऑफ लिमिटिंग फैक्टर]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Law of Limiting Factors | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
|'''14''' | |'''14''' | ||
Line 4,666: | Line 5,184: | ||
|'''पौधों में श्वसन''' | |'''पौधों में श्वसन''' | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|'''Respiration in plants''' | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
Line 4,677: | Line 5,196: | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|Cellular respiration | |||
|shahana rizvi | |||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 4,685: | Line 5,205: | ||
|[[श्वसनी क्रियाधार]] | |[[श्वसनी क्रियाधार]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Respiratory substrates | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 4,695: | Line 5,216: | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|glycolysis | |||
|shahana rizvi | |||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 4,704: | Line 5,226: | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|Krebs’ cycle | |||
|shahana rizvi | |||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 4,713: | Line 5,236: | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|Fermentation | |||
|shahana rizvi | |||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 4,722: | Line 5,246: | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|Aerobic respiration | |||
|shahana rizvi | |||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 4,731: | Line 5,256: | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle | |||
|shahana rizvi | |||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 4,739: | Line 5,265: | ||
|[[इलेक्ट्रॉन परिवहन तंत्र (ETS)]] | |[[इलेक्ट्रॉन परिवहन तंत्र (ETS)]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Electron Transport System (ETS) | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 4,748: | Line 5,275: | ||
|[[ऑक्सीडेटिव फास्फोराइलेशन]] | |[[ऑक्सीडेटिव फास्फोराइलेशन]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Oxidative Phosphorylation | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 4,757: | Line 5,285: | ||
|[[एम्फ़िबोलिक मार्ग]] | |[[एम्फ़िबोलिक मार्ग]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Amphibolic Pathway | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 4,766: | Line 5,295: | ||
|[[श्वसन गुणांक]] | |[[श्वसन गुणांक]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Respiratory quotient | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 4,776: | Line 5,306: | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|Citric acid Cycle | |||
|shahana rizvi | |||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 4,784: | Line 5,315: | ||
|[[माइटोकॉन्ड्रिया में एटीपी का संश्लेषण]] | |[[माइटोकॉन्ड्रिया में एटीपी का संश्लेषण]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|ATP synthesis in mitochondria | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 4,794: | Line 5,326: | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|Anaerobic respiration | |||
|shahana rizvi | |||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 4,802: | Line 5,335: | ||
|[[ए.टी.पी]] | |[[ए.टी.पी]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|ATP | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
|'''15''' | |'''15''' | ||
Line 4,810: | Line 5,344: | ||
|'''पादप वृद्धि एवं परिवर्धन''' | |'''पादप वृद्धि एवं परिवर्धन''' | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|'''Plant growth and development''' | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
Line 4,820: | Line 5,355: | ||
|[[वृद्धि]] | |[[वृद्धि]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Growth | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 4,829: | Line 5,365: | ||
|[[वृद्धि के चरण]] | |[[वृद्धि के चरण]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Phases of Growth | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 4,838: | Line 5,375: | ||
|[[वृद्धि दर]] | |[[वृद्धि दर]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Growth Rates | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 4,847: | Line 5,385: | ||
|[[वृद्धि के लिए दशाएं]] | |[[वृद्धि के लिए दशाएं]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Conditions for Growth | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 4,856: | Line 5,395: | ||
|[[विभेदन]] | |[[विभेदन]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Differentiation | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 4,865: | Line 5,405: | ||
|[[निर्विभेदन]] | |[[निर्विभेदन]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Dedifferentiation | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 4,874: | Line 5,415: | ||
|[[पुनर्विभेदित]] | |[[पुनर्विभेदित]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Redifferentiated | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 4,883: | Line 5,425: | ||
|[[परिवर्धन]] | |[[परिवर्धन]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Development | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 4,892: | Line 5,435: | ||
|[[प्लास्टिसिटी]] | |[[प्लास्टिसिटी]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Plasticity | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 4,902: | Line 5,446: | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|Plant growth regulators (PGRs) | |||
|Ekatah | |||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 4,911: | Line 5,456: | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|Auxins | |||
|Ekatah | |||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 4,920: | Line 5,466: | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|Apical dominance | |||
|Ekatah | |||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 4,929: | Line 5,476: | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|Gibberellins | |||
|Ekatah | |||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 4,938: | Line 5,486: | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|Cytokinins | |||
|Ekatah | |||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 4,947: | Line 5,496: | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|Ethylene | |||
|Ekatah | |||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 4,956: | Line 5,506: | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|Abscisic acid | |||
|Ekatah | |||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 4,965: | Line 5,516: | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|Photoperiodism | |||
|Ekatah | |||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 4,974: | Line 5,526: | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|long day plants | |||
|Ekatah | |||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 4,983: | Line 5,536: | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|short day plants | |||
|Ekatah | |||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 4,992: | Line 5,546: | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|Day-neutral plants | |||
|Ekatah | |||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 5,001: | Line 5,556: | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|Vernalisation | |||
|Ekatah | |||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 5,010: | Line 5,566: | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|Seed dormancy | |||
|Ekatah | |||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
|'''इकाई - चार''' | |'''इकाई - चार''' | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|'''Unit - 4''' | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
Line 5,025: | Line 5,583: | ||
|'''मानव शरीर विज्ञान''' | |'''मानव शरीर विज्ञान''' | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|'''Human Physiology''' | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
Line 5,035: | Line 5,594: | ||
|'''पाचन एवं अवशोषण''' | |'''पाचन एवं अवशोषण''' | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|'''Digestion and Absorption''' | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
Line 5,046: | Line 5,606: | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|Digestion | |||
|shahana rizvi | |||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 5,055: | Line 5,616: | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|Digestive system | |||
|shahana rizvi | |||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 5,064: | Line 5,626: | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|Alimentary Canal | |||
|shahana rizvi | |||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 5,072: | Line 5,635: | ||
|[[गर्तदन्ती]] | |[[गर्तदन्ती]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Thecodont | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 5,081: | Line 5,645: | ||
|[[द्विबारदंती]] | |[[द्विबारदंती]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Diphyodont | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 5,091: | Line 5,656: | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|Cardiac | |||
|shahana rizvi | |||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 5,099: | Line 5,665: | ||
|[[फंडिक क्षेत्र]] | |[[फंडिक क्षेत्र]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Fundic region | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 5,108: | Line 5,675: | ||
|[[जठरनिर्गम भाग]] | |[[जठरनिर्गम भाग]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Pyloric portion | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 5,118: | Line 5,686: | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|Digestive glands | |||
|shahana rizvi | |||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 5,127: | Line 5,696: | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|Bolus | |||
|shahana rizvi | |||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 5,135: | Line 5,705: | ||
|[[काइम]] | |[[काइम]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Chyme | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 5,144: | Line 5,715: | ||
|[[ग्लोबेट कोशिकाये]] | |[[ग्लोबेट कोशिकाये]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Goblet cells | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 5,153: | Line 5,725: | ||
|[[सक्सेस एंटेरिकस]] | |[[सक्सेस एंटेरिकस]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Succus entericus | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 5,163: | Line 5,736: | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|Absorption of digested products | |||
|shahana rizvi | |||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 5,172: | Line 5,746: | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|Mouth | |||
|shahana rizvi | |||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 5,180: | Line 5,755: | ||
|[[आमाशय]] | |[[आमाशय]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Stomach | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 5,190: | Line 5,766: | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|Small Intestine | |||
|shahana rizvi | |||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 5,199: | Line 5,776: | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|Large Intestine | |||
|shahana rizvi | |||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 5,207: | Line 5,785: | ||
|[[पीलिया]] | |[[पीलिया]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Jaundice | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 5,217: | Line 5,796: | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|Vomiting | |||
|shahana rizvi | |||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 5,226: | Line 5,806: | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|Diarrhoea | |||
|shahana rizvi | |||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 5,235: | Line 5,816: | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|Constipation | |||
|shahana | |||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 5,244: | Line 5,826: | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|Indigestion | |||
|shahana rizvi | |||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 5,253: | Line 5,836: | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|Protein-energy malnutrition (PEM) | |||
|shahana rizvi | |||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
|'''17''' | |'''17''' | ||
Line 5,260: | Line 5,844: | ||
|'''श्वास और गैसों का विनिमय''' | |'''श्वास और गैसों का विनिमय''' | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|'''Breathing and exchange of gases''' | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
Line 5,270: | Line 5,855: | ||
|[[श्वासन]] | |[[श्वासन]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Respiration | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 5,279: | Line 5,865: | ||
|[[श्वसन]] | |[[श्वसन]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Breathing | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 5,287: | Line 5,874: | ||
| | | | ||
|[[क्लोम]] | |[[क्लोम]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|Gills | |Gills | ||
|- | | | ||
| | |||
|- | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
Line 5,297: | Line 5,885: | ||
|[[फेफड़े]] | |[[फेफड़े]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|lungs | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 5,306: | Line 5,895: | ||
|[[ग्रसनी]] | |[[ग्रसनी]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Pharynx | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 5,315: | Line 5,905: | ||
|[[श्वासनली]] | |[[श्वासनली]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Trachea | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 5,324: | Line 5,915: | ||
|[[ध्वनि पेटिका]] | |[[ध्वनि पेटिका]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Sound box | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 5,333: | Line 5,925: | ||
|[[श्वासनलियाँ]] | |[[श्वासनलियाँ]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Bronchi | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 5,342: | Line 5,935: | ||
|[[वायु कूपिका]] | |[[वायु कूपिका]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Alveoli | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 5,351: | Line 5,945: | ||
|[[अन्तः श्वसन]] | |[[अन्तः श्वसन]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Inspiration | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 5,360: | Line 5,955: | ||
|[[निःश्वसन]] | |[[निःश्वसन]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Expiration | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 5,369: | Line 5,965: | ||
|[[ज्वारीय आयतन]] | |[[ज्वारीय आयतन]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Tidal Volume (TV) | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 5,378: | Line 5,975: | ||
|[[अंत श्वसन सुरक्षित आयतन (आईआरबी)]] | |[[अंत श्वसन सुरक्षित आयतन (आईआरबी)]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV) | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 5,387: | Line 5,985: | ||
|[[निःश्वास सुरक्षित आयतन]] | |[[निःश्वास सुरक्षित आयतन]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV) | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 5,396: | Line 5,995: | ||
|[[अवशिष्ट आयतन (RV)]] | |[[अवशिष्ट आयतन (RV)]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Residual Volume (RV) | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 5,405: | Line 6,005: | ||
|[[अन्तः श्वसन क्षमता (आईसी)]] | |[[अन्तः श्वसन क्षमता (आईसी)]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Inspiratory Capacity (IC) | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 5,414: | Line 6,015: | ||
|[[नि:श्वसन क्षमता (ईसी)]] | |[[नि:श्वसन क्षमता (ईसी)]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Expiratory Capacity (EC) | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 5,423: | Line 6,025: | ||
|[[क्रियात्मक अवशिष्ट क्षमता (FRC)]] | |[[क्रियात्मक अवशिष्ट क्षमता (FRC)]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Functional Residual Capacity (FRC) | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 5,432: | Line 6,035: | ||
|[[जैव क्षमता (वीसी)]] | |[[जैव क्षमता (वीसी)]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Vital Capacity (VC) | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 5,440: | Line 6,044: | ||
| | | | ||
|[[फेफड़े की कुल क्षमता (टीएलसी)]] | |[[फेफड़े की कुल क्षमता (टीएलसी)]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|Total Lung Capacity (TLC) | |Total Lung Capacity (TLC) | ||
|- | | | ||
| | |||
|- | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
Line 5,450: | Line 6,055: | ||
|[[गैसों का आदान-प्रदान]] | |[[गैसों का आदान-प्रदान]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Exchange of gases | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 5,459: | Line 6,065: | ||
|[[गैसों का परिवहन]] | |[[गैसों का परिवहन]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Transportation of gases | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 5,468: | Line 6,075: | ||
|[[ऑक्सीहीमोग्लोबिन]] | |[[ऑक्सीहीमोग्लोबिन]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Oxyhaemoglobin | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 5,477: | Line 6,085: | ||
|[[कार्बामिनो-हीमोग्लोबिन]] | |[[कार्बामिनो-हीमोग्लोबिन]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Carbamino-haemoglobin | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 5,486: | Line 6,095: | ||
|[[दमा]] | |[[दमा]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Asthma | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 5,495: | Line 6,105: | ||
|[[वातस्फीति]] | |[[वातस्फीति]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Emphysema | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 5,504: | Line 6,115: | ||
|[[व्यावसायिक श्वसन विकार]] | |[[व्यावसायिक श्वसन विकार]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Occupational Respiratory Disorders | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
|'''18''' | |'''18''' | ||
Line 5,512: | Line 6,124: | ||
|'''शरीर द्रव तथा परिसंचरण''' | |'''शरीर द्रव तथा परिसंचरण''' | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|'''Body fluids and circulation''' | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
Line 5,522: | Line 6,135: | ||
|[[रक्त]] | |[[रक्त]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Blood | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 5,531: | Line 6,145: | ||
|[[लसीका]] | |[[लसीका]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|lymph | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 5,540: | Line 6,155: | ||
|[[प्लाज्मा]] | |[[प्लाज्मा]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Plasma | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 5,549: | Line 6,165: | ||
|[[इरिथ्रोसाइट्स (रक्ताणु)]] | |[[इरिथ्रोसाइट्स (रक्ताणु)]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Erythrocytes | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 5,558: | Line 6,175: | ||
|[[ल्यूकोसाइट (श्वेत रुधिर कणिकाएं)]] | |[[ल्यूकोसाइट (श्वेत रुधिर कणिकाएं)]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Leucocytes | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 5,567: | Line 6,185: | ||
|[[थ्रॉम्बोसाइट्स]] | |[[थ्रॉम्बोसाइट्स]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Thrombocytes | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 5,577: | Line 6,196: | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|Blood Groups | |||
|shahana rizvi | |||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 5,585: | Line 6,205: | ||
|[[ABO समुह]] | |[[ABO समुह]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|ABO grouping | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 5,594: | Line 6,215: | ||
|[[Rh समूह]] | |[[Rh समूह]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Rh grouping | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 5,603: | Line 6,225: | ||
|[[Rh सहित]] | |[[Rh सहित]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Rh positive | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 5,612: | Line 6,235: | ||
|[[Rh हीन]] | |[[Rh हीन]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Rh negative | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 5,621: | Line 6,245: | ||
|[[रक्त स्कंदन]] | |[[रक्त स्कंदन]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Coagulation of Blood | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 5,630: | Line 6,255: | ||
|[[परिसंचरण पथ]] | |[[परिसंचरण पथ]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|CIRCULATORY PATHWAYS | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 5,639: | Line 6,265: | ||
|[[अलिंद]] | |[[अलिंद]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Atrium | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 5,648: | Line 6,275: | ||
|[[निलय]] | |[[निलय]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Ventricles | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 5,657: | Line 6,285: | ||
|[[हृदय]] | |[[हृदय]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Heart | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 5,666: | Line 6,295: | ||
|[[हृदयावरण]] | |[[हृदयावरण]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|pericardium | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 5,675: | Line 6,305: | ||
|[[शिरा अलिंद पर्व]] | |[[शिरा अलिंद पर्व]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|sino-atrial node | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 5,684: | Line 6,315: | ||
|[[अलिंद निलय पर्व]] | |[[अलिंद निलय पर्व]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|atrio-ventricular node | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 5,693: | Line 6,325: | ||
|[[हृदय चक्र]] | |[[हृदय चक्र]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Cardiac Cycle | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 5,702: | Line 6,335: | ||
|[[विद्युत हृद लेख]] | |[[विद्युत हृद लेख]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Electrocardiograph (ECG) | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 5,711: | Line 6,345: | ||
|[[आलिंद का उद्दीपन]] | |[[आलिंद का उद्दीपन]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|excitation (or depolarisation) of the atria | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 5,720: | Line 6,355: | ||
|[[निलय का अध्रुवण]] | |[[निलय का अध्रुवण]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|depolarisation of the ventricles, | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 5,729: | Line 6,365: | ||
|[[टी तरंग]] | |[[टी तरंग]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|T-wave | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 5,738: | Line 6,375: | ||
|[[रक्त वाहिकाएं]] | |[[रक्त वाहिकाएं]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Blood Vessels | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 5,747: | Line 6,385: | ||
|[[अंतःस्तर कंचुक]] | |[[अंतःस्तर कंचुक]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|tunica intima | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 5,755: | Line 6,394: | ||
| | | | ||
|[[वाह्य कंचुक]] | |[[वाह्य कंचुक]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|tunica externa. | |tunica externa. | ||
|- | | | ||
| | |||
|- | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
Line 5,765: | Line 6,405: | ||
|[[उच्च रक्त दाब]] | |[[उच्च रक्त दाब]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|High Blood Pressure (Hypertension) | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 5,774: | Line 6,415: | ||
|[[कोरोनरी धमनी रोग (सीएडी)]] | |[[कोरोनरी धमनी रोग (सीएडी)]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Coronary Artery Disease (CAD) | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 5,783: | Line 6,425: | ||
|[[एनजाइना (ह्रद शूल)]] | |[[एनजाइना (ह्रद शूल)]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Angina | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 5,792: | Line 6,435: | ||
|[[हृद्पात]] | |[[हृद्पात]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Heart Failure | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 5,801: | Line 6,445: | ||
|[[अनुशिथिलन]] | |[[अनुशिथिलन]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Diastole | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 5,810: | Line 6,455: | ||
|[[प्रकुंचन]] | |[[प्रकुंचन]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Systole | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 5,819: | Line 6,465: | ||
|[[P- तरंग]] | |[[P- तरंग]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|P-wave | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 5,828: | Line 6,475: | ||
|[[सिनो-आलिंद नोड]] | |[[सिनो-आलिंद नोड]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Sino-atrial node | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 5,837: | Line 6,485: | ||
|[[मायोजेनिक]] | |[[मायोजेनिक]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|myogenic | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 5,846: | Line 6,495: | ||
|[[हृदयी निर्गम]] | |[[हृदयी निर्गम]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|cardiac output | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 5,855: | Line 6,505: | ||
|[[प्लेटलेट्स]] | |[[प्लेटलेट्स]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Platelets | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 5,864: | Line 6,515: | ||
|[[पेसमेकर]] | |[[पेसमेकर]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Pacemaker | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 5,873: | Line 6,525: | ||
|[[ह्रद निकास]] | |[[ह्रद निकास]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Cardiac output | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 5,882: | Line 6,535: | ||
|[[स्ट्रोक या विस्पंदन आयतन]] | |[[स्ट्रोक या विस्पंदन आयतन]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Stroke or stroke volume | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
|'''19''' | |'''19''' | ||
Line 5,890: | Line 6,544: | ||
|'''उत्सर्जी उत्पाद और उनका निष्कासन''' | |'''उत्सर्जी उत्पाद और उनका निष्कासन''' | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|'''Excretory products and their Elimination''' | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
Line 5,900: | Line 6,555: | ||
|[[अमोनिया उत्सर्जी]] | |[[अमोनिया उत्सर्जी]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Ammonotelic | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 5,908: | Line 6,564: | ||
| | | | ||
|[[यूरिया उत्सर्जी]] | |[[यूरिया उत्सर्जी]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|Ureotelic | |Ureotelic | ||
|- | | | ||
| | |||
|- | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
Line 5,918: | Line 6,575: | ||
|[[यूरिकोटेलिक]] | |[[यूरिकोटेलिक]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Uricotelic | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 5,927: | Line 6,585: | ||
|[[मैलपीगी नलिकाएं]] | |[[मैलपीगी नलिकाएं]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Malpighian tubules | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 5,936: | Line 6,595: | ||
|[[बर्टिनी स्तंभ]] | |[[बर्टिनी स्तंभ]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Columns of Bertini | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 5,945: | Line 6,605: | ||
|[[नेफ्रॉन]] | |[[नेफ्रॉन]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Nephrons | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 5,954: | Line 6,615: | ||
|[[बोमेन सम्पुट]] | |[[बोमेन सम्पुट]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Bowman’s capsule | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 5,963: | Line 6,625: | ||
|[[समीपस्थ संवलित नलिका]] | |[[समीपस्थ संवलित नलिका]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|proximal convoluted tubule | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 5,972: | Line 6,635: | ||
|[[हेन्ले लूप]] | |[[हेन्ले लूप]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Henle’s loop | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 5,981: | Line 6,645: | ||
|[[दूरस्थ संवलित नलिका]] | |[[दूरस्थ संवलित नलिका]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|distal convoluted tubule (DCT) | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 5,990: | Line 6,655: | ||
|[[केशिकागुच्छीय निस्पंदन]] | |[[केशिकागुच्छीय निस्पंदन]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Glomerular filtration | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 5,999: | Line 6,665: | ||
|[[परा निस्पंदन]] | |[[परा निस्पंदन]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Ultra filtration | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 6,008: | Line 6,675: | ||
|[[केशिकागुच्छीय निस्पंदन दर]] | |[[केशिकागुच्छीय निस्पंदन दर]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Glomerular filtration rate | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 6,017: | Line 6,685: | ||
|[[पुनः अवशोषण]] | |[[पुनः अवशोषण]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Reabsorption | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 6,026: | Line 6,695: | ||
|[[संग्रह नलिका]] | |[[संग्रह नलिका]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Collecting Duct | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 6,035: | Line 6,705: | ||
|[[प्रतिधारा क्रियाविधि]] | |[[प्रतिधारा क्रियाविधि]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Counter current mechanism | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 6,044: | Line 6,715: | ||
|[[वासा रेक्टा]] | |[[वासा रेक्टा]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Vasa recta | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 6,053: | Line 6,725: | ||
|[[रेनिन]] | |[[रेनिन]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Renin | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 6,061: | Line 6,734: | ||
| | | | ||
|[[रेनिन-एंजियोटेनसिन]] | |[[रेनिन-एंजियोटेनसिन]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|Renin-Angiotensin | |Renin-Angiotensin | ||
|- | | | ||
| | |||
|- | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
Line 6,071: | Line 6,745: | ||
|[[आलिंद नैट्रियूरेटिक कारक]] | |[[आलिंद नैट्रियूरेटिक कारक]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Atrial Natriuretic Factor | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 6,080: | Line 6,755: | ||
|[[यूरीमिया]] | |[[यूरीमिया]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Uremia | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 6,090: | Line 6,766: | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|Hemodialysis | |||
|shahana rizvi | |||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 6,098: | Line 6,775: | ||
|[[कृत्रिम वृक्क]] | |[[कृत्रिम वृक्क]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Artificial kidney | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 6,107: | Line 6,785: | ||
|[[वृक्क की क्रियाहीनता]] | |[[वृक्क की क्रियाहीनता]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Renal failures | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 6,116: | Line 6,795: | ||
|[[रेनल कैलकुली]] | |[[रेनल कैलकुली]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Renal calculi | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 6,125: | Line 6,805: | ||
|[[ग्लोमेरुलोनेफ्राइटिस]] | |[[ग्लोमेरुलोनेफ्राइटिस]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Glomerulonephritis | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
|'''20''' | |'''20''' | ||
Line 6,133: | Line 6,814: | ||
|'''गमन एवं संचलन''' | |'''गमन एवं संचलन''' | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|'''Locomotion & Movement''' | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
Line 6,144: | Line 6,826: | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|locomotion | |||
|shahana | |||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 6,153: | Line 6,836: | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|Flagellar movement | |||
|shahana | |||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 6,161: | Line 6,845: | ||
|[[कंकाल पेशियाँ]] | |[[कंकाल पेशियाँ]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Skeletal muscles | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 6,171: | Line 6,856: | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|striated muscles | |||
|shahana | |||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 6,179: | Line 6,865: | ||
|[[अंतरंग पेशियाँ]] | |[[अंतरंग पेशियाँ]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Visceral muscles | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 6,189: | Line 6,876: | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|smooth muscles (nonstriated muscle) | |||
|shahana | |||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 6,198: | Line 6,886: | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|Cardiac muscles | |||
|shahana | |||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 6,206: | Line 6,895: | ||
|[[पेशी बण्डल या पूलिकाओं]] | |[[पेशी बण्डल या पूलिकाओं]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Muscle bundles or fascicles | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 6,215: | Line 6,905: | ||
|[[संपटट]] | |[[संपटट]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Fascia | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 6,224: | Line 6,915: | ||
|[[पेशी तन्तुक]] | |[[पेशी तन्तुक]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|myofibrils | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 6,232: | Line 6,924: | ||
| | | | ||
|[[एक्टिन]] | |[[एक्टिन]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|Actin | |Actin | ||
|- | | | ||
| | |||
|- | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
Line 6,242: | Line 6,935: | ||
|[[मायोसीन]] | |[[मायोसीन]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Myosin | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 6,252: | Line 6,946: | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|Axial skeleton | |||
|shahana | |||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 6,260: | Line 6,955: | ||
|[[कर्ण अस्थिकाएँ]] | |[[कर्ण अस्थिकाएँ]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Ear Ossicles | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 6,270: | Line 6,966: | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|vertebral column | |||
|shahana | |||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 6,278: | Line 6,975: | ||
|[[उरोस्थि]] | |[[उरोस्थि]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Sternum | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 6,288: | Line 6,986: | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|Ribs | |||
|shahana | |||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 6,297: | Line 6,996: | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|Appendicular skeleton | |||
|shahana | |||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 6,306: | Line 7,006: | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|limb | |||
|shahana | |||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 6,315: | Line 7,016: | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|Pectoral and Pelvic girdle | |||
|shahana | |||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 6,324: | Line 7,026: | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|Fibrous joints | |||
|shahana | |||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 6,333: | Line 7,036: | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|cartilaginous joints | |||
|shahana | |||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 6,342: | Line 7,046: | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|Synovial joints | |||
|shahana | |||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 6,351: | Line 7,056: | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|Myasthenia gravis | |||
|shahana | |||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 6,360: | Line 7,066: | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|Muscular dystrophy | |||
|shahana | |||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 6,369: | Line 7,076: | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|Tetany | |||
|shahana | |||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 6,378: | Line 7,086: | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|Arthritis | |||
|shahana | |||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 6,387: | Line 7,096: | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|Osteoporosis | |||
|shahana | |||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|सन्धिवात | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|Gout | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
|'''21''' | |'''21''' | ||
Line 6,403: | Line 7,114: | ||
|'''तंत्रिका नियंत्रण और समन्वय''' | |'''तंत्रिका नियंत्रण और समन्वय''' | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|'''Neural control and Coordination''' | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
Line 6,413: | Line 7,125: | ||
|[[न्यूरॉन]] | |[[न्यूरॉन]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Neurons | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 6,423: | Line 7,136: | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|Central neural system (CNS) | |||
|shahana | |||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 6,432: | Line 7,146: | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|Peripheral neural system (PNS) | |||
|shahana | |||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 6,440: | Line 7,155: | ||
|[[मस्तिष्क]] | |[[मस्तिष्क]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Brain | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 6,449: | Line 7,165: | ||
|[[मेरुदंड]] | |[[मेरुदंड]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Spinal cord | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 6,458: | Line 7,175: | ||
|[[तंत्रिका तंत्र]] | |[[तंत्रिका तंत्र]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Neural system | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 6,467: | Line 7,185: | ||
|[[निसेल ग्रेन्युल]] | |[[निसेल ग्रेन्युल]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Nissl’s granules. | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 6,476: | Line 7,195: | ||
|[[न्यूरोट्रांसमीटर]] | |[[न्यूरोट्रांसमीटर]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Neurotransmitters | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 6,485: | Line 7,205: | ||
|[[तंत्रिका आवेग]] | |[[तंत्रिका आवेग]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Nerve impulse. | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 6,494: | Line 7,215: | ||
|[[सिनैप्टिक दरार]] | |[[सिनैप्टिक दरार]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Synaptic cleft | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 6,503: | Line 7,225: | ||
|[[ग्राही]] | |[[ग्राही]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Receptors | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 6,512: | Line 7,235: | ||
|[[अग्रमस्तिष्क]] | |[[अग्रमस्तिष्क]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Forebrain | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 6,521: | Line 7,245: | ||
|[[मध्यमस्तिष्क]] | |[[मध्यमस्तिष्क]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Midbrain | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 6,531: | Line 7,256: | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|Hindbrain | |||
|shahana | |||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 6,539: | Line 7,265: | ||
|[[प्रतिवर्ती क्रिया]] | |[[प्रतिवर्ती क्रिया]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|reflex action | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 6,549: | Line 7,276: | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|Sense Organs | |||
|shahana | |||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 6,558: | Line 7,286: | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|Parts of an eye | |||
|shahana | |||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 6,567: | Line 7,296: | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|Mechanism of Vision | |||
|shahana | |||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 6,576: | Line 7,306: | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|The Ear | |||
|shahana | |||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
|'''22''' | |'''22''' | ||
Line 6,583: | Line 7,314: | ||
|'''रासायनिक समन्वय तथा एकीकरण''' | |'''रासायनिक समन्वय तथा एकीकरण''' | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|'''Chemical coordination and integration''' | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
Line 6,594: | Line 7,326: | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|Endocrine Glands & Hormones | |||
|Ekatah | |||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 6,602: | Line 7,335: | ||
|[[हाइपोथैलेमस]] | |[[हाइपोथैलेमस]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Hypothalamus | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 6,612: | Line 7,346: | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|The pituitary gland | |||
|Ekatah | |||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 6,621: | Line 7,356: | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|The pineal gland | |||
|Ekatah | |||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 6,630: | Line 7,366: | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|Thyroid gland | |||
|Ekatah | |||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 6,639: | Line 7,376: | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|Parathyroid hormone | |||
|Ekatah | |||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 6,648: | Line 7,386: | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|Thymus gland | |||
|Ekatah | |||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 6,657: | Line 7,396: | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|Adrenal glands | |||
|Ekatah | |||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 6,666: | Line 7,406: | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|Addison’s disease | |||
|Ekatah | |||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 6,674: | Line 7,415: | ||
|[[अग्न्याशय]] | |[[अग्न्याशय]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Pancreas | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 6,683: | Line 7,425: | ||
|[[वृषण]] | |[[वृषण]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Testis | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 6,692: | Line 7,435: | ||
|[[शुक्रजनक नलिकाएं]] | |[[शुक्रजनक नलिकाएं]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|seminiferous tubules | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 6,701: | Line 7,445: | ||
|[[टेस्टोस्टेरोन]] | |[[टेस्टोस्टेरोन]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Testosterone | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 6,711: | Line 7,456: | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|Progesterone | |||
|Ekatah | |||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 6,720: | Line 7,466: | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|Estrogen | |||
|Ekatah | |||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 6,729: | Line 7,476: | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|Corpus luteum | |||
|Ekatah | |||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 6,737: | Line 7,485: | ||
|[[एट्रियल नैट्रियूरेटिक फैक्टर]] | |[[एट्रियल नैट्रियूरेटिक फैक्टर]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Atrial natriuretic factor | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 6,746: | Line 7,495: | ||
|[[हार्मोन ग्राही]] | |[[हार्मोन ग्राही]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Hormone receptors | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
Line 6,759: | Line 7,510: | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
Line 6,768: | Line 7,518: | ||
|} | |} | ||
[[Category: | [[Category:Information]] |
Latest revision as of 16:18, 12 May 2024
S.No. | इकाई | अध्याय | विषय | Unit - 1 | Chapter | Topic | Article Creator Name | Review by IIT Kanpur |
इकाई - एक | ||||||||
1 | जीव जगत में विविधता | Diversity in the living world | ||||||
जीव जगत | The living world | |||||||
जीव | living | |||||||
वृद्धि | Growth | |||||||
जनन | Reproduction | Deeksha Dwivedi | ||||||
उपापचयन | Metabolism | |||||||
जैविक विविधता | Biodiversity | |||||||
नाम पद्धति | Nomenclature | |||||||
द्विपदनाम पद्धति | Binomial Nomenclature | Deeksha Dwivedi | ||||||
टैक्सा | Taxa | |||||||
वर्गिकी | Taxonomy | |||||||
जाति (स्पीशीज) | Species | |||||||
वंश | Genus | |||||||
गण | order | |||||||
संघ | Phylum | |||||||
हरबेरियम | Herbarium | Deeksha Dwivedi | ||||||
वनस्पति-उद्यान | Botanical Garden | Deeksha Dwivedi | ||||||
संग्रहालय | Museum | Deeksha Dwivedi | ||||||
प्राणि उद्यान | Zoological park | Deeksha Dwivedi | ||||||
2 | जीव जगत का वर्गीकरण | Biological Classification | ||||||
द्विजगत पद्धति | Dual system | |||||||
आध बैक्टीरिया | Archaebacteria | shahana rizvi | ||||||
यूबैक्टीरिया | Eubacteria | shahana rizvi | ||||||
सायनोबैक्टीरिया | Cyanobacteria | shahana rizvi | ||||||
परपोषी बैक्टीरिया | Parasitic Bacteria | |||||||
प्रोटिस्टा जगत | Protista Kingdom | |||||||
क्राइसोफाइट्स | Chrysophytes | shahana rizvi | ||||||
डायनोफ्लैजिलेट | Dinoflagellates | |||||||
यूग्लेनॉइड्स | Euglenoids | |||||||
अवपंक कवक | scale fungus | |||||||
प्रोटोजोआ | Protozoa | shahana rizvi | ||||||
कवक | Fungi | |||||||
फाइकोमाइसिटीज | Phycomycetes | |||||||
एस्कोमाइसिटीज | Ascomycetes | |||||||
बेसिडियोमाइसिटीज | Basidiomycetes | |||||||
डयूटिरोमाइसिटीज | Deuteromycetes | |||||||
पादप जगत | Plantae Kingdom | |||||||
जंतु जगत | Animal kingdom | |||||||
विषाणु | Virus | shahana rizvi | ||||||
वाइराइड | Viroid | shahana rizvi | ||||||
प्रिऑन | Prione | shahana rizvi | ||||||
लाइकेन | Lichen | shahana rizvi | ||||||
शैवालांश | Algae | shahana rizvi | ||||||
माइकोवायंट | Mycovyant | |||||||
3 | वनस्पति जगत | Plant Kingdom | ||||||
शैवाल | Algae | |||||||
जूस्पोर | Zoospores | shahana rizvi | ||||||
समयुग्मकी | homozygous | |||||||
असमयुग्मकी | heterozygous | |||||||
नरयुग्मक | Male gametes | |||||||
लाल शैवाल | Red algae | shahana rizvi | ||||||
कैरागीन | carrageen | |||||||
क्लोरोफाइसी (हरा शैवाल) | Chlorophyceae (green algae) | shahana rizvi | ||||||
फियोफाइसी (भूरा शैवाल) | phaeophyceae (Brown Algae) | shahana rizvi | ||||||
रोडोफाइसी (लाल शैवाल) | Rhodophyceae | shahana rizvi | ||||||
ब्रायोफाइट्स | Bryophytes | |||||||
युग्मकोभिद | Gametophyte | shahana rizvi | ||||||
पुंधानी | Antheridium | |||||||
स्त्रीधानी | Archegonium | |||||||
स्पोरोफाइट | Sporophyte | shahana rizvi | ||||||
लिवरवर्ट | Livervart | shahana rizvi | ||||||
मॉस | Moss | shahana rizvi | ||||||
टेरिडोफाइट | pteridophytes | shahana rizvi | ||||||
जिमनोस्पर्म | Gymnosperm | Deeksha Dwivedi | ||||||
एंजियोस्पेर्म | Angiosperms | Deeksha Dwivedi | ||||||
परागण | pollination | Deeksha Dwivedi | ||||||
पीढ़ी एकान्तरण | Alternation of generations | Deeksha Dwivedi | ||||||
बीजाणु उद्भिद (स्पोरोफिटिक) | Sporophyte | |||||||
4 | प्राणी जगत | Animal Kingdom | ||||||
एक्टोडर्म | Ectoderm | shahana rizvi | ||||||
एंडोडर्म | Endoderm | shahana rizvi | ||||||
मीजोडर्म | Mesoderm | shahana rizvi | ||||||
देहगुहा (प्रगुहा) | Coelom | shahana rizvi | ||||||
सैगमेंटेशन (खंडीभवन) | Segmentation | |||||||
विखंडावस्था | metameric segmentation | |||||||
पृष्ठरज्जु | Notochord | shahana rizvi | ||||||
संघ पोरिफेरा | Phylum Porifera | Deeksha Dwivedi | ||||||
ऑस्टिया | Austia | |||||||
स्पंज गुहा | Spongocoel | |||||||
ऑस्कुलम | Osculam | |||||||
कोएनोसाइट | Choanocytes | |||||||
नाल तंत्र | canals | |||||||
ओस्टिया | Ostia | |||||||
स्पांजिला | Spongilla | |||||||
यूस्पॉन्जिया | Euspongia | |||||||
फाइलम सीलेन्ट्रेटा | Phylum – Coelenterata (Cnidaria) | Deeksha Dwivedi | ||||||
दंश कोशिका | Nematocysts | shahana rizvi | ||||||
नाइडोब्लास्ट | Cnidoblasts | |||||||
संघ टीनोफोर | Phylum – Ctenophora | Deeksha Dwivedi | ||||||
संघ प्लेटीहेल्मिन्थीज (चपटे कृमि) | Phylum – Platyhelminthes | Deeksha Dwivedi | ||||||
संघ एस्केल्मिन्थीज (गोलकृमि) | Phylum – Aschelminthes | Deeksha Dwivedi | ||||||
संघ एनेलिडा | Phylum – Annelida | Deeksha Dwivedi | ||||||
पैरापोडिया | Parapodia | |||||||
वृक्कक | Nephridia | |||||||
नेफ्रीडियम | Nephridium | |||||||
संघ आर्थोपोडा | Phylum – Arthropoda | Deeksha Dwivedi | ||||||
संधियुक्त पाद | Jointed appendages | |||||||
मैलपिगी नलिका | Malpighian tubules | |||||||
संघ मोलस्का | Phylum mollusca | Deeksha Dwivedi | ||||||
रेडुला | Radula | |||||||
संघ इकोनोडर्मेटा | Phylum Echinodermata | Deeksha Dwivedi | ||||||
जल संवहन तंत्र | Water vascular system | |||||||
संघ हेमीकोर्डेटा | Phylum – Hemichordata | Deeksha Dwivedi | ||||||
क्लोम छिद्र | Gill slits | |||||||
उपास्थिल मेरुदंड | Notochord | |||||||
वर्ग-साइक्लोस्टोमेटा | Class – Cyclostomata | shahana rizvi | ||||||
वर्ग-कांड्रीक्थीज | Class – Chondrichthyes | shahana rizvi | ||||||
ऑपरकुलम | Operculum | |||||||
वर्ग- एम्फीबिया | Class – Amphibia | shahana rizvi | ||||||
कर्णपटल | Tympanum | |||||||
अवस्कर | Cloaca | |||||||
वर्ग- सरीसृप | Class – Reptilia | |||||||
प्रशल्क | Scales | |||||||
वर्ग एवीज | Class – Aves | shahana rizvi | ||||||
समतापी | Homoiothermous | |||||||
वर्ग स्तनधारी | Class – Mammalia | shahana rizvi | ||||||
स्तनग्रंथि | Mammary glands | |||||||
इकाई - दो | Unit- 2 | |||||||
पादप एवं प्राणियों में संरचनात्मक संगठन | Structural Organisation in Plants and Animals | |||||||
5 | पुष्पी पादपों की आकारिकी | Morphology of Flowering Plants | ||||||
आकारिकी | Morphology | shahana rizvi | ||||||
प्राथमिक मूल | Primary root | |||||||
द्वितीयक मूल | Secondary Root | |||||||
तृतीयक मूल | Tertiary root | |||||||
मूसला मूलतंत्र | Tap root system | |||||||
झकड़ा मूलतंत्र | Fibrous root | |||||||
अपस्थानिक मूल | Adventitious roots | |||||||
मूल गोप | Root cap | |||||||
मेरिस्टमी क्रियाओं का क्षेत्र | Region of meristematic activity | |||||||
दीर्घीकरण क्षेत्र | Region of elongation | |||||||
परिपक्व क्षेत्र | Region of maturation | |||||||
मूलरोम | Root hairs | |||||||
प्रोप रुट | Prop roots | |||||||
अवस्तम्भ रूट | Stilt roots | |||||||
श्वसन मूल | pneumatophores | |||||||
प्रतान | Tendrils | |||||||
पर्णाधार | leaf base | |||||||
पर्णवृंततल्प | Petiole | |||||||
पर्णवृंत | Petiole | |||||||
स्तरिका | lamina | |||||||
मध्यशिरा | Midrib | |||||||
शिराविन्यास | venation | |||||||
सरल पत्ती | simple leaf | |||||||
संयुक्त पत्ती | compound leaf | shahana rizvi | ||||||
पर्णविन्यास | foliage | |||||||
पत्ती के रूपांतरण | metamorphosis of leaf | |||||||
पुष्पक्रम | inflorescence | shahana | ||||||
असीमाक्षी | Racemose | |||||||
ससीमाक्षी | cymose | |||||||
पुष्प | flowers | shahana rizvi | ||||||
पुष्पासन | Thalamus or receptacle. | |||||||
सहपत्री | Bracteate | |||||||
सहपत्रहीन | Ebracteate | |||||||
अधोजायांगता | Hypogynous | |||||||
परिजायांगता | Perigynous | |||||||
अधिजायांगता | Epigynous | |||||||
अधोवर्ती | downward | |||||||
ऊर्ध्ववर्ती | vertical | |||||||
केल्किस | Calyx | shahana rizvi | ||||||
केल्किस संयुक्त बाह्य दली | Gamosepalous | |||||||
पृथक बाह्यदली | Polysepalous | |||||||
कोरोला | Corolla | shahana rizvi | ||||||
कोरस्पर्शी | Valvate | |||||||
व्यावर्तित | Twisted | |||||||
कोरछादी | Imbricate | |||||||
वैक्ज़ीलरी | vaccillary | |||||||
पुमंग | stamen | shahana rizvi | ||||||
स्टेमिनाएड | Staminode | |||||||
दललग्न (एपिपेटलस) | Epipetalus | |||||||
परिदल लग्न (एपिफिलस) | Epiphyllus | |||||||
जायांग | Gynoecium | shahana rizvi | ||||||
वर्तिका | style | |||||||
वर्तिकाग्र | stigma | |||||||
बीजाण्डासन | Placenta | |||||||
वियुक्तांडपी | Apocarpous | |||||||
युक्तांडपी | Syncarpous | |||||||
बीजाण्डन्यास | Placentation | shahana rizvi | ||||||
अनिषेक फलन | Parthenocarpic | |||||||
फलभित्ति | Pericarp | |||||||
वाह्यफल | Epicarp | |||||||
मध्यफल | Mesocarp | |||||||
अन्तःफलभित्ति | Endocarp | |||||||
बीजावरण | Testa | |||||||
टेगमेन | tegmen. | |||||||
बीजाण्डद्वार | Micropyle | |||||||
मूलांकुर | Radicle. | |||||||
भ्रूणपोष | Endosperm | shahana rizvi | ||||||
एल्यूरोन परत | Aleurone layer | |||||||
स्कुटेलम | scutellum | |||||||
प्रांकुर | Plumule | shahana rizvi | ||||||
मूलांकुर | Radicle | |||||||
प्रांकुरचोल | Coleoptile | |||||||
मूलांकुर चोल | Coleorhiza | |||||||
फाबेसी | Fabaceae | |||||||
सोलैनेसी | Solanaceae | |||||||
लिलिएसी | Liliaceae | |||||||
6 | पुष्पी पादपों का शरीर | Anatomy of Flowering Plants | ||||||
ऊतक | Tissues | shahana rizvi | ||||||
मेरिस्टेमेटिक ऊतक | Meristematic Tissues | shahana rizvi | ||||||
मेरिस्टेम | Meristems | |||||||
शीर्षस्थ मेरिस्टेम | Apical meristems | |||||||
कक्षीय कली | Axillary bud | |||||||
अंतर्वेशी मेरिस्टेम | Intercalary Meristem | |||||||
प्राथमिक मेरिस्टेम्स | Primary meristem | |||||||
द्वितीयक या पार्श्व मेरिस्टेम्स | Secondary or lateral meristem | |||||||
स्थायी या परिपक्व कोशिकाएं | Permanent or mature cells | |||||||
सरल ऊतक | Simple tissues | shahana rizvi | ||||||
पैरेन्काइमा | Parenchyma | shahana rizvi | ||||||
कोलेन्काइमा | Collenchyma | |||||||
स्क्लेरेन्काइमा | Sclerenchyma | shahana rizvi | ||||||
स्किलिरिड | sclereids | |||||||
जटिल ऊतक | Complex Tissues | shahana rizvi | ||||||
जाइलम | Xylem | shahana rizvi | ||||||
ट्रेकीड | Tracheids | shahana rizvi | ||||||
वाहिका | Vessel | shahana rizvi | ||||||
जाइलम तंतु | Xylem fibres | |||||||
जाइलम पैरेन्काइमा | Xylem parenchyma | shahana rizvi | ||||||
प्रोटोजाइलम | protoxylem | |||||||
मेटाजाइलम | Metaxylem | |||||||
मध्यादिदारुक | Endarch | |||||||
वाह्य आदिदारुक | exarch | |||||||
फ्लाएम | Phloem | shahana rizvi | ||||||
चालनी नलिका | Sieve tube elements | shahana rizvi | ||||||
सहचर कोशिकाएं | Companion cells | |||||||
फ्लोएम पैरेन्काइमा | Phloem parenchyma | |||||||
फ्लोएम तंतु | Phloem fibres | |||||||
प्रोटोफ्लोएम | Protophloem | |||||||
मेटाफ्लोएम | Metaphloem. | |||||||
क्यूटिकल | Cuticle | shahana rizvi | ||||||
रंध्र | Stomata | shahana rizvi | ||||||
सहायक कोशिकाएं | Subsidiary cells | |||||||
रंध्री तंत्र | Stomatal apparatus | |||||||
मूलरोम | Root hairs | |||||||
ट्राइकोम्स | Trichomes | |||||||
भरण ऊतक | Ground tissue | |||||||
पर्णमध्योतक | Mesophyll | |||||||
कैंबियम | Cambium | shahana rizvi | ||||||
खुला संवहन बंडल | Open vascular bundles. | |||||||
बंद संवहन बंडल | Closed vascular bundles | |||||||
रेडियल संवहनी बंडल | Radial vascular bundles | |||||||
मूलीय त्वचा | Epiblema | |||||||
कैस्पेरियन पट्टी | Cortex | |||||||
परिरम्भ | Casparian strips. | |||||||
कंजकटिव ऊतक | Pericycle | |||||||
पिथ | Conjuctive tissue | |||||||
खम्भा पैरेन्काइमा | pith | |||||||
स्पंजी पैरेन्काइमा | palisade parenchyma | |||||||
आवर्ध त्वक्कोशिका | ||||||||
द्वितीयक वृद्धि | Secondary growth | shahana rizvi | ||||||
पार्श्वीय मेरिस्टम | lateral meristem | |||||||
संवहन कैंबियम | vascular cambium | shahana rizvi | ||||||
कार्क कैंबियम | Cork Cambium | shahana rizvi | ||||||
अन्तः पूलीय कैम्बियम | Intyracalary Cambium | |||||||
अन्तरापूलीय कैम्बियम | Intercalary cambium | |||||||
द्वितीयक जाइलम | Secondary Xylem | |||||||
द्वितीयक फ्लोएम | Secondary Phloem | |||||||
द्वितीयक मज्जाकिरण | Secondary medullary | |||||||
बसंतदारु (अग्र दारू) | Spring wood | |||||||
शरद दारू (पश्च दारू) | Early wood | |||||||
वार्षिक वलय | Annual ring | |||||||
रसदारु | sapwood | |||||||
ह्रददारु | Heartwood | |||||||
कॉर्क कैम्बियम | cork cambium | |||||||
द्वितीयक वल्कुट | Secondary cortex or Phelloderm | |||||||
परिचर्म | Periderm | |||||||
छालवल्क | Bark | |||||||
वातरंध्र | Lenticels | |||||||
7 | प्राणियों में संरचनात्मक संगठन | Structural Organsation in Animals | ||||||
सरल उपकला | simple epithelium | shahana rizvi | ||||||
संयुक्त उपकला | compound epithelium | shahana rizvi | ||||||
शल्की उपकला | Squamous epithelium | |||||||
घनाकार उपकला | Cuboidal epithelium | |||||||
स्तम्भाकार उपकला | Columnar epithelium | |||||||
पक्ष्माभी उपकला | Ciliated epithelium | |||||||
ग्रंथिल उपकला | Glandular epithelium | |||||||
बहिःस्त्रावी | Exocrine | shahana rizvi | ||||||
अंत: स्रावी | Endocrine | shahana rizvi | ||||||
संयुक्त उपकला | Compound epithelium | shahana rizvi | ||||||
दृढ संधियाँ | Tight junctions | shahana rizvi | ||||||
आसंजी संधियाँ | Adhering junctions | shahana rizvi | ||||||
अंतराली संधियां | Gap junctions | |||||||
लचीले संयोजी ऊतक | Areolar tissue | shahana rizvi | ||||||
सघन संयोजी ऊतक | Dense connective tissues | |||||||
वसा ऊतक | Adipose tissue | shahana rizvi | ||||||
विशिष्ट संयोजी ऊतक | specialised connective tissues | |||||||
अस्थि | Bones | shahana rizvi | ||||||
रक्त | Blood | shahana rizvi | ||||||
कंकाल पेशी | Skeletal muscle | shahana rizvi | ||||||
चिकनी पेशी | smooth muscle | |||||||
हृद पेशी | Cardiac muscle tissue | shahana rizvi | ||||||
तंत्रिका ऊतक | Neural Tissue | Ekatah | ||||||
अंग और अंगतंत्र | Organ and organ System | |||||||
केंचुआ | Earthworm | shahana rizvi | ||||||
क्लाइटेलम | Clitellum | |||||||
शूक | Setae | |||||||
आंत्रवलन | Typhlosole | |||||||
नेफ्रिडिया | Nephridia | |||||||
कॉकरोच | Cockroache | shahana rizvi | ||||||
मैलपीगी नलिकाएं | Malpighian tubules | |||||||
यूरिकाम्ल | Uricotelic | |||||||
नेत्राशंक | ommatidia | |||||||
इकाई - तीन | Unit - 3 | |||||||
संरचना और कार्य | Structure and functions | |||||||
8 | कोशिका : जीवन की इकाई | cell: The unit of life | ||||||
कोशिका | Cell | |||||||
एंटोन वॉन ल्यूवेनहोक | Anton Von Leeuwenhoek | |||||||
कोशिका सिद्धांत | Cell theory | |||||||
श्लेडेन और श्वान | Schleiden and Schwann | |||||||
प्रोकैरियोटिक कोशिकाएं | Prokaryotic cells | shahana rizvi | ||||||
डीएनए | DNA | Ekatah | ||||||
ग्राम धनात्मक जीवाणु | Gram positive bacteria | shahana rizvi | ||||||
ग्राम ऋणात्मक जीवाणु | Gram negative bacteria | shahana rizvi | ||||||
अवपंक परत | Slime layer | |||||||
सम्पुटिका | Capsule | |||||||
मीसोजोम | Mesosome | |||||||
पुटिका | Form of vesicles | |||||||
नलिका | Tubules | |||||||
पटलिका | Lamellae | |||||||
तन्तु | Filament | |||||||
कशाभिका | Flagellum | |||||||
रोम | Pili | |||||||
झालर | Fimbriae | |||||||
राइबोसोम | Ribosomes | shahana rizvi | ||||||
बहुराइबोसोम या बहु सूत्र | Polyribosomes or polysome | |||||||
अंतर्विष्ट पिंड | Inclusion bodies | |||||||
केंद्रीय रसधानी | Central vacuole | |||||||
तारक काय | Centrioles | shahana rizvi | ||||||
यूकेरियोटिक कोशिकाएं | Eukaryotic cells | shahana rizvi | ||||||
कोशिका झिल्ली | Cell Membrane | shahana rizvi | ||||||
तरल किर्मीर नमूना | Fluid mosaic model | shahana rizvi | ||||||
निष्क्रिय परिवहन | Passive transport | |||||||
सक्रिय परिवहन | Active transport | |||||||
परासरण | Osmosis. | shahana rizvi | ||||||
कोशिका भित्ति | Cell wall | |||||||
प्राथमिक भित्ति | Primary wall | |||||||
अंतः झिल्लिका तंत्र | Endomembrane system | |||||||
अन्तः प्रदव्ययी जलिका | Endoplasmic Reticulum | shahana rizvi | ||||||
गॉल्जीकाय | Golgi apparatus | shahana rizvi | ||||||
लाइसोसोम | Lysosomes | Ekatah | ||||||
संकुचनशील रसधानी | Contractile vacuole | |||||||
खाध रसधानी | Food vacuoles | |||||||
माइटोकॉन्ड्रिया | Mitochondria | shahana rizvi | ||||||
आधात्री | Matrix | |||||||
क्रिस्टी | Cristae | |||||||
पर्णहरित | Chlorophyll | Ekatah | ||||||
कैरोटेनॉइड | Carotenoid | |||||||
मंड लवक | Amyloplasts | |||||||
तेल लवक | Elaioplasts | |||||||
प्रोटीन लवक | Aleuroplasts | |||||||
थाइलेकोइड | Thylakoids | shahana rizvi | ||||||
साइटोपंजर | Cytoskeleton | shahana rizvi | ||||||
पक्ष्माभ | Cilia | |||||||
कशाभिका | Flagella | |||||||
अक्षसूत्र | Axoneme | |||||||
क्रोमेटिन | Chromatin | shahana rizvi | ||||||
केंद्रिक | Nucleoli | shahana rizvi | ||||||
परिकेन्द्रकी अवकाश | Perinuclear space | |||||||
केन्द्रक द्रव्य | Nucleoplasm | shahana rizvi | ||||||
माइक्रोबॉडीज | Microbodies | shahana rizvi | ||||||
9 | जैव अणु | Biomolecules | ||||||
ज्विटर आयन | zwitterion | shahana rizvi | ||||||
अमीनो अम्ल | Amino acids | shahana rizvi | ||||||
शर्करा (कार्बोहाइड्रेट) | Sugars (Carbohydrates) | shahana rizvi | ||||||
ग्लाइसीन | Glycine | shahana rizvi | ||||||
एलानिन | Alanine | |||||||
सेरिन | Serine | shahana rizvi | ||||||
पामिटिक अम्ल | Palmitic acid | |||||||
ग्लिसरॉल | Glycerol | shahana rizvi | ||||||
ट्राइग्लिसराइड | Triglyceride | |||||||
फास्फोलिपिड (लेसिथिन) | Phospholipid (Lecithin) | |||||||
कोलेस्ट्रॉल | Cholesterol | shahana rizvi | ||||||
एडेनिन (प्यूरिन) | Adenine (Purine) | shahana rizvi | ||||||
एडीनोसिन | Adenosine | |||||||
एडेनिलिक अम्ल | Adenylic acid | |||||||
यूरेसिल (पाइरीमिडीन) | Uracil (Pyrimidine) | shahana rizvi | ||||||
यूरिडीन | Uridine | |||||||
न्यूक्लियोसाइड | Nucleosides | |||||||
न्यूक्लियोटाइड | Nucleotide | |||||||
द्वितीयक उपापचयज | Secondary metabolites | |||||||
प्राथमिक उपापचयज | Primary metabolites | |||||||
वृहत जैव अणु | Biomacromolecules | |||||||
प्रोटीन | Proteins | shahana rizvi | ||||||
पॉलीसैकराइड | Polysaccharides | |||||||
न्यूक्लिक अम्ल | Nucleic acid | |||||||
प्रोटीन की संरचना | Structure of protein | shahana rizvi | ||||||
अल्फा - हेलिक्स | Alpha – Helix | |||||||
बीटा– प्लीटेड शीट | Beta– plated sheet | |||||||
पेप्टाइड बंध | Peptide bond | shahana rizvi | ||||||
ग्लाइकोसिडिक बंध | Glycosidic bond | |||||||
उत्प्रेरित अभिक्रियाएं | Catalysed Reaction | |||||||
उपापचय पथ | Anabolic pathways | |||||||
अपचय पथ | Catabolic pathways. | |||||||
एडेनोसाइन ट्राइफॉस्फेट (एटीपी) | Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) | Ekatah | ||||||
रासायनिक अभिक्रिया | Chemical Reaction | |||||||
सक्रियण ऊर्जा | Activation energy | |||||||
एंजाइम क्रिया की प्रकृति | Nature of Enzyme Action | |||||||
एंजाइम क्रियाविधि को प्रभावित करने वाले कारक | Factors Affecting Enzyme Activity | |||||||
संदमन | Inhibition | shahana rizvi | ||||||
ऑक्सीडोरडक्टेस / डिहाइड्रोजनेज | Oxidoreductases/dehydrogenases | |||||||
ट्रांसफरेज | Transferases | |||||||
हाइड्रोलेजेज | Hydrolases | |||||||
लाइसेस | Lyases | |||||||
आइसोमरेज | Isomerases | shahana rizvi | ||||||
लाइगेजेज | Ligases: | |||||||
सह-कारक | Co-factors | |||||||
10 | कोशिका चक्र और कोशिका विभाजन | Cell Cycle and Cell Division | ||||||
कोशिका चक्र | Cell cycle | Ekatah | ||||||
अंतरावस्था | Interphase | |||||||
एम प्रावस्था (समसूत्री विभाजन) | M Phase (Mitosis phase) | |||||||
कार्योकाइनेसिस | Karyokinesis | |||||||
साइटोकाइनेसिस | Cytokinesis | Ekatah | ||||||
पश्च सूत्री अंतरकाल प्रावस्था | G1 phase (Gap 1) | |||||||
संश्लेषण प्रावस्था | S phase (Synthesis) | |||||||
पूर्व - सूत्री विभाजन अंतरालकाल प्रावस्था | G2 phase (Gap 2) | |||||||
शांत अवस्था | Quiescent stage (G0 ) | |||||||
सूत्री विभाजन अवस्था (M प्रावस्था) | M Phase (Mitosis phase) | |||||||
पूर्वावस्था | Prophase | Ekatah | ||||||
मध्यावस्था | Metaphase | Ekatah | ||||||
पश्चावस्था | Anaphase | Ekatah | ||||||
अंत्यावस्था | Telophase | Ekatah | ||||||
कोशिकाद्रव्य विभाजन | Cytokinesis | Ekatah | ||||||
अर्धसूत्रीविभाजन | Meiosis | |||||||
तनुपट्ट | leptotene | |||||||
युग्मपट्ट | Zygotene | |||||||
स्थूलपट्ट | Pachytene | |||||||
द्विपट्ट | Diplotene | |||||||
काएज्मेटा | Chiasmata | |||||||
डायकाइनेसिस | Diakinesis | |||||||
इकाई - चार | Unit - 4 | |||||||
पादप कार्यकीय (शरीर क्रियात्मकता) | Plant Physiology | |||||||
11 | पौधों में परिवहन | Transport in Plants | ||||||
स्थानान्तरण | Translocation | |||||||
विसरण | Diffusion | |||||||
सुसाध्य विसरण | Facilitated diffusion | |||||||
पोरिन् | Porins | |||||||
एक्वापोरिन | Aquaporins | |||||||
सिम्पोर्ट | Symport | |||||||
एंटिपोर्ट | Antiport | |||||||
यूनिपोर्ट | Uniport. | |||||||
सक्रिय परिवहन | Active transport | shahana | ||||||
निष्क्रिय परिवहन | Passive transport | shahana | ||||||
जल विभव (Ψw) | Water potential (Ψw ) | |||||||
विलेय विभव (Ψs ) | Solute potential (Ψs ) | |||||||
दाब विभव (Ψp) | Pressure potential (Ψp ) | |||||||
दाब प्रवणता | Pressure gradient | |||||||
सांद्रता प्रवणता | Concentration gradient | |||||||
जीवद्रव्यकुंचन | Plasmolysis | shahana | ||||||
समपरासरी | Isotonic | |||||||
अल्पपरासारी | Hypotonic | |||||||
अतिपरासारी | Hypertonic | |||||||
स्फीत दबाव | Turgor pressure | |||||||
अंत-शोषण | Imbibition | shahana | ||||||
सामूहिक या थोक प्रवाह | Mass or bulk flow | |||||||
एपोप्लास्ट पथ | Apoplast pathway | |||||||
सिम्प्लास्ट पथ | Symplast pathway | |||||||
कैस्पेरियन पट्टी | Casparian strips | |||||||
माइकोराइजा | Mycorrhiza | |||||||
मूल दाब | Root Pressure | |||||||
बिन्दुस्राव | Guttation | |||||||
सामंजस्य-तनाव-वाष्पोत्सर्जन खिंचाव मॉडल | Cohesion-tension-transpiration pull mode | |||||||
रंध्र छिद्र | Stomatal aperture, | |||||||
रक्षक कोशिकाएं | Guard cells | Ekatah | ||||||
सासंजन | Cohesion | |||||||
आसंजन | Adhesion | |||||||
तन्य -सामर्थ्य | Tensile strength | |||||||
ट्रेकिड् और वाहिका तत्व | Tracheids and vessel elements | |||||||
सक्रिय अवशोषण | Active absorption | |||||||
दबाव प्रवाह या द्रव्यमान प्रवाह परिकल्पना | The Pressure Flow or Mass Flow Hypothesis | |||||||
12 | खनिज पोषण | Mineral nutrition | ||||||
जल संवर्धन | Hydroponics. | |||||||
वृहत पोषक तत्व | Macronutrients | |||||||
सूक्ष्म पोषक तत्व | Micronutrients | |||||||
क्रांतिक सांद्रता | Critical concentration | |||||||
सूक्ष्म पोषक तत्वों की विषाक्तता | Toxicity of Micronutrients | |||||||
अभिवाह | Flux | |||||||
अन्तर्वाह | Influx | |||||||
बहि: स्राव | Efflux | |||||||
नाइट्रोजन चक्र | Nitrogen Cycle | |||||||
नाइट्रोजन स्थिरीकरण | Nitrogenfixation | |||||||
नाइट्रीकरण | Nitrification | |||||||
रसायनपोषी | Chemoautotrophs | |||||||
जैविक नाइट्रोजन स्थिरीकरण | Biological nitrogen fixation | |||||||
सहजीवी जैविक नाइट्रोजन स्थिरीकरण | Symbiotic biological nitrogen fixation | |||||||
राइजोबियम | Rhizobium | |||||||
अमोनिया की स्थिति | Fate of ammonia | |||||||
अपचयित एमीनीकरण | Reductive amination | |||||||
ट्रांसएमिनेशन | Transamination | |||||||
13 | उच्च पादपों में प्रकाश संश्लेषण | Photosynthesis In Higher Plants | ||||||
प्रकाश अभिक्रिया (प्रकाश रासायनिक अभिक्रिया) | light reactions (photochemical reactions) | |||||||
अप्रकाशीय अभिक्रिया (कार्बन अभिक्रिया) | Dark reactions (carbon reactions) | |||||||
क्लोरोफिल ए | Chlorophyll a | Ekatah | ||||||
क्लोरोफिल बी | Chlorophyll b | Ekatah | ||||||
ज़ैंथोफिल | xanthophylls | shahana rizvi | ||||||
कैरोटीनॉयड | carotenoids | shahana rizvi | ||||||
लाइट हार्वेस्टिंग काम्प्लेक्स (एल एच एसी) | light harvesting complexes (LHC) | |||||||
फोटोसिस्टम I (पीएस I) | Photosystem I (PS I) | |||||||
फोटोसिस्टम II (PS II) | Photosystem II (PS II) | |||||||
एंटीना | antennae | |||||||
अभिक्रिया केंद्र | Reaction centre | |||||||
पी700 | P700 | |||||||
पी 680 | P680 | |||||||
इलेक्ट्रॉन परिवहन | Electrons transport | |||||||
Z स्कीम | Z scheme | |||||||
जल विघटन | Splitting of Water | |||||||
चक्रीय और अचक्रीय फोटो-फास्फोरिलीकरण | Cyclic and Non-cyclic Photo-phosphorylation | |||||||
केमियोस्मोटिक परिकल्पना | Chemiosmotic Hypothesis | |||||||
जैवसंश्लेषण चरण | Biosynthetic phase | |||||||
केल्विन चक्र | Calvin cycle | shahana rizvi | ||||||
C3 पथ | C3 pathway | |||||||
C4 पथ | C4 pathway | |||||||
बंडल शीथ कोशिकाएं | Bundle sheath cells | |||||||
क्रांज़ 'शारीरिक रचना | Kranz’ anatomy | shahana rizvi | ||||||
हैच और स्लैक पाथवे | Hatch and Slack Pathway | |||||||
प्रकाश श्वसन | Photorespiration | shahana rizvi | ||||||
प्रकाश संश्लेषण को प्रभावित करने वाले कारक | Factors Affecting Photosynthesis | |||||||
लॉ ऑफ लिमिटिंग फैक्टर | Law of Limiting Factors | |||||||
14 | पौधों में श्वसन | Respiration in plants | ||||||
कोशिकीय श्वसन | Cellular respiration | shahana rizvi | ||||||
श्वसनी क्रियाधार | Respiratory substrates | |||||||
ग्लाइकोलिसिस | glycolysis | shahana rizvi | ||||||
क्रेब्स चक्र | Krebs’ cycle | shahana rizvi | ||||||
किण्वन | Fermentation | shahana rizvi | ||||||
ऑक्सी श्वसन | Aerobic respiration | shahana rizvi | ||||||
ट्राइकारबॉक्सिलिक अम्ल चक्र | Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle | shahana rizvi | ||||||
इलेक्ट्रॉन परिवहन तंत्र (ETS) | Electron Transport System (ETS) | |||||||
ऑक्सीडेटिव फास्फोराइलेशन | Oxidative Phosphorylation | |||||||
एम्फ़िबोलिक मार्ग | Amphibolic Pathway | |||||||
श्वसन गुणांक | Respiratory quotient | |||||||
साइट्रिक एसिड चक्र | Citric acid Cycle | shahana rizvi | ||||||
माइटोकॉन्ड्रिया में एटीपी का संश्लेषण | ATP synthesis in mitochondria | |||||||
अनॉक्सी श्वसन | Anaerobic respiration | shahana rizvi | ||||||
ए.टी.पी | ATP | |||||||
15 | पादप वृद्धि एवं परिवर्धन | Plant growth and development | ||||||
वृद्धि | Growth | |||||||
वृद्धि के चरण | Phases of Growth | |||||||
वृद्धि दर | Growth Rates | |||||||
वृद्धि के लिए दशाएं | Conditions for Growth | |||||||
विभेदन | Differentiation | |||||||
निर्विभेदन | Dedifferentiation | |||||||
पुनर्विभेदित | Redifferentiated | |||||||
परिवर्धन | Development | |||||||
प्लास्टिसिटी | Plasticity | |||||||
पादप वृद्धि नियामक | Plant growth regulators (PGRs) | Ekatah | ||||||
ऑक्सिन्स | Auxins | Ekatah | ||||||
शिखाग्र प्रधान्यता | Apical dominance | Ekatah | ||||||
जिबरेलिन्स | Gibberellins | Ekatah | ||||||
साइटोकाइनिन्स | Cytokinins | Ekatah | ||||||
एथिलीन | Ethylene | Ekatah | ||||||
एब्सिसिक अम्ल | Abscisic acid | Ekatah | ||||||
दीप्तिकालिता | Photoperiodism | Ekatah | ||||||
दीर्घ प्रदीप्तकाली पौधे | long day plants | Ekatah | ||||||
अल्प प्रदीप्तकाली पौधे | short day plants | Ekatah | ||||||
तटस्थ प्रदीप्तकाली पौधे | Day-neutral plants | Ekatah | ||||||
वसंतीकरण | Vernalisation | Ekatah | ||||||
बीज प्रसुप्ति | Seed dormancy | Ekatah | ||||||
इकाई - चार | Unit - 4 | |||||||
16 | मानव शरीर विज्ञान | Human Physiology | ||||||
पाचन एवं अवशोषण | Digestion and Absorption | |||||||
पाचन | Digestion | shahana rizvi | ||||||
पाचन तंत्र | Digestive system | shahana rizvi | ||||||
आहार नाल | Alimentary Canal | shahana rizvi | ||||||
गर्तदन्ती | Thecodont | |||||||
द्विबारदंती | Diphyodont | |||||||
जठरागम भाग | Cardiac | shahana rizvi | ||||||
फंडिक क्षेत्र | Fundic region | |||||||
जठरनिर्गम भाग | Pyloric portion | |||||||
पाचन ग्रंथियां | Digestive glands | shahana rizvi | ||||||
ग्रास | Bolus | shahana rizvi | ||||||
काइम | Chyme | |||||||
ग्लोबेट कोशिकाये | Goblet cells | |||||||
सक्सेस एंटेरिकस | Succus entericus | |||||||
पचाए गए उत्पादों का अवशोषण | Absorption of digested products | shahana rizvi | ||||||
मुख | Mouth | shahana rizvi | ||||||
आमाशय | Stomach | |||||||
छोटी आंत | Small Intestine | shahana rizvi | ||||||
बड़ी आँत | Large Intestine | shahana rizvi | ||||||
पीलिया | Jaundice | |||||||
वमन | Vomiting | shahana rizvi | ||||||
प्रवाहिका | Diarrhoea | shahana rizvi | ||||||
कोष्ठबद्धता | Constipation | shahana | ||||||
अपच | Indigestion | shahana rizvi | ||||||
प्रोटीन ऊर्जा कुपोषण (पीईएम) | Protein-energy malnutrition (PEM) | shahana rizvi | ||||||
17 | श्वास और गैसों का विनिमय | Breathing and exchange of gases | ||||||
श्वासन | Respiration | |||||||
श्वसन | Breathing | |||||||
क्लोम | Gills | |||||||
फेफड़े | lungs | |||||||
ग्रसनी | Pharynx | |||||||
श्वासनली | Trachea | |||||||
ध्वनि पेटिका | Sound box | |||||||
श्वासनलियाँ | Bronchi | |||||||
वायु कूपिका | Alveoli | |||||||
अन्तः श्वसन | Inspiration | |||||||
निःश्वसन | Expiration | |||||||
ज्वारीय आयतन | Tidal Volume (TV) | |||||||
अंत श्वसन सुरक्षित आयतन (आईआरबी) | Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV) | |||||||
निःश्वास सुरक्षित आयतन | Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV) | |||||||
अवशिष्ट आयतन (RV) | Residual Volume (RV) | |||||||
अन्तः श्वसन क्षमता (आईसी) | Inspiratory Capacity (IC) | |||||||
नि:श्वसन क्षमता (ईसी) | Expiratory Capacity (EC) | |||||||
क्रियात्मक अवशिष्ट क्षमता (FRC) | Functional Residual Capacity (FRC) | |||||||
जैव क्षमता (वीसी) | Vital Capacity (VC) | |||||||
फेफड़े की कुल क्षमता (टीएलसी) | Total Lung Capacity (TLC) | |||||||
गैसों का आदान-प्रदान | Exchange of gases | |||||||
गैसों का परिवहन | Transportation of gases | |||||||
ऑक्सीहीमोग्लोबिन | Oxyhaemoglobin | |||||||
कार्बामिनो-हीमोग्लोबिन | Carbamino-haemoglobin | |||||||
दमा | Asthma | |||||||
वातस्फीति | Emphysema | |||||||
व्यावसायिक श्वसन विकार | Occupational Respiratory Disorders | |||||||
18 | शरीर द्रव तथा परिसंचरण | Body fluids and circulation | ||||||
रक्त | Blood | |||||||
लसीका | lymph | |||||||
प्लाज्मा | Plasma | |||||||
इरिथ्रोसाइट्स (रक्ताणु) | Erythrocytes | |||||||
ल्यूकोसाइट (श्वेत रुधिर कणिकाएं) | Leucocytes | |||||||
थ्रॉम्बोसाइट्स | Thrombocytes | |||||||
रक्त समूह | Blood Groups | shahana rizvi | ||||||
ABO समुह | ABO grouping | |||||||
Rh समूह | Rh grouping | |||||||
Rh सहित | Rh positive | |||||||
Rh हीन | Rh negative | |||||||
रक्त स्कंदन | Coagulation of Blood | |||||||
परिसंचरण पथ | CIRCULATORY PATHWAYS | |||||||
अलिंद | Atrium | |||||||
निलय | Ventricles | |||||||
हृदय | Heart | |||||||
हृदयावरण | pericardium | |||||||
शिरा अलिंद पर्व | sino-atrial node | |||||||
अलिंद निलय पर्व | atrio-ventricular node | |||||||
हृदय चक्र | Cardiac Cycle | |||||||
विद्युत हृद लेख | Electrocardiograph (ECG) | |||||||
आलिंद का उद्दीपन | excitation (or depolarisation) of the atria | |||||||
निलय का अध्रुवण | depolarisation of the ventricles, | |||||||
टी तरंग | T-wave | |||||||
रक्त वाहिकाएं | Blood Vessels | |||||||
अंतःस्तर कंचुक | tunica intima | |||||||
वाह्य कंचुक | tunica externa. | |||||||
उच्च रक्त दाब | High Blood Pressure (Hypertension) | |||||||
कोरोनरी धमनी रोग (सीएडी) | Coronary Artery Disease (CAD) | |||||||
एनजाइना (ह्रद शूल) | Angina | |||||||
हृद्पात | Heart Failure | |||||||
अनुशिथिलन | Diastole | |||||||
प्रकुंचन | Systole | |||||||
P- तरंग | P-wave | |||||||
सिनो-आलिंद नोड | Sino-atrial node | |||||||
मायोजेनिक | myogenic | |||||||
हृदयी निर्गम | cardiac output | |||||||
प्लेटलेट्स | Platelets | |||||||
पेसमेकर | Pacemaker | |||||||
ह्रद निकास | Cardiac output | |||||||
स्ट्रोक या विस्पंदन आयतन | Stroke or stroke volume | |||||||
19 | उत्सर्जी उत्पाद और उनका निष्कासन | Excretory products and their Elimination | ||||||
अमोनिया उत्सर्जी | Ammonotelic | |||||||
यूरिया उत्सर्जी | Ureotelic | |||||||
यूरिकोटेलिक | Uricotelic | |||||||
मैलपीगी नलिकाएं | Malpighian tubules | |||||||
बर्टिनी स्तंभ | Columns of Bertini | |||||||
नेफ्रॉन | Nephrons | |||||||
बोमेन सम्पुट | Bowman’s capsule | |||||||
समीपस्थ संवलित नलिका | proximal convoluted tubule | |||||||
हेन्ले लूप | Henle’s loop | |||||||
दूरस्थ संवलित नलिका | distal convoluted tubule (DCT) | |||||||
केशिकागुच्छीय निस्पंदन | Glomerular filtration | |||||||
परा निस्पंदन | Ultra filtration | |||||||
केशिकागुच्छीय निस्पंदन दर | Glomerular filtration rate | |||||||
पुनः अवशोषण | Reabsorption | |||||||
संग्रह नलिका | Collecting Duct | |||||||
प्रतिधारा क्रियाविधि | Counter current mechanism | |||||||
वासा रेक्टा | Vasa recta | |||||||
रेनिन | Renin | |||||||
रेनिन-एंजियोटेनसिन | Renin-Angiotensin | |||||||
आलिंद नैट्रियूरेटिक कारक | Atrial Natriuretic Factor | |||||||
यूरीमिया | Uremia | |||||||
हीमोडायलिसिस | Hemodialysis | shahana rizvi | ||||||
कृत्रिम वृक्क | Artificial kidney | |||||||
वृक्क की क्रियाहीनता | Renal failures | |||||||
रेनल कैलकुली | Renal calculi | |||||||
ग्लोमेरुलोनेफ्राइटिस | Glomerulonephritis | |||||||
20 | गमन एवं संचलन | Locomotion & Movement | ||||||
गमन | locomotion | shahana | ||||||
कशाभिका गति | Flagellar movement | shahana | ||||||
कंकाल पेशियाँ | Skeletal muscles | |||||||
ऐच्छिक पेशियाँ | striated muscles | shahana | ||||||
अंतरंग पेशियाँ | Visceral muscles | |||||||
चिकनी पेशियाँ | smooth muscles (nonstriated muscle) | shahana | ||||||
हृद पेशियाँ | Cardiac muscles | shahana | ||||||
पेशी बण्डल या पूलिकाओं | Muscle bundles or fascicles | |||||||
संपटट | Fascia | |||||||
पेशी तन्तुक | myofibrils | |||||||
एक्टिन | Actin | |||||||
मायोसीन | Myosin | |||||||
अक्षीय कंकाल | Axial skeleton | shahana | ||||||
कर्ण अस्थिकाएँ | Ear Ossicles | |||||||
कशेरुक दंड | vertebral column | shahana | ||||||
उरोस्थि | Sternum | |||||||
पसलियां | Ribs | shahana | ||||||
उपांगीय कंकाल | Appendicular skeleton | shahana | ||||||
पाद | limb | shahana | ||||||
अंश और श्रोणि मेखला | Pectoral and Pelvic girdle | shahana | ||||||
रेशीय जोड़ | Fibrous joints | shahana | ||||||
उपास्थि युक्त जोड़ | cartilaginous joints | shahana | ||||||
सिनोवियल जोड़ | Synovial joints | shahana | ||||||
माइस्थेनिया ग्रेविस | Myasthenia gravis | shahana | ||||||
पेशीय दुष्पोसण | Muscular dystrophy | shahana | ||||||
अपतानिका | Tetany | shahana | ||||||
संधि शोथ | Arthritis | shahana | ||||||
अस्थि सुषिरता | Osteoporosis | shahana | ||||||
सन्धिवात | Gout | |||||||
21 | तंत्रिका नियंत्रण और समन्वय | Neural control and Coordination | ||||||
न्यूरॉन | Neurons | |||||||
केंद्रीय तंत्रिका तंत्र (सीएनएस) | Central neural system (CNS) | shahana | ||||||
परिधीय तंत्रिका तंत्र (PNS) | Peripheral neural system (PNS) | shahana | ||||||
मस्तिष्क | Brain | |||||||
मेरुदंड | Spinal cord | |||||||
तंत्रिका तंत्र | Neural system | |||||||
निसेल ग्रेन्युल | Nissl’s granules. | |||||||
न्यूरोट्रांसमीटर | Neurotransmitters | |||||||
तंत्रिका आवेग | Nerve impulse. | |||||||
सिनैप्टिक दरार | Synaptic cleft | |||||||
ग्राही | Receptors | |||||||
अग्रमस्तिष्क | Forebrain | |||||||
मध्यमस्तिष्क | Midbrain | |||||||
पश्चमस्तिष्क | Hindbrain | shahana | ||||||
प्रतिवर्ती क्रिया | reflex action | |||||||
संवेदी अंग | Sense Organs | shahana | ||||||
नेत्र के भाग | Parts of an eye | shahana | ||||||
देखने की प्रक्रिया | Mechanism of Vision | shahana | ||||||
कर्ण | The Ear | shahana | ||||||
22 | रासायनिक समन्वय तथा एकीकरण | Chemical coordination and integration | ||||||
अंतःस्रावी ग्रंथियाँ और हार्मोन | Endocrine Glands & Hormones | Ekatah | ||||||
हाइपोथैलेमस | Hypothalamus | |||||||
पीयूष ग्रन्थि | The pituitary gland | Ekatah | ||||||
पीनियल ग्रंथि | The pineal gland | Ekatah | ||||||
थाइरॉयड ग्रंथि | Thyroid gland | Ekatah | ||||||
पैराथाइरॉइड हार्मोन | Parathyroid hormone | Ekatah | ||||||
थाइमस ग्रंथि | Thymus gland | Ekatah | ||||||
अधिवृक्क ग्रंथियां | Adrenal glands | Ekatah | ||||||
एडिसन रोग | Addison’s disease | Ekatah | ||||||
अग्न्याशय | Pancreas | |||||||
वृषण | Testis | |||||||
शुक्रजनक नलिकाएं | seminiferous tubules | |||||||
टेस्टोस्टेरोन | Testosterone | |||||||
प्रोजेस्ट्रोन | Progesterone | Ekatah | ||||||
एस्ट्रोजन | Estrogen | Ekatah | ||||||
कॉर्पस ल्यूटियम | Corpus luteum | Ekatah | ||||||
एट्रियल नैट्रियूरेटिक फैक्टर | Atrial natriuretic factor | |||||||
हार्मोन ग्राही | Hormone receptors | |||||||