Taxonomy for Biology Articles-11th Class: Difference between revisions
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|'''अध्याय''' | |'''अध्याय''' | ||
|'''विषय''' | |'''विषय''' | ||
|'''Article Creator Name''' | |||
|'''Unit - 1''' | |'''Unit - 1''' | ||
|'''Chapter''' | |'''Chapter''' | ||
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|'''इकाई - एक''' | |'''इकाई - एक''' | ||
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Line 18: | Line 20: | ||
|'''1''' | |'''1''' | ||
|'''जीव जगत में विविधता''' | |'''जीव जगत में विविधता''' | ||
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Line 27: | Line 30: | ||
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|'''जीव जगत''' | |'''जीव जगत''' | ||
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Line 36: | Line 40: | ||
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|[[जीव]] | |[[जीव]] | ||
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Line 44: | Line 49: | ||
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|[[वृद्धि]] | |[[वृद्धि]] | ||
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Line 52: | Line 58: | ||
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|[[जनन]] | |[[जनन]] | ||
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Line 60: | Line 67: | ||
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|[[उपापचयन]] | |[[उपापचयन]] | ||
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Line 68: | Line 76: | ||
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|[[जैविक विविधता]] | |[[जैविक विविधता]] | ||
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Line 76: | Line 85: | ||
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|[[नाम पद्धति]] | |[[नाम पद्धति]] | ||
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Line 84: | Line 94: | ||
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|[[द्विपदनाम पद्धति]] | |[[द्विपदनाम पद्धति]] | ||
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Line 92: | Line 103: | ||
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|[[टैक्सा]] | |[[टैक्सा]] | ||
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Line 100: | Line 112: | ||
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|[[वर्गिकी]] | |[[वर्गिकी]] | ||
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Line 108: | Line 121: | ||
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|[[जाति (स्पीशीज)]] | |[[जाति (स्पीशीज)]] | ||
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Line 116: | Line 130: | ||
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|[[वंश]] | |[[वंश]] | ||
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Line 124: | Line 139: | ||
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|[[गण]] | |[[गण]] | ||
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Line 132: | Line 148: | ||
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|[[संघ]] | |[[संघ]] | ||
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Line 140: | Line 157: | ||
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|[[हरबेरियम]] | |[[हरबेरियम]] | ||
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Line 148: | Line 166: | ||
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|[[वनस्पति-उद्यान]] | |[[वनस्पति-उद्यान]] | ||
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Line 156: | Line 175: | ||
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|[[संग्रहालय]] | |[[संग्रहालय]] | ||
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Line 164: | Line 184: | ||
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|[[प्राणि उद्यान]] | |[[प्राणि उद्यान]] | ||
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Line 171: | Line 192: | ||
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|'''जीव जगत का वर्गीकरण''' | |'''जीव जगत का वर्गीकरण''' | ||
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Line 180: | Line 202: | ||
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|[[द्विजगत पद्धति]] | |[[द्विजगत पद्धति]] | ||
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Line 188: | Line 211: | ||
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|[[आध बैक्टीरिया]] | |[[आध बैक्टीरिया]] | ||
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Line 196: | Line 220: | ||
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|[[यूबैक्टीरिया]] | |[[यूबैक्टीरिया]] | ||
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Line 204: | Line 229: | ||
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|[[सायनोबैक्टीरिया]] | |[[सायनोबैक्टीरिया]] | ||
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Line 212: | Line 238: | ||
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|[[परपोषी बैक्टीरिया]] | |[[परपोषी बैक्टीरिया]] | ||
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Line 220: | Line 247: | ||
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|[[प्रोटिस्टा जगत]] | |[[प्रोटिस्टा जगत]] | ||
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Line 228: | Line 256: | ||
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|[[क्राइसोफाइट्स]] | |[[क्राइसोफाइट्स]] | ||
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Line 236: | Line 265: | ||
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|[[डायनोफ्लैजिलेट]] | |[[डायनोफ्लैजिलेट]] | ||
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Line 244: | Line 274: | ||
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|[[यूग्लेनॉइड्स]] | |[[यूग्लेनॉइड्स]] | ||
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Line 252: | Line 283: | ||
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|[[अवपंक कवक]] | |[[अवपंक कवक]] | ||
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Line 260: | Line 292: | ||
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|[[प्रोटोजोआ]] | |[[प्रोटोजोआ]] | ||
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Line 268: | Line 301: | ||
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|[[कवक]] | |[[कवक]] | ||
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Line 276: | Line 310: | ||
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|[[फाइकोमाइसिटीज]] | |[[फाइकोमाइसिटीज]] | ||
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Line 284: | Line 319: | ||
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|[[एस्कोमाइसिटीज]] | |[[एस्कोमाइसिटीज]] | ||
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Line 292: | Line 328: | ||
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|[[बेसिडियोमाइसिटीज]] | |[[बेसिडियोमाइसिटीज]] | ||
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Line 300: | Line 337: | ||
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|[[डयूटिरोमाइसिटीज]] | |[[डयूटिरोमाइसिटीज]] | ||
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Line 308: | Line 346: | ||
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|[[पादप जगत]] | |[[पादप जगत]] | ||
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Line 316: | Line 355: | ||
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|[[जंतु जगत]] | |[[जंतु जगत]] | ||
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Line 324: | Line 364: | ||
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|[[विषाणु]] | |[[विषाणु]] | ||
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Line 332: | Line 373: | ||
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|[[वाइराइड]] | |[[वाइराइड]] | ||
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Line 340: | Line 382: | ||
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|[[प्रिऑन]] | |[[प्रिऑन]] | ||
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Line 348: | Line 391: | ||
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|[[लाइकेन]] | |[[लाइकेन]] | ||
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Line 356: | Line 400: | ||
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|[[शैवालांश]] | |[[शैवालांश]] | ||
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Line 364: | Line 409: | ||
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|[[माइकोवायंट]] | |[[माइकोवायंट]] | ||
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Line 371: | Line 417: | ||
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|'''वनस्पति जगत''' | |'''वनस्पति जगत''' | ||
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Line 380: | Line 427: | ||
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|[[शैवाल]] | |[[शैवाल]] | ||
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Line 388: | Line 436: | ||
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|[[जूस्पोर]] | |[[जूस्पोर]] | ||
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Line 396: | Line 445: | ||
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|[[समयुग्मकी]] | |[[समयुग्मकी]] | ||
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Line 404: | Line 454: | ||
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|[[असमयुग्मकी]] | |[[असमयुग्मकी]] | ||
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Line 412: | Line 463: | ||
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|[[नरयुग्मक]] | |[[नरयुग्मक]] | ||
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Line 420: | Line 472: | ||
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|[[लाल शैवाल]] | |[[लाल शैवाल]] | ||
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Line 428: | Line 481: | ||
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|[[कैरागीन]] | |[[कैरागीन]] | ||
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Line 436: | Line 490: | ||
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|[[क्लोरोफाइसी (हरा शैवाल)]] | |[[क्लोरोफाइसी (हरा शैवाल)]] | ||
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Line 444: | Line 499: | ||
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|[[फियोफाइसी (भूरा शैवाल)]] | |[[फियोफाइसी (भूरा शैवाल)]] | ||
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Line 452: | Line 508: | ||
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|[[रोडोफाइसी (लाल शैवाल)]] | |[[रोडोफाइसी (लाल शैवाल)]] | ||
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Line 460: | Line 517: | ||
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|[[ब्रायोफाइट्स]] | |[[ब्रायोफाइट्स]] | ||
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Line 468: | Line 526: | ||
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|[[युग्मकोभिद]] | |[[युग्मकोभिद]] | ||
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Line 476: | Line 535: | ||
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|[[पुंधानी]] | |[[पुंधानी]] | ||
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Line 484: | Line 544: | ||
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|[[स्त्रीधानी]] | |[[स्त्रीधानी]] | ||
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Line 492: | Line 553: | ||
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|[[स्पोरोफाइट]] | |[[स्पोरोफाइट]] | ||
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Line 500: | Line 562: | ||
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|[[लिवरवर्ट]] | |[[लिवरवर्ट]] | ||
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Line 508: | Line 571: | ||
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|[[मॉस]] | |[[मॉस]] | ||
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Line 516: | Line 580: | ||
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|[[टेरिडोफाइट]] | |[[टेरिडोफाइट]] | ||
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Line 524: | Line 589: | ||
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|[[जिमनोस्पर्म]] | |[[जिमनोस्पर्म]] | ||
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Line 532: | Line 598: | ||
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|[[एंजियोस्पेर्म]] | |[[एंजियोस्पेर्म]] | ||
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Line 540: | Line 607: | ||
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|[[परागण]] | |[[परागण]] | ||
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Line 548: | Line 616: | ||
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|[[पीढ़ी एकान्तरण]] | |[[पीढ़ी एकान्तरण]] | ||
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Line 556: | Line 625: | ||
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|[[बीजाणु उद्भिद (स्पोरोफिटिक)]] | |[[बीजाणु उद्भिद (स्पोरोफिटिक)]] | ||
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Line 563: | Line 633: | ||
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|'''प्राणी जगत''' | |'''प्राणी जगत''' | ||
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Line 572: | Line 643: | ||
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|[[एक्टोडर्म]] | |[[एक्टोडर्म]] | ||
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Line 580: | Line 652: | ||
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|[[एंडोडर्म]] | |[[एंडोडर्म]] | ||
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Line 588: | Line 661: | ||
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|[[मीजोडर्म]] | |[[मीजोडर्म]] | ||
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Line 596: | Line 670: | ||
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|[[देहगुहा (प्रगुहा)]] | |[[देहगुहा (प्रगुहा)]] | ||
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Line 604: | Line 679: | ||
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|[[सैगमेंटेशन (खंडीभवन)]] | |[[सैगमेंटेशन (खंडीभवन)]] | ||
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Line 612: | Line 688: | ||
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|[[विखंडावस्था]] | |[[विखंडावस्था]] | ||
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Line 620: | Line 697: | ||
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|[[पृष्ठरज्जु]] | |[[पृष्ठरज्जु]] | ||
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Line 628: | Line 706: | ||
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|[[संघ पोरिफेरा]] | |[[संघ पोरिफेरा]] | ||
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Line 636: | Line 715: | ||
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|[[ऑस्टिया]] | |[[ऑस्टिया]] | ||
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Line 644: | Line 724: | ||
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|[[स्पंज गुहा]] | |[[स्पंज गुहा]] | ||
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Line 652: | Line 733: | ||
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|[[ऑस्कुलम]] | |[[ऑस्कुलम]] | ||
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Line 660: | Line 742: | ||
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|[[कोएनोसाइट]] | |[[कोएनोसाइट]] | ||
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Line 668: | Line 751: | ||
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|[[नाल तंत्र]] | |[[नाल तंत्र]] | ||
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Line 676: | Line 760: | ||
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|[[ओस्टिया]] | |[[ओस्टिया]] | ||
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Line 684: | Line 769: | ||
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|[[स्पांजिला]] | |[[स्पांजिला]] | ||
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Line 692: | Line 778: | ||
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|[[यूस्पॉन्जिया]] | |[[यूस्पॉन्जिया]] | ||
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Line 700: | Line 787: | ||
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|[[फाइलम सीलेन्ट्रेटा]] | |[[फाइलम सीलेन्ट्रेटा]] | ||
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Line 708: | Line 796: | ||
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|[[दंश कोशिका]] | |[[दंश कोशिका]] | ||
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Line 716: | Line 805: | ||
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|[[नाइडोब्लास्ट]] | |[[नाइडोब्लास्ट]] | ||
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Line 724: | Line 814: | ||
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|[[संघ टीनोफोर]] | |[[संघ टीनोफोर]] | ||
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Line 732: | Line 823: | ||
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|[[संघ प्लेटीहेल्मिन्थीज (चपटे कृमि)]] | |[[संघ प्लेटीहेल्मिन्थीज (चपटे कृमि)]] | ||
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Line 740: | Line 832: | ||
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|[[संघ एस्केल्मिन्थीज (गोलकृमि)]] | |[[संघ एस्केल्मिन्थीज (गोलकृमि)]] | ||
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Line 748: | Line 841: | ||
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|[[संघ एनेलिडा]] | |[[संघ एनेलिडा]] | ||
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Line 756: | Line 850: | ||
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|[[पैरापोडिया]] | |[[पैरापोडिया]] | ||
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Line 764: | Line 859: | ||
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|[[वृक्कक]] | |[[वृक्कक]] | ||
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Line 772: | Line 868: | ||
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|[[नेफ्रीडियम]] | |[[नेफ्रीडियम]] | ||
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Line 780: | Line 877: | ||
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|[[संघ आर्थोपोडा]] | |[[संघ आर्थोपोडा]] | ||
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Line 788: | Line 886: | ||
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|[[संधियुक्त पाद]] | |[[संधियुक्त पाद]] | ||
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Line 796: | Line 895: | ||
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|[[मैलपिगी नलिका]] | |[[मैलपिगी नलिका]] | ||
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Line 804: | Line 904: | ||
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|[[संघ मोलस्का]] | |[[संघ मोलस्का]] | ||
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Line 812: | Line 913: | ||
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|[[रेडुला]] | |[[रेडुला]] | ||
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Line 820: | Line 922: | ||
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|[[संघ इकोनोडर्मेटा]] | |[[संघ इकोनोडर्मेटा]] | ||
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Line 828: | Line 931: | ||
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|[[जल संवहन तंत्र]] | |[[जल संवहन तंत्र]] | ||
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Line 836: | Line 940: | ||
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|[[संघ हेमीकोर्डेटा]] | |[[संघ हेमीकोर्डेटा]] | ||
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Line 844: | Line 949: | ||
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|[[क्लोम छिद्र]] | |[[क्लोम छिद्र]] | ||
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Line 852: | Line 958: | ||
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|[[उपास्थिल मेरुदंड]] | |[[उपास्थिल मेरुदंड]] | ||
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Line 860: | Line 967: | ||
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|[[वर्ग-साइक्लोस्टोमेटा]] | |[[वर्ग-साइक्लोस्टोमेटा]] | ||
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Line 868: | Line 976: | ||
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|[[वर्ग-कांड्रीक्थीज]] | |[[वर्ग-कांड्रीक्थीज]] | ||
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Line 876: | Line 985: | ||
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|[[ऑपरकुलम]] | |[[ऑपरकुलम]] | ||
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Line 884: | Line 994: | ||
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|[[वर्ग- एम्फीबिया]] | |[[वर्ग- एम्फीबिया]] | ||
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Line 892: | Line 1,003: | ||
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|[[कर्णपटल]] | |[[कर्णपटल]] | ||
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Line 900: | Line 1,012: | ||
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|[[अवस्कर]] | |[[अवस्कर]] | ||
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Line 908: | Line 1,021: | ||
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|[[वर्ग- सरीसृप]] | |[[वर्ग- सरीसृप]] | ||
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Line 916: | Line 1,030: | ||
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|[[प्रशल्क]] | |[[प्रशल्क]] | ||
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Line 924: | Line 1,039: | ||
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|[[वर्ग एवीज]] | |[[वर्ग एवीज]] | ||
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Line 932: | Line 1,048: | ||
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|[[समतापी]] | |[[समतापी]] | ||
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Line 940: | Line 1,057: | ||
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|[[वर्ग स्तनधारी]] | |[[वर्ग स्तनधारी]] | ||
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Line 948: | Line 1,066: | ||
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|[[स्तनग्रंथि]] | |[[स्तनग्रंथि]] | ||
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Line 954: | Line 1,073: | ||
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|'''इकाई - दो''' | |'''इकाई - दो''' | ||
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Line 962: | Line 1,082: | ||
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|'''पादप एवं प्राणियों में संरचनात्मक संगठन''' | |'''पादप एवं प्राणियों में संरचनात्मक संगठन''' | ||
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Line 971: | Line 1,092: | ||
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|'''पुष्पी पादपों की आकारिकी''' | |'''पुष्पी पादपों की आकारिकी''' | ||
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Line 980: | Line 1,102: | ||
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|[[आकारिकी]] | |[[आकारिकी]] | ||
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Line 988: | Line 1,111: | ||
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|[[प्राथमिक मूल]] | |[[प्राथमिक मूल]] | ||
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Line 996: | Line 1,120: | ||
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|[[द्वितीयक मूल]] | |[[द्वितीयक मूल]] | ||
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Line 1,004: | Line 1,129: | ||
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|[[तृतीयक मूल]] | |[[तृतीयक मूल]] | ||
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Line 1,012: | Line 1,138: | ||
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|[[मूसला मूलतंत्र]] | |[[मूसला मूलतंत्र]] | ||
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Line 1,020: | Line 1,147: | ||
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|[[झकड़ा मूलतंत्र]] | |[[झकड़ा मूलतंत्र]] | ||
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Line 1,028: | Line 1,156: | ||
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|[[अपस्थानिक मूल]] | |[[अपस्थानिक मूल]] | ||
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Line 1,036: | Line 1,165: | ||
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|[[मूल गोप]] | |[[मूल गोप]] | ||
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Line 1,044: | Line 1,174: | ||
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|[[मेरिस्टमी क्रियाओं का क्षेत्र]] | |[[मेरिस्टमी क्रियाओं का क्षेत्र]] | ||
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Line 1,052: | Line 1,183: | ||
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|[[दीर्घीकरण क्षेत्र]] | |[[दीर्घीकरण क्षेत्र]] | ||
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Line 1,060: | Line 1,192: | ||
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|[[परिपक्व क्षेत्र]] | |[[परिपक्व क्षेत्र]] | ||
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Line 1,068: | Line 1,201: | ||
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|[[मूलरोम]] | |[[मूलरोम]] | ||
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Line 1,076: | Line 1,210: | ||
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|[[प्रोप रुट]] | |[[प्रोप रुट]] | ||
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Line 1,084: | Line 1,219: | ||
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|[[अवस्तम्भ रूट]] | |[[अवस्तम्भ रूट]] | ||
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Line 1,092: | Line 1,228: | ||
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|[[श्वसन मूल]] | |[[श्वसन मूल]] | ||
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Line 1,100: | Line 1,237: | ||
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|[[प्रतान]] | |[[प्रतान]] | ||
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Line 1,108: | Line 1,246: | ||
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|[[पर्णाधार]] | |[[पर्णाधार]] | ||
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Line 1,116: | Line 1,255: | ||
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|[[पर्णवृंततल्प]] | |[[पर्णवृंततल्प]] | ||
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Line 1,124: | Line 1,264: | ||
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|[[पर्णवृंत]] | |[[पर्णवृंत]] | ||
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Line 1,132: | Line 1,273: | ||
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|[[स्तरिका]] | |[[स्तरिका]] | ||
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Line 1,140: | Line 1,282: | ||
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|[[मध्यशिरा]] | |[[मध्यशिरा]] | ||
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Line 1,148: | Line 1,291: | ||
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|[[शिराविन्यास]] | |[[शिराविन्यास]] | ||
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Line 1,156: | Line 1,300: | ||
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|[[सरल पत्ती]] | |[[सरल पत्ती]] | ||
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Line 1,164: | Line 1,309: | ||
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|[[संयुक्त पत्ती]] | |[[संयुक्त पत्ती]] | ||
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Line 1,172: | Line 1,318: | ||
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|[[पर्णविन्यास]] | |[[पर्णविन्यास]] | ||
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Line 1,180: | Line 1,327: | ||
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|[[पत्ती के रूपांतरण]] | |[[पत्ती के रूपांतरण]] | ||
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Line 1,188: | Line 1,336: | ||
| | | | ||
|[[पुष्पक्रम]] | |[[पुष्पक्रम]] | ||
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Line 1,196: | Line 1,345: | ||
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|[[असीमाक्षी]] | |[[असीमाक्षी]] | ||
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Line 1,204: | Line 1,354: | ||
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|[[ससीमाक्षी]] | |[[ससीमाक्षी]] | ||
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Line 1,212: | Line 1,363: | ||
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|[[पुष्प]] | |[[पुष्प]] | ||
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Line 1,220: | Line 1,372: | ||
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|[[पुष्पासन]] | |[[पुष्पासन]] | ||
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Line 1,228: | Line 1,381: | ||
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|[[सहपत्री]] | |[[सहपत्री]] | ||
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Line 1,236: | Line 1,390: | ||
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|[[सहपत्रहीन]] | |[[सहपत्रहीन]] | ||
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Line 1,244: | Line 1,399: | ||
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|[[अधोजायांगता]] | |[[अधोजायांगता]] | ||
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Line 1,252: | Line 1,408: | ||
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|[[परिजायांगता]] | |[[परिजायांगता]] | ||
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Line 1,260: | Line 1,417: | ||
| | | | ||
|[[अधिजायांगता]] | |[[अधिजायांगता]] | ||
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Line 1,268: | Line 1,426: | ||
| | | | ||
|[[अधोवर्ती]] | |[[अधोवर्ती]] | ||
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Line 1,276: | Line 1,435: | ||
| | | | ||
|[[ऊर्ध्ववर्ती]] | |[[ऊर्ध्ववर्ती]] | ||
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Line 1,284: | Line 1,444: | ||
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|[[केल्किस]] | |[[केल्किस]] | ||
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Line 1,292: | Line 1,453: | ||
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|[[केल्किस संयुक्त बाह्य दली]] | |[[केल्किस संयुक्त बाह्य दली]] | ||
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Line 1,300: | Line 1,462: | ||
| | | | ||
|[[पृथक बाह्यदली]] | |[[पृथक बाह्यदली]] | ||
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Line 1,308: | Line 1,471: | ||
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|[[कोरोला]] | |[[कोरोला]] | ||
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Line 1,316: | Line 1,480: | ||
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|[[कोरस्पर्शी]] | |[[कोरस्पर्शी]] | ||
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Line 1,324: | Line 1,489: | ||
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|[[व्यावर्तित]] | |[[व्यावर्तित]] | ||
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Line 1,332: | Line 1,498: | ||
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|[[कोरछादी]] | |[[कोरछादी]] | ||
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Line 1,340: | Line 1,507: | ||
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|[[वैक्ज़ीलरी]] | |[[वैक्ज़ीलरी]] | ||
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| | | | ||
Line 1,348: | Line 1,516: | ||
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|[[पुमंग]] | |[[पुमंग]] | ||
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Line 1,356: | Line 1,525: | ||
| | | | ||
|[[स्टेमिनाएड]] | |[[स्टेमिनाएड]] | ||
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| | | | ||
Line 1,364: | Line 1,534: | ||
| | | | ||
|[[दललग्न (एपिपेटलस)]] | |[[दललग्न (एपिपेटलस)]] | ||
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| | | | ||
Line 1,372: | Line 1,543: | ||
| | | | ||
|[[परिदल लग्न (एपिफिलस)]] | |[[परिदल लग्न (एपिफिलस)]] | ||
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| | | | ||
Line 1,380: | Line 1,552: | ||
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|[[जायांग]] | |[[जायांग]] | ||
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Line 1,388: | Line 1,561: | ||
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|[[वर्तिका]] | |[[वर्तिका]] | ||
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| | | | ||
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Line 1,396: | Line 1,570: | ||
| | | | ||
|[[वर्तिकाग्र]] | |[[वर्तिकाग्र]] | ||
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| | | | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,404: | Line 1,579: | ||
| | | | ||
|[[बीजाण्डासन]] | |[[बीजाण्डासन]] | ||
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| | | | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,412: | Line 1,588: | ||
| | | | ||
|[[वियुक्तांडपी]] | |[[वियुक्तांडपी]] | ||
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| | | | ||
Line 1,420: | Line 1,597: | ||
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|[[युक्तांडपी]] | |[[युक्तांडपी]] | ||
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| | | | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,428: | Line 1,606: | ||
| | | | ||
|[[बीजाण्डन्यास]] | |[[बीजाण्डन्यास]] | ||
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| | | | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,436: | Line 1,615: | ||
| | | | ||
|[[अनिषेक फलन]] | |[[अनिषेक फलन]] | ||
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| | | | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,444: | Line 1,624: | ||
| | | | ||
|[[फलभित्ति]] | |[[फलभित्ति]] | ||
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| | | | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,452: | Line 1,633: | ||
| | | | ||
|[[वाह्यफल]] | |[[वाह्यफल]] | ||
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| | | | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,460: | Line 1,642: | ||
| | | | ||
|[[मध्यफल]] | |[[मध्यफल]] | ||
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| | | | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,468: | Line 1,651: | ||
| | | | ||
|[[अन्तःफलभित्ति]] | |[[अन्तःफलभित्ति]] | ||
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| | | | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,476: | Line 1,660: | ||
| | | | ||
|[[बीजावरण]] | |[[बीजावरण]] | ||
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| | | | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,484: | Line 1,669: | ||
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|[[टेगमेन]] | |[[टेगमेन]] | ||
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| | | | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,492: | Line 1,678: | ||
| | | | ||
|[[बीजाण्डद्वार]] | |[[बीजाण्डद्वार]] | ||
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| | | | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,500: | Line 1,687: | ||
| | | | ||
|[[मूलांकुर]] | |[[मूलांकुर]] | ||
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| | | | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,508: | Line 1,696: | ||
| | | | ||
|[[भ्रूणपोष]] | |[[भ्रूणपोष]] | ||
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| | | | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,516: | Line 1,705: | ||
| | | | ||
|[[एल्यूरोन परत]] | |[[एल्यूरोन परत]] | ||
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| | | | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,524: | Line 1,714: | ||
| | | | ||
|[[स्कुटेलम]] | |[[स्कुटेलम]] | ||
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| | | | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,532: | Line 1,723: | ||
| | | | ||
|[[प्रांकुर]] | |[[प्रांकुर]] | ||
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| | | | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,540: | Line 1,732: | ||
| | | | ||
|[[मूलांकुर]] | |[[मूलांकुर]] | ||
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| | | | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,548: | Line 1,741: | ||
| | | | ||
|[[प्रांकुरचोल]] | |[[प्रांकुरचोल]] | ||
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| | | | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,556: | Line 1,750: | ||
| | | | ||
|[[मूलांकुर चोल]] | |[[मूलांकुर चोल]] | ||
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| | | | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,564: | Line 1,759: | ||
| | | | ||
|[[फाबेसी]] | |[[फाबेसी]] | ||
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| | | | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,572: | Line 1,768: | ||
| | | | ||
|[[सोलैनेसी]] | |[[सोलैनेसी]] | ||
| | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,580: | Line 1,777: | ||
| | | | ||
|[[लिलिएसी]] | |[[लिलिएसी]] | ||
| | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,587: | Line 1,785: | ||
| | | | ||
|'''पुष्पी पादपों का शरीर''' | |'''पुष्पी पादपों का शरीर''' | ||
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| | | | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,596: | Line 1,795: | ||
| | | | ||
|[[ऊतक]] | |[[ऊतक]] | ||
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| | | | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,604: | Line 1,804: | ||
| | | | ||
|[[मेरिस्टेमेटिक ऊतक]] | |[[मेरिस्टेमेटिक ऊतक]] | ||
| | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,612: | Line 1,813: | ||
| | | | ||
|[[मेरिस्टेम]] | |[[मेरिस्टेम]] | ||
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| | | | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,620: | Line 1,822: | ||
| | | | ||
|[[शीर्षस्थ मेरिस्टेम]] | |[[शीर्षस्थ मेरिस्टेम]] | ||
| | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,628: | Line 1,831: | ||
| | | | ||
|[[कक्षीय कली]] | |[[कक्षीय कली]] | ||
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| | | | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,636: | Line 1,840: | ||
| | | | ||
|[[अंतर्वेशी मेरिस्टेम]] | |[[अंतर्वेशी मेरिस्टेम]] | ||
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| | | | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,644: | Line 1,849: | ||
| | | | ||
|[[प्राथमिक मेरिस्टेम्स]] | |[[प्राथमिक मेरिस्टेम्स]] | ||
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| | | | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,652: | Line 1,858: | ||
| | | | ||
|[[द्वितीयक या पार्श्व मेरिस्टेम्स]] | |[[द्वितीयक या पार्श्व मेरिस्टेम्स]] | ||
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| | | | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,660: | Line 1,867: | ||
| | | | ||
|[[स्थायी या परिपक्व कोशिकाएं]] | |[[स्थायी या परिपक्व कोशिकाएं]] | ||
| | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,668: | Line 1,876: | ||
| | | | ||
|[[सरल ऊतक]] | |[[सरल ऊतक]] | ||
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| | | | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,676: | Line 1,885: | ||
| | | | ||
|[[पैरेन्काइमा]] | |[[पैरेन्काइमा]] | ||
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| | | | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,684: | Line 1,894: | ||
| | | | ||
|[[कोलेन्काइमा]] | |[[कोलेन्काइमा]] | ||
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| | | | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,692: | Line 1,903: | ||
| | | | ||
|[[स्क्लेरेन्काइमा]] | |[[स्क्लेरेन्काइमा]] | ||
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| | | | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,700: | Line 1,912: | ||
| | | | ||
|[[स्किलिरिड]] | |[[स्किलिरिड]] | ||
| | |||
| | | | ||
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Line 1,708: | Line 1,921: | ||
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|[[जटिल ऊतक]] | |[[जटिल ऊतक]] | ||
| | |||
| | | | ||
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Line 1,716: | Line 1,930: | ||
| | | | ||
|[[जाइलम]] | |[[जाइलम]] | ||
| | |||
| | | | ||
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Line 1,724: | Line 1,939: | ||
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|[[ट्रेकीड]] | |[[ट्रेकीड]] | ||
| | |||
| | | | ||
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Line 1,732: | Line 1,948: | ||
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|[[वाहिका]] | |[[वाहिका]] | ||
| | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,740: | Line 1,957: | ||
| | | | ||
|[[जाइलम तंतु]] | |[[जाइलम तंतु]] | ||
| | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,748: | Line 1,966: | ||
| | | | ||
|[[जाइलम पैरेन्काइमा]] | |[[जाइलम पैरेन्काइमा]] | ||
| | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,756: | Line 1,975: | ||
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|[[प्रोटोजाइलम]] | |[[प्रोटोजाइलम]] | ||
| | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,764: | Line 1,984: | ||
| | | | ||
|[[मेटाजाइलम]] | |[[मेटाजाइलम]] | ||
| | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,772: | Line 1,993: | ||
| | | | ||
|[[मध्यादिदारुक]] | |[[मध्यादिदारुक]] | ||
| | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,780: | Line 2,002: | ||
| | | | ||
|[[वाह्य आदिदारुक]] | |[[वाह्य आदिदारुक]] | ||
| | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,788: | Line 2,011: | ||
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|[[फ्लाएम]] | |[[फ्लाएम]] | ||
| | |||
| | | | ||
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Line 1,796: | Line 2,020: | ||
| | | | ||
|[[चालनी नलिका]] | |[[चालनी नलिका]] | ||
| | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,804: | Line 2,029: | ||
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|[[सहचर कोशिकाएं]] | |[[सहचर कोशिकाएं]] | ||
| | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,812: | Line 2,038: | ||
| | | | ||
|[[फ्लोएम पैरेन्काइमा]] | |[[फ्लोएम पैरेन्काइमा]] | ||
| | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,820: | Line 2,047: | ||
| | | | ||
|[[फ्लोएम तंतु]] | |[[फ्लोएम तंतु]] | ||
| | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,828: | Line 2,056: | ||
| | | | ||
|[[प्रोटोफ्लोएम]] | |[[प्रोटोफ्लोएम]] | ||
| | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,836: | Line 2,065: | ||
| | | | ||
|[[मेटाफ्लोएम]] | |[[मेटाफ्लोएम]] | ||
| | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,844: | Line 2,074: | ||
| | | | ||
|[[क्यूटिकल]] | |[[क्यूटिकल]] | ||
| | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,852: | Line 2,083: | ||
| | | | ||
|[[रंध्र]] | |[[रंध्र]] | ||
| | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,860: | Line 2,092: | ||
| | | | ||
|[[सहायक कोशिकाएं]] | |[[सहायक कोशिकाएं]] | ||
| | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,868: | Line 2,101: | ||
| | | | ||
|[[रंध्री तंत्र]] | |[[रंध्री तंत्र]] | ||
| | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,876: | Line 2,110: | ||
| | | | ||
|[[मूलरोम]] | |[[मूलरोम]] | ||
| | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,884: | Line 2,119: | ||
| | | | ||
|[[ट्राइकोम्स]] | |[[ट्राइकोम्स]] | ||
| | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,892: | Line 2,128: | ||
| | | | ||
|[[भरण ऊतक]] | |[[भरण ऊतक]] | ||
| | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,900: | Line 2,137: | ||
| | | | ||
|[[पर्णमध्योतक]] | |[[पर्णमध्योतक]] | ||
| | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,908: | Line 2,146: | ||
| | | | ||
|[[कैंबियम]] | |[[कैंबियम]] | ||
| | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,916: | Line 2,155: | ||
| | | | ||
|[[खुला संवहन बंडल]] | |[[खुला संवहन बंडल]] | ||
| | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,924: | Line 2,164: | ||
| | | | ||
|[[बंद संवहन बंडल]] | |[[बंद संवहन बंडल]] | ||
| | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,932: | Line 2,173: | ||
| | | | ||
|[[रेडियल संवहनी बंडल]] | |[[रेडियल संवहनी बंडल]] | ||
| | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,940: | Line 2,182: | ||
| | | | ||
|[[मूलीय त्वचा]] | |[[मूलीय त्वचा]] | ||
| | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,948: | Line 2,191: | ||
| | | | ||
|[[कैस्पेरियन पट्टी]] | |[[कैस्पेरियन पट्टी]] | ||
| | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,956: | Line 2,200: | ||
| | | | ||
|[[परिरम्भ]] | |[[परिरम्भ]] | ||
| | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,964: | Line 2,209: | ||
| | | | ||
|[[कंजकटिव ऊतक]] | |[[कंजकटिव ऊतक]] | ||
| | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,972: | Line 2,218: | ||
| | | | ||
|[[पिथ]] | |[[पिथ]] | ||
| | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,980: | Line 2,227: | ||
| | | | ||
|[[खम्भा पैरेन्काइमा]] | |[[खम्भा पैरेन्काइमा]] | ||
| | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,988: | Line 2,236: | ||
| | | | ||
|[[स्पंजी पैरेन्काइमा]] | |[[स्पंजी पैरेन्काइमा]] | ||
| | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,996: | Line 2,245: | ||
| | | | ||
|[[आवर्ध त्वक्कोशिका]] | |[[आवर्ध त्वक्कोशिका]] | ||
| | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,004: | Line 2,254: | ||
| | | | ||
|[[द्वितीयक वृद्धि]] | |[[द्वितीयक वृद्धि]] | ||
| | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,012: | Line 2,263: | ||
| | | | ||
|[[पार्श्वीय मेरिस्टम]] | |[[पार्श्वीय मेरिस्टम]] | ||
| | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,020: | Line 2,272: | ||
| | | | ||
|[[संवहन कैंबियम]] | |[[संवहन कैंबियम]] | ||
| | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,028: | Line 2,281: | ||
| | | | ||
|[[कार्क कैंबियम]] | |[[कार्क कैंबियम]] | ||
| | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,036: | Line 2,290: | ||
| | | | ||
|[[अन्तः पूलीय कैम्बियम]] | |[[अन्तः पूलीय कैम्बियम]] | ||
| | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,044: | Line 2,299: | ||
| | | | ||
|[[अन्तरापूलीय कैम्बियम]] | |[[अन्तरापूलीय कैम्बियम]] | ||
| | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,052: | Line 2,308: | ||
| | | | ||
|[[द्वितीयक जाइलम]] | |[[द्वितीयक जाइलम]] | ||
| | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,060: | Line 2,317: | ||
| | | | ||
|[[द्वितीयक फ्लोएम]] | |[[द्वितीयक फ्लोएम]] | ||
| | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,068: | Line 2,326: | ||
| | | | ||
|[[द्वितीयक मज्जाकिरण]] | |[[द्वितीयक मज्जाकिरण]] | ||
| | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,076: | Line 2,335: | ||
| | | | ||
|[[बसंतदारु (अग्र दारू)]] | |[[बसंतदारु (अग्र दारू)]] | ||
| | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,084: | Line 2,344: | ||
| | | | ||
|[[शरद दारू (पश्च दारू)]] | |[[शरद दारू (पश्च दारू)]] | ||
| | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,092: | Line 2,353: | ||
| | | | ||
|[[वार्षिक वलय]] | |[[वार्षिक वलय]] | ||
| | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,100: | Line 2,362: | ||
| | | | ||
|[[रसदारु]] | |[[रसदारु]] | ||
| | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,108: | Line 2,371: | ||
| | | | ||
|[[ह्रददारु]] | |[[ह्रददारु]] | ||
| | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,116: | Line 2,380: | ||
| | | | ||
|[[कॉर्क कैम्बियम]] | |[[कॉर्क कैम्बियम]] | ||
| | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,124: | Line 2,389: | ||
| | | | ||
|[[द्वितीयक वल्कुट]] | |[[द्वितीयक वल्कुट]] | ||
| | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,132: | Line 2,398: | ||
| | | | ||
|[[परिचर्म]] | |[[परिचर्म]] | ||
| | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,140: | Line 2,407: | ||
| | | | ||
|[[छालवल्क]] | |[[छालवल्क]] | ||
| | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,148: | Line 2,416: | ||
| | | | ||
|[[वातरंध्र]] | |[[वातरंध्र]] | ||
| | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,155: | Line 2,424: | ||
| | | | ||
|'''प्राणियों में संरचनात्मक संगठन''' | |'''प्राणियों में संरचनात्मक संगठन''' | ||
| | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,164: | Line 2,434: | ||
| | | | ||
|[[सरल उपकला]] | |[[सरल उपकला]] | ||
| | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,172: | Line 2,443: | ||
| | | | ||
|[[संयुक्त उपकला]] | |[[संयुक्त उपकला]] | ||
| | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,180: | Line 2,452: | ||
| | | | ||
|[[शल्की उपकला]] | |[[शल्की उपकला]] | ||
| | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,188: | Line 2,461: | ||
| | | | ||
|[[घनाकार उपकला]] | |[[घनाकार उपकला]] | ||
| | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,196: | Line 2,470: | ||
| | | | ||
|[[स्तम्भाकार उपकला]] | |[[स्तम्भाकार उपकला]] | ||
| | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,204: | Line 2,479: | ||
| | | | ||
|[[पक्ष्माभी उपकला]] | |[[पक्ष्माभी उपकला]] | ||
| | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,212: | Line 2,488: | ||
| | | | ||
|[[ग्रंथिल उपकला]] | |[[ग्रंथिल उपकला]] | ||
| | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,220: | Line 2,497: | ||
| | | | ||
|[[बहिःस्त्रावी]] | |[[बहिःस्त्रावी]] | ||
| | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,228: | Line 2,506: | ||
| | | | ||
|[[अंत: स्रावी]] | |[[अंत: स्रावी]] | ||
| | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,236: | Line 2,515: | ||
| | | | ||
|[[संयुक्त उपकला]] | |[[संयुक्त उपकला]] | ||
| | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,244: | Line 2,524: | ||
| | | | ||
|[[दृढ संधियाँ]] | |[[दृढ संधियाँ]] | ||
| | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,252: | Line 2,533: | ||
| | | | ||
|[[आसंजी संधियाँ]] | |[[आसंजी संधियाँ]] | ||
| | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,260: | Line 2,542: | ||
| | | | ||
|[[अंतराली संधियां]] | |[[अंतराली संधियां]] | ||
| | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,268: | Line 2,551: | ||
| | | | ||
|[[लचीले संयोजी ऊतक]] | |[[लचीले संयोजी ऊतक]] | ||
| | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,276: | Line 2,560: | ||
| | | | ||
|[[सघन संयोजी ऊतक]] | |[[सघन संयोजी ऊतक]] | ||
| | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,284: | Line 2,569: | ||
| | | | ||
|[[वसा ऊतक]] | |[[वसा ऊतक]] | ||
| | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,292: | Line 2,578: | ||
| | | | ||
|[[विशिष्ट संयोजी ऊतक]] | |[[विशिष्ट संयोजी ऊतक]] | ||
| | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,300: | Line 2,587: | ||
| | | | ||
|[[अस्थि]] | |[[अस्थि]] | ||
| | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,308: | Line 2,596: | ||
| | | | ||
|[[रक्त]] | |[[रक्त]] | ||
| | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,316: | Line 2,605: | ||
| | | | ||
|[[कंकाल पेशी]] | |[[कंकाल पेशी]] | ||
| | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,324: | Line 2,614: | ||
| | | | ||
|[[चिकनी पेशी]] | |[[चिकनी पेशी]] | ||
| | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,332: | Line 2,623: | ||
| | | | ||
|[[हृद पेशी]] | |[[हृद पेशी]] | ||
| | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,340: | Line 2,632: | ||
| | | | ||
|[[तंत्रिका ऊतक]] | |[[तंत्रिका ऊतक]] | ||
| | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,348: | Line 2,641: | ||
| | | | ||
|[[अंग और अंगतंत्र]] | |[[अंग और अंगतंत्र]] | ||
| | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,356: | Line 2,650: | ||
| | | | ||
|[[केंचुआ]] | |[[केंचुआ]] | ||
| | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,364: | Line 2,659: | ||
| | | | ||
|[[क्लाइटेलम]] | |[[क्लाइटेलम]] | ||
| | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,372: | Line 2,668: | ||
| | | | ||
|[[शूक]] | |[[शूक]] | ||
| | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,380: | Line 2,677: | ||
| | | | ||
|[[आंत्रवलन]] | |[[आंत्रवलन]] | ||
| | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,388: | Line 2,686: | ||
| | | | ||
|[[नेफ्रिडिया]] | |[[नेफ्रिडिया]] | ||
| | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,396: | Line 2,695: | ||
| | | | ||
|[[कॉकरोच]] | |[[कॉकरोच]] | ||
| | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,404: | Line 2,704: | ||
| | | | ||
|[[मैलपीगी नलिकाएं]] | |[[मैलपीगी नलिकाएं]] | ||
| | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,412: | Line 2,713: | ||
| | | | ||
|[[यूरिकाम्ल]] | |[[यूरिकाम्ल]] | ||
| | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,420: | Line 2,722: | ||
| | | | ||
|[[नेत्राशंक]] | |[[नेत्राशंक]] | ||
| | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,426: | Line 2,729: | ||
| | | | ||
|'''इकाई - तीन''' | |'''इकाई - तीन''' | ||
| | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,434: | Line 2,738: | ||
| | | | ||
|'''संरचना और कार्य''' | |'''संरचना और कार्य''' | ||
| | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,443: | Line 2,748: | ||
| | | | ||
|'''कोशिका : जीवन की इकाई''' | |'''कोशिका : जीवन की इकाई''' | ||
| | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,452: | Line 2,758: | ||
| | | | ||
|[[कोशिका]] | |[[कोशिका]] | ||
| | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,460: | Line 2,767: | ||
| | | | ||
|[[एंटोन वॉन ल्यूवेनहोक]] | |[[एंटोन वॉन ल्यूवेनहोक]] | ||
| | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,468: | Line 2,776: | ||
| | | | ||
|[[कोशिका सिद्धांत]] | |[[कोशिका सिद्धांत]] | ||
| | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,476: | Line 2,785: | ||
| | | | ||
|[[श्लेडेन और श्वान]] | |[[श्लेडेन और श्वान]] | ||
| | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,484: | Line 2,794: | ||
| | | | ||
|[[प्रोकैरियोटिक कोशिकाएं]] | |[[प्रोकैरियोटिक कोशिकाएं]] | ||
| | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,492: | Line 2,803: | ||
| | | | ||
|[[डीएनए]] | |[[डीएनए]] | ||
| | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,500: | Line 2,812: | ||
| | | | ||
|[[ग्राम धनात्मक जीवाणु]] | |[[ग्राम धनात्मक जीवाणु]] | ||
| | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,508: | Line 2,821: | ||
| | | | ||
|[[ग्राम ऋणात्मक जीवाणु]] | |[[ग्राम ऋणात्मक जीवाणु]] | ||
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Line 2,516: | Line 2,830: | ||
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|[[अवपंक परत]] | |[[अवपंक परत]] | ||
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Line 2,524: | Line 2,839: | ||
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|[[सम्पुटिका]] | |[[सम्पुटिका]] | ||
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Line 2,532: | Line 2,848: | ||
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|[[मीसोजोम]] | |[[मीसोजोम]] | ||
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Line 2,540: | Line 2,857: | ||
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|[[पुटिका]] | |[[पुटिका]] | ||
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Line 2,548: | Line 2,866: | ||
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|[[नलिका]] | |[[नलिका]] | ||
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Line 2,556: | Line 2,875: | ||
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|[[पटलिका]] | |[[पटलिका]] | ||
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Line 2,564: | Line 2,884: | ||
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|[[तन्तु]] | |[[तन्तु]] | ||
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Line 2,572: | Line 2,893: | ||
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|[[कशाभिका]] | |[[कशाभिका]] | ||
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Line 2,580: | Line 2,902: | ||
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|[[रोम]] | |[[रोम]] | ||
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Line 2,588: | Line 2,911: | ||
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|[[झालर]] | |[[झालर]] | ||
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Line 2,596: | Line 2,920: | ||
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|[[राइबोसोम]] | |[[राइबोसोम]] | ||
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Line 2,604: | Line 2,929: | ||
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|[[बहुराइबोसोम या बहु सूत्र]] | |[[बहुराइबोसोम या बहु सूत्र]] | ||
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Line 2,612: | Line 2,938: | ||
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|[[अंतर्विष्ट पिंड]] | |[[अंतर्विष्ट पिंड]] | ||
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Line 2,620: | Line 2,947: | ||
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|[[केंद्रीय रसधानी]] | |[[केंद्रीय रसधानी]] | ||
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Line 2,628: | Line 2,956: | ||
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|[[तारक काय]] | |[[तारक काय]] | ||
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Line 2,636: | Line 2,965: | ||
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|[[यूकेरियोटिक कोशिकाएं]] | |[[यूकेरियोटिक कोशिकाएं]] | ||
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Line 2,644: | Line 2,974: | ||
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|[[कोशिका झिल्ली]] | |[[कोशिका झिल्ली]] | ||
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Line 2,652: | Line 2,983: | ||
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|[[तरल किर्मीर नमूना]] | |[[तरल किर्मीर नमूना]] | ||
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Line 2,660: | Line 2,992: | ||
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|[[निष्क्रिय परिवहन]] | |[[निष्क्रिय परिवहन]] | ||
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Line 2,668: | Line 3,001: | ||
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|[[सक्रिय परिवहन]] | |[[सक्रिय परिवहन]] | ||
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Line 2,676: | Line 3,010: | ||
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|[[परासरण]] | |[[परासरण]] | ||
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Line 2,684: | Line 3,019: | ||
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|[[कोशिका भित्ति]] | |[[कोशिका भित्ति]] | ||
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Line 2,692: | Line 3,028: | ||
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|[[प्राथमिक भित्ति]] | |[[प्राथमिक भित्ति]] | ||
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Line 2,700: | Line 3,037: | ||
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|[[अंतः झिल्लिका तंत्र]] | |[[अंतः झिल्लिका तंत्र]] | ||
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Line 2,708: | Line 3,046: | ||
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|[[अन्तः प्रदव्ययी जलिका]] | |[[अन्तः प्रदव्ययी जलिका]] | ||
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Line 2,716: | Line 3,055: | ||
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|[[गॉल्जीकाय]] | |[[गॉल्जीकाय]] | ||
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Line 2,724: | Line 3,064: | ||
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|[[लाइसोसोम]] | |[[लाइसोसोम]] | ||
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Line 2,732: | Line 3,073: | ||
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|[[संकुचनशील रसधानी]] | |[[संकुचनशील रसधानी]] | ||
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Line 2,740: | Line 3,082: | ||
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|[[खाध रसधानी]] | |[[खाध रसधानी]] | ||
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Line 2,748: | Line 3,091: | ||
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|[[माइटोकॉन्ड्रिया]] | |[[माइटोकॉन्ड्रिया]] | ||
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Line 2,756: | Line 3,100: | ||
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|[[आधात्री]] | |[[आधात्री]] | ||
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Line 2,764: | Line 3,109: | ||
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|[[क्रिस्टी]] | |[[क्रिस्टी]] | ||
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Line 2,772: | Line 3,118: | ||
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|[[पर्णहरित]] | |[[पर्णहरित]] | ||
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Line 2,780: | Line 3,127: | ||
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|[[कैरोटेनॉइड]] | |[[कैरोटेनॉइड]] | ||
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Line 2,788: | Line 3,136: | ||
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|[[मंड लवक]] | |[[मंड लवक]] | ||
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Line 2,796: | Line 3,145: | ||
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|[[तेल लवक]] | |[[तेल लवक]] | ||
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Line 2,804: | Line 3,154: | ||
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|[[प्रोटीन लवक]] | |[[प्रोटीन लवक]] | ||
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Line 2,812: | Line 3,163: | ||
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|[[थाइलेकोइड]] | |[[थाइलेकोइड]] | ||
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Line 2,820: | Line 3,172: | ||
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|[[साइटोपंजर]] | |[[साइटोपंजर]] | ||
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Line 2,828: | Line 3,181: | ||
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|[[पक्ष्माभ]] | |[[पक्ष्माभ]] | ||
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Line 2,836: | Line 3,190: | ||
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|[[कशाभिका]] | |[[कशाभिका]] | ||
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Line 2,844: | Line 3,199: | ||
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|[[अक्षसूत्र]] | |[[अक्षसूत्र]] | ||
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Line 2,852: | Line 3,208: | ||
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|[[क्रोमेटिन]] | |[[क्रोमेटिन]] | ||
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Line 2,860: | Line 3,217: | ||
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|[[केंद्रिक]] | |[[केंद्रिक]] | ||
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Line 2,868: | Line 3,226: | ||
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|[[परिकेन्द्रकी अवकाश]] | |[[परिकेन्द्रकी अवकाश]] | ||
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Line 2,876: | Line 3,235: | ||
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|[[केन्द्रक द्रव्य]] | |[[केन्द्रक द्रव्य]] | ||
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Line 2,884: | Line 3,244: | ||
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|[[माइक्रोबॉडीज]] | |[[माइक्रोबॉडीज]] | ||
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Line 2,891: | Line 3,252: | ||
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|'''जैव अणु''' | |'''जैव अणु''' | ||
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Line 2,900: | Line 3,262: | ||
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|[[ज्विटर आयन]] | |[[ज्विटर आयन]] | ||
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Line 2,908: | Line 3,271: | ||
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|[[अमीनो अम्ल]] | |[[अमीनो अम्ल]] | ||
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Line 2,916: | Line 3,280: | ||
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|[[शर्करा (कार्बोहाइड्रेट)]] | |[[शर्करा (कार्बोहाइड्रेट)]] | ||
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Line 2,924: | Line 3,289: | ||
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|[[ग्लाइसीन]] | |[[ग्लाइसीन]] | ||
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Line 2,932: | Line 3,298: | ||
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|[[एलानिन]] | |[[एलानिन]] | ||
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Line 2,940: | Line 3,307: | ||
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|[[सेरिन]] | |[[सेरिन]] | ||
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Line 2,948: | Line 3,316: | ||
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|[[पामिटिक अम्ल]] | |[[पामिटिक अम्ल]] | ||
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Line 2,956: | Line 3,325: | ||
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|[[ग्लिसरॉल]] | |[[ग्लिसरॉल]] | ||
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Line 2,964: | Line 3,334: | ||
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|[[ट्राइग्लिसराइड]] | |[[ट्राइग्लिसराइड]] | ||
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Line 2,972: | Line 3,343: | ||
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|[[फास्फोलिपिड (लेसिथिन)]] | |[[फास्फोलिपिड (लेसिथिन)]] | ||
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Line 2,980: | Line 3,352: | ||
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|[[कोलेस्ट्रॉल]] | |[[कोलेस्ट्रॉल]] | ||
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Line 2,988: | Line 3,361: | ||
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|[[एडेनिन (प्यूरिन)]] | |[[एडेनिन (प्यूरिन)]] | ||
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Line 2,996: | Line 3,370: | ||
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|[[एडीनोसिन]] | |[[एडीनोसिन]] | ||
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Line 3,004: | Line 3,379: | ||
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|[[एडेनिलिक अम्ल]] | |[[एडेनिलिक अम्ल]] | ||
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Line 3,012: | Line 3,388: | ||
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|[[यूरेसिल (पाइरीमिडीन)]] | |[[यूरेसिल (पाइरीमिडीन)]] | ||
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Line 3,020: | Line 3,397: | ||
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|[[यूरिडीन]] | |[[यूरिडीन]] | ||
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Line 3,028: | Line 3,406: | ||
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|[[न्यूक्लियोसाइड]] | |[[न्यूक्लियोसाइड]] | ||
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Line 3,036: | Line 3,415: | ||
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|[[न्यूक्लियोटाइड]] | |[[न्यूक्लियोटाइड]] | ||
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Line 3,044: | Line 3,424: | ||
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|[[द्वितीयक उपापचयज]] | |[[द्वितीयक उपापचयज]] | ||
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Line 3,052: | Line 3,433: | ||
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|[[प्राथमिक उपापचयज]] | |[[प्राथमिक उपापचयज]] | ||
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Line 3,060: | Line 3,442: | ||
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|[[वृहत जैव अणु]] | |[[वृहत जैव अणु]] | ||
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Line 3,068: | Line 3,451: | ||
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|[[प्रोटीन]] | |[[प्रोटीन]] | ||
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Line 3,076: | Line 3,460: | ||
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|[[पॉलीसैकराइड]] | |[[पॉलीसैकराइड]] | ||
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Line 3,084: | Line 3,469: | ||
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|[[न्यूक्लिक अम्ल]] | |[[न्यूक्लिक अम्ल]] | ||
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Line 3,092: | Line 3,478: | ||
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|[[प्रोटीन की संरचना]] | |[[प्रोटीन की संरचना]] | ||
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Line 3,100: | Line 3,487: | ||
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|[[अल्फा - हेलिक्स]] | |[[अल्फा - हेलिक्स]] | ||
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Line 3,108: | Line 3,496: | ||
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|[[बीटा– प्लीटेड शीट]] | |[[बीटा– प्लीटेड शीट]] | ||
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Line 3,116: | Line 3,505: | ||
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|[[पेप्टाइड बंध]] | |[[पेप्टाइड बंध]] | ||
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Line 3,124: | Line 3,514: | ||
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|[[ग्लाइकोसिडिक बंध]] | |[[ग्लाइकोसिडिक बंध]] | ||
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Line 3,132: | Line 3,523: | ||
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|[[उत्प्रेरित अभिक्रियाएं]] | |[[उत्प्रेरित अभिक्रियाएं]] | ||
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Line 3,140: | Line 3,532: | ||
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|[[उपापचय पथ]] | |[[उपापचय पथ]] | ||
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Line 3,148: | Line 3,541: | ||
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|[[अपचय पथ]] | |[[अपचय पथ]] | ||
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Line 3,156: | Line 3,550: | ||
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|[[एडेनोसाइन ट्राइफॉस्फेट (एटीपी)]] | |[[एडेनोसाइन ट्राइफॉस्फेट (एटीपी)]] | ||
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Line 3,164: | Line 3,559: | ||
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|[[रासायनिक अभिक्रिया]] | |[[रासायनिक अभिक्रिया]] | ||
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Line 3,172: | Line 3,568: | ||
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|[[सक्रियण ऊर्जा]] | |[[सक्रियण ऊर्जा]] | ||
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Line 3,180: | Line 3,577: | ||
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|[[एंजाइम क्रिया की प्रकृति]] | |[[एंजाइम क्रिया की प्रकृति]] | ||
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Line 3,188: | Line 3,586: | ||
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|[[एंजाइम क्रियाविधि को प्रभावित करने वाले कारक]] | |[[एंजाइम क्रियाविधि को प्रभावित करने वाले कारक]] | ||
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Line 3,196: | Line 3,595: | ||
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|[[संदमन]] | |[[संदमन]] | ||
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Line 3,204: | Line 3,604: | ||
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|[[ऑक्सीडोरडक्टेस / डिहाइड्रोजनेज]] | |[[ऑक्सीडोरडक्टेस / डिहाइड्रोजनेज]] | ||
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Line 3,212: | Line 3,613: | ||
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|[[ट्रांसफरेज]] | |[[ट्रांसफरेज]] | ||
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Line 3,220: | Line 3,622: | ||
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|[[हाइड्रोलेजेज]] | |[[हाइड्रोलेजेज]] | ||
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Line 3,228: | Line 3,631: | ||
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|[[लाइसेस]] | |[[लाइसेस]] | ||
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Line 3,236: | Line 3,640: | ||
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|[[आइसोमरेज]] | |[[आइसोमरेज]] | ||
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Line 3,244: | Line 3,649: | ||
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|[[लाइगेजेज]] | |[[लाइगेजेज]] | ||
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Line 3,252: | Line 3,658: | ||
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|[[सह-कारक]] | |[[सह-कारक]] | ||
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Line 3,259: | Line 3,666: | ||
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|'''कोशिका चक्र और कोशिका विभाजन''' | |'''कोशिका चक्र और कोशिका विभाजन''' | ||
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Line 3,268: | Line 3,676: | ||
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|[[कोशिका चक्र]] | |[[कोशिका चक्र]] | ||
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Line 3,276: | Line 3,685: | ||
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|[[अंतरावस्था]] | |[[अंतरावस्था]] | ||
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Line 3,284: | Line 3,694: | ||
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|[[एम प्रावस्था (समसूत्री विभाजन)]] | |[[एम प्रावस्था (समसूत्री विभाजन)]] | ||
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Line 3,292: | Line 3,703: | ||
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|[[कार्योकाइनेसिस]] | |[[कार्योकाइनेसिस]] | ||
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Line 3,300: | Line 3,712: | ||
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|[[साइटोकाइनेसिस]] | |[[साइटोकाइनेसिस]] | ||
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Line 3,308: | Line 3,721: | ||
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|[[पश्च सूत्री अंतरकाल प्रावस्था]] | |[[पश्च सूत्री अंतरकाल प्रावस्था]] | ||
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Line 3,316: | Line 3,730: | ||
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|[[संश्लेषण प्रावस्था]] | |[[संश्लेषण प्रावस्था]] | ||
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Line 3,324: | Line 3,739: | ||
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|[[पूर्व - सूत्री विभाजन अंतरालकाल प्रावस्था]] | |[[पूर्व - सूत्री विभाजन अंतरालकाल प्रावस्था]] | ||
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Line 3,332: | Line 3,748: | ||
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|[[शांत अवस्था]] | |[[शांत अवस्था]] | ||
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Line 3,340: | Line 3,757: | ||
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|[[सूत्री विभाजन अवस्था (M प्रावस्था)]] | |[[सूत्री विभाजन अवस्था (M प्रावस्था)]] | ||
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Line 3,348: | Line 3,766: | ||
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|[[पूर्वावस्था]] | |[[पूर्वावस्था]] | ||
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Line 3,356: | Line 3,775: | ||
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|[[मध्यावस्था]] | |[[मध्यावस्था]] | ||
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Line 3,364: | Line 3,784: | ||
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|[[पश्चावस्था]] | |[[पश्चावस्था]] | ||
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Line 3,372: | Line 3,793: | ||
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|[[अंत्यावस्था]] | |[[अंत्यावस्था]] | ||
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Line 3,380: | Line 3,802: | ||
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|[[कोशिकाद्रव्य विभाजन]] | |[[कोशिकाद्रव्य विभाजन]] | ||
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Line 3,388: | Line 3,811: | ||
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|[[अर्धसूत्रीविभाजन]] | |[[अर्धसूत्रीविभाजन]] | ||
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Line 3,396: | Line 3,820: | ||
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|[[तनुपट्ट]] | |[[तनुपट्ट]] | ||
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Line 3,404: | Line 3,829: | ||
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|[[युग्मपट्ट]] | |[[युग्मपट्ट]] | ||
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Line 3,412: | Line 3,838: | ||
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|[[स्थूलपट्ट]] | |[[स्थूलपट्ट]] | ||
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Line 3,420: | Line 3,847: | ||
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|[[द्विपट्ट]] | |[[द्विपट्ट]] | ||
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Line 3,428: | Line 3,856: | ||
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|[[काएज्मेटा]] | |[[काएज्मेटा]] | ||
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Line 3,436: | Line 3,865: | ||
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|[[डायकाइनेसिस]] | |[[डायकाइनेसिस]] | ||
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Line 3,442: | Line 3,872: | ||
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|'''इकाई - चार''' | |'''इकाई - चार''' | ||
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Line 3,450: | Line 3,881: | ||
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|'''पादप कार्यकीय (शरीर क्रियात्मकता)''' | |'''पादप कार्यकीय (शरीर क्रियात्मकता)''' | ||
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Line 3,459: | Line 3,891: | ||
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|'''पौधों में परिवहन''' | |'''पौधों में परिवहन''' | ||
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Line 3,468: | Line 3,901: | ||
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|[[स्थानान्तरण]] | |[[स्थानान्तरण]] | ||
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Line 3,476: | Line 3,910: | ||
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|[[विसरण]] | |[[विसरण]] | ||
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Line 3,484: | Line 3,919: | ||
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|[[सुसाध्य विसरण]] | |[[सुसाध्य विसरण]] | ||
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Line 3,492: | Line 3,928: | ||
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|[[पोरिन्]] | |[[पोरिन्]] | ||
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Line 3,500: | Line 3,937: | ||
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|[[एक्वापोरिन]] | |[[एक्वापोरिन]] | ||
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Line 3,508: | Line 3,946: | ||
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|[[सिम्पोर्ट]] | |[[सिम्पोर्ट]] | ||
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Line 3,516: | Line 3,955: | ||
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|[[एंटिपोर्ट]] | |[[एंटिपोर्ट]] | ||
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Line 3,524: | Line 3,964: | ||
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|[[यूनिपोर्ट]] | |[[यूनिपोर्ट]] | ||
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Line 3,532: | Line 3,973: | ||
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|[[सक्रिय परिवहन]] | |[[सक्रिय परिवहन]] | ||
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Line 3,540: | Line 3,982: | ||
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|[[निष्क्रिय परिवहन]] | |[[निष्क्रिय परिवहन]] | ||
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Line 3,548: | Line 3,991: | ||
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|[[जल विभव (Ψw)]] | |[[जल विभव (Ψw)]] | ||
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Line 3,556: | Line 4,000: | ||
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|[[विलेय विभव (Ψs )]] | |[[विलेय विभव (Ψs )]] | ||
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Line 3,564: | Line 4,009: | ||
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|[[दाब विभव (Ψp)]] | |[[दाब विभव (Ψp)]] | ||
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Line 3,572: | Line 4,018: | ||
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|[[दाब प्रवणता]] | |[[दाब प्रवणता]] | ||
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Line 3,580: | Line 4,027: | ||
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|[[सांद्रता प्रवणता]] | |[[सांद्रता प्रवणता]] | ||
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Line 3,588: | Line 4,036: | ||
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|[[जीवद्रव्यकुंचन]] | |[[जीवद्रव्यकुंचन]] | ||
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Line 3,596: | Line 4,045: | ||
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|[[समपरासरी]] | |[[समपरासरी]] | ||
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Line 3,604: | Line 4,054: | ||
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|[[अल्पपरासारी]] | |[[अल्पपरासारी]] | ||
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Line 3,612: | Line 4,063: | ||
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|[[अतिपरासारी]] | |[[अतिपरासारी]] | ||
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Line 3,620: | Line 4,072: | ||
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|[[स्फीत दबाव]] | |[[स्फीत दबाव]] | ||
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Line 3,628: | Line 4,081: | ||
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|[[अंत-शोषण]] | |[[अंत-शोषण]] | ||
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Line 3,636: | Line 4,090: | ||
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|[[सामूहिक या थोक प्रवाह]] | |[[सामूहिक या थोक प्रवाह]] | ||
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Line 3,644: | Line 4,099: | ||
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|[[एपोप्लास्ट पथ]] | |[[एपोप्लास्ट पथ]] | ||
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Line 3,652: | Line 4,108: | ||
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|[[सिम्प्लास्ट पथ]] | |[[सिम्प्लास्ट पथ]] | ||
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Line 3,660: | Line 4,117: | ||
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|[[कैस्पेरियन पट्टी]] | |[[कैस्पेरियन पट्टी]] | ||
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Line 3,668: | Line 4,126: | ||
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|[[माइकोराइजा]] | |[[माइकोराइजा]] | ||
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Line 3,676: | Line 4,135: | ||
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|[[मूल दाब]] | |[[मूल दाब]] | ||
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Line 3,684: | Line 4,144: | ||
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|[[बिन्दुस्राव]] | |[[बिन्दुस्राव]] | ||
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Line 3,692: | Line 4,153: | ||
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|[[सामंजस्य-तनाव-वाष्पोत्सर्जन खिंचाव मॉडल]] | |[[सामंजस्य-तनाव-वाष्पोत्सर्जन खिंचाव मॉडल]] | ||
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Line 3,700: | Line 4,162: | ||
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|[[रंध्र छिद्र]] | |[[रंध्र छिद्र]] | ||
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Line 3,708: | Line 4,171: | ||
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|[[रक्षक कोशिकाएं]] | |[[रक्षक कोशिकाएं]] | ||
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Line 3,716: | Line 4,180: | ||
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|[[सासंजन]] | |[[सासंजन]] | ||
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Line 3,724: | Line 4,189: | ||
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|[[आसंजन]] | |[[आसंजन]] | ||
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Line 3,732: | Line 4,198: | ||
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|[[तन्य -सामर्थ्य]] | |[[तन्य -सामर्थ्य]] | ||
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Line 3,740: | Line 4,207: | ||
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|[[ट्रेकिड् और वाहिका तत्व]] | |[[ट्रेकिड् और वाहिका तत्व]] | ||
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Line 3,748: | Line 4,216: | ||
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|[[सक्रिय अवशोषण]] | |[[सक्रिय अवशोषण]] | ||
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Line 3,756: | Line 4,225: | ||
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|[[दबाव प्रवाह या द्रव्यमान प्रवाह परिकल्पना]] | |[[दबाव प्रवाह या द्रव्यमान प्रवाह परिकल्पना]] | ||
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Line 3,763: | Line 4,233: | ||
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|'''खनिज पोषण''' | |'''खनिज पोषण''' | ||
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Line 3,772: | Line 4,243: | ||
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|[[जल संवर्धन]] | |[[जल संवर्धन]] | ||
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Line 3,780: | Line 4,252: | ||
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|[[वृहत पोषक तत्व]] | |[[वृहत पोषक तत्व]] | ||
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Line 3,788: | Line 4,261: | ||
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|[[सूक्ष्म पोषक तत्व]] | |[[सूक्ष्म पोषक तत्व]] | ||
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Line 3,796: | Line 4,270: | ||
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|[[क्रांतिक सांद्रता]] | |[[क्रांतिक सांद्रता]] | ||
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Line 3,804: | Line 4,279: | ||
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|[[सूक्ष्म पोषक तत्वों की विषाक्तता]] | |[[सूक्ष्म पोषक तत्वों की विषाक्तता]] | ||
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Line 3,812: | Line 4,288: | ||
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|[[अभिवाह]] | |[[अभिवाह]] | ||
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Line 3,820: | Line 4,297: | ||
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|[[अन्तर्वाह]] | |[[अन्तर्वाह]] | ||
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Line 3,828: | Line 4,306: | ||
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|[[बहि: स्राव]] | |[[बहि: स्राव]] | ||
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Line 3,836: | Line 4,315: | ||
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|[[नाइट्रोजन चक्र]] | |[[नाइट्रोजन चक्र]] | ||
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Line 3,844: | Line 4,324: | ||
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|[[नाइट्रोजन स्थिरीकरण]] | |[[नाइट्रोजन स्थिरीकरण]] | ||
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Line 3,852: | Line 4,333: | ||
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|[[नाइट्रीकरण]] | |[[नाइट्रीकरण]] | ||
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Line 3,860: | Line 4,342: | ||
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|[[रसायनपोषी]] | |[[रसायनपोषी]] | ||
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Line 3,868: | Line 4,351: | ||
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|[[जैविक नाइट्रोजन स्थिरीकरण]] | |[[जैविक नाइट्रोजन स्थिरीकरण]] | ||
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Line 3,876: | Line 4,360: | ||
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|[[सहजीवी जैविक नाइट्रोजन स्थिरीकरण]] | |[[सहजीवी जैविक नाइट्रोजन स्थिरीकरण]] | ||
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Line 3,884: | Line 4,369: | ||
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|[[राइजोबियम]] | |[[राइजोबियम]] | ||
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Line 3,892: | Line 4,378: | ||
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|[[अमोनिया की स्थिति]] | |[[अमोनिया की स्थिति]] | ||
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Line 3,900: | Line 4,387: | ||
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|[[अपचयित एमीनीकरण]] | |[[अपचयित एमीनीकरण]] | ||
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Line 3,908: | Line 4,396: | ||
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|[[ट्रांसएमिनेशन]] | |[[ट्रांसएमिनेशन]] | ||
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Line 3,915: | Line 4,404: | ||
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|'''उच्च पादपों में प्रकाश संश्लेषण''' | |'''उच्च पादपों में प्रकाश संश्लेषण''' | ||
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Line 3,924: | Line 4,414: | ||
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|[[प्रकाश अभिक्रिया (प्रकाश रासायनिक अभिक्रिया)]] | |[[प्रकाश अभिक्रिया (प्रकाश रासायनिक अभिक्रिया)]] | ||
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Line 3,932: | Line 4,423: | ||
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|[[अप्रकाशीय अभिक्रिया (कार्बन अभिक्रिया)]] | |[[अप्रकाशीय अभिक्रिया (कार्बन अभिक्रिया)]] | ||
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Line 3,940: | Line 4,432: | ||
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|[[क्लोरोफिल ए]] | |[[क्लोरोफिल ए]] | ||
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Line 3,948: | Line 4,441: | ||
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|[[क्लोरोफिल बी]] | |[[क्लोरोफिल बी]] | ||
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Line 3,956: | Line 4,450: | ||
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|[[ज़ैंथोफिल]] | |[[ज़ैंथोफिल]] | ||
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Line 3,964: | Line 4,459: | ||
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|[[कैरोटीनॉयड]] | |[[कैरोटीनॉयड]] | ||
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Line 3,972: | Line 4,468: | ||
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|[[लाइट हार्वेस्टिंग काम्प्लेक्स (एल एच एसी)]] | |[[लाइट हार्वेस्टिंग काम्प्लेक्स (एल एच एसी)]] | ||
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Line 3,980: | Line 4,477: | ||
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|[[फोटोसिस्टम I (पीएस I)]] | |[[फोटोसिस्टम I (पीएस I)]] | ||
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Line 3,988: | Line 4,486: | ||
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|[[फोटोसिस्टम II (PS II)]] | |[[फोटोसिस्टम II (PS II)]] | ||
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Line 3,996: | Line 4,495: | ||
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|[[एंटीना]] | |[[एंटीना]] | ||
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Line 4,004: | Line 4,504: | ||
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|[[अभिक्रिया केंद्र]] | |[[अभिक्रिया केंद्र]] | ||
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Line 4,012: | Line 4,513: | ||
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|[[पी700]] | |[[पी700]] | ||
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Line 4,020: | Line 4,522: | ||
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|[[पी 680]] | |[[पी 680]] | ||
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Line 4,028: | Line 4,531: | ||
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|[[इलेक्ट्रॉन परिवहन]] | |[[इलेक्ट्रॉन परिवहन]] | ||
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Line 4,036: | Line 4,540: | ||
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|[[Z स्कीम]] | |[[Z स्कीम]] | ||
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Line 4,044: | Line 4,549: | ||
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|[[जल विघटन]] | |[[जल विघटन]] | ||
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Line 4,052: | Line 4,558: | ||
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|[[चक्रीय और अचक्रीय फोटो-फास्फोरिलीकरण]] | |[[चक्रीय और अचक्रीय फोटो-फास्फोरिलीकरण]] | ||
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Line 4,060: | Line 4,567: | ||
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|[[केमियोस्मोटिक परिकल्पना]] | |[[केमियोस्मोटिक परिकल्पना]] | ||
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Line 4,068: | Line 4,576: | ||
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|[[जैवसंश्लेषण चरण]] | |[[जैवसंश्लेषण चरण]] | ||
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Line 4,076: | Line 4,585: | ||
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|[[केल्विन चक्र]] | |[[केल्विन चक्र]] | ||
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Line 4,084: | Line 4,594: | ||
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|[[C3 पथ]] | |[[C3 पथ]] | ||
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Line 4,092: | Line 4,603: | ||
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|[[C4 पथ]] | |[[C4 पथ]] | ||
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Line 4,100: | Line 4,612: | ||
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|[[बंडल शीथ कोशिकाएं]] | |[[बंडल शीथ कोशिकाएं]] | ||
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Line 4,108: | Line 4,621: | ||
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|[[क्रांज़ 'शारीरिक रचना]] | |[[क्रांज़ 'शारीरिक रचना]] | ||
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Line 4,116: | Line 4,630: | ||
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|[[हैच और स्लैक पाथवे]] | |[[हैच और स्लैक पाथवे]] | ||
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Line 4,124: | Line 4,639: | ||
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|[[प्रकाश श्वसन]] | |[[प्रकाश श्वसन]] | ||
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Line 4,132: | Line 4,648: | ||
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|[[प्रकाश संश्लेषण को प्रभावित करने वाले कारक]] | |[[प्रकाश संश्लेषण को प्रभावित करने वाले कारक]] | ||
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Line 4,140: | Line 4,657: | ||
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|[[लॉ ऑफ लिमिटिंग फैक्टर]] | |[[लॉ ऑफ लिमिटिंग फैक्टर]] | ||
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Line 4,147: | Line 4,665: | ||
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|'''पौधों में श्वसन''' | |'''पौधों में श्वसन''' | ||
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Line 4,156: | Line 4,675: | ||
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|[[कोशिकीय श्वसन]] | |[[कोशिकीय श्वसन]] | ||
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Line 4,164: | Line 4,684: | ||
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|[[श्वसनी क्रियाधार]] | |[[श्वसनी क्रियाधार]] | ||
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Line 4,172: | Line 4,693: | ||
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|[[ग्लाइकोलिसिस]] | |[[ग्लाइकोलिसिस]] | ||
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Line 4,180: | Line 4,702: | ||
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|[[क्रेब्स चक्र]] | |[[क्रेब्स चक्र]] | ||
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Line 4,188: | Line 4,711: | ||
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|[[किण्वन]] | |[[किण्वन]] | ||
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Line 4,196: | Line 4,720: | ||
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|[[ऑक्सी श्वसन]] | |[[ऑक्सी श्वसन]] | ||
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Line 4,204: | Line 4,729: | ||
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|[[ट्राइकारबॉक्सिलिक अम्ल चक्र]] | |[[ट्राइकारबॉक्सिलिक अम्ल चक्र]] | ||
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Line 4,212: | Line 4,738: | ||
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|[[इलेक्ट्रॉन परिवहन तंत्र (ETS)]] | |[[इलेक्ट्रॉन परिवहन तंत्र (ETS)]] | ||
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Line 4,220: | Line 4,747: | ||
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|[[ऑक्सीडेटिव फास्फोराइलेशन]] | |[[ऑक्सीडेटिव फास्फोराइलेशन]] | ||
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Line 4,228: | Line 4,756: | ||
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|[[एम्फ़िबोलिक मार्ग]] | |[[एम्फ़िबोलिक मार्ग]] | ||
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Line 4,236: | Line 4,765: | ||
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|[[श्वसन गुणांक]] | |[[श्वसन गुणांक]] | ||
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Line 4,244: | Line 4,774: | ||
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|[[साइट्रिक एसिड चक्र]] | |[[साइट्रिक एसिड चक्र]] | ||
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Line 4,252: | Line 4,783: | ||
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|[[माइटोकॉन्ड्रिया में एटीपी का संश्लेषण]] | |[[माइटोकॉन्ड्रिया में एटीपी का संश्लेषण]] | ||
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Line 4,260: | Line 4,792: | ||
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|[[अनॉक्सी श्वसन]] | |[[अनॉक्सी श्वसन]] | ||
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Line 4,268: | Line 4,801: | ||
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|[[ए.टी.पी]] | |[[ए.टी.पी]] | ||
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Line 4,275: | Line 4,809: | ||
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|'''पादप वृद्धि एवं परिवर्धन''' | |'''पादप वृद्धि एवं परिवर्धन''' | ||
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Line 4,284: | Line 4,819: | ||
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|[[वृद्धि]] | |[[वृद्धि]] | ||
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Line 4,292: | Line 4,828: | ||
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|[[वृद्धि के चरण]] | |[[वृद्धि के चरण]] | ||
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Line 4,300: | Line 4,837: | ||
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|[[वृद्धि दर]] | |[[वृद्धि दर]] | ||
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Line 4,308: | Line 4,846: | ||
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|[[वृद्धि के लिए दशाएं]] | |[[वृद्धि के लिए दशाएं]] | ||
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Line 4,316: | Line 4,855: | ||
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|[[विभेदन]] | |[[विभेदन]] | ||
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Line 4,324: | Line 4,864: | ||
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|[[निर्विभेदन]] | |[[निर्विभेदन]] | ||
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Line 4,332: | Line 4,873: | ||
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|[[पुनर्विभेदित]] | |[[पुनर्विभेदित]] | ||
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Line 4,340: | Line 4,882: | ||
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|[[परिवर्धन]] | |[[परिवर्धन]] | ||
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Line 4,348: | Line 4,891: | ||
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|[[प्लास्टिसिटी]] | |[[प्लास्टिसिटी]] | ||
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Line 4,356: | Line 4,900: | ||
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|[[पादप वृद्धि नियामक]] | |[[पादप वृद्धि नियामक]] | ||
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Line 4,364: | Line 4,909: | ||
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|[[ऑक्सिन्स]] | |[[ऑक्सिन्स]] | ||
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Line 4,372: | Line 4,918: | ||
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|[[शिखाग्र प्रधान्यता]] | |[[शिखाग्र प्रधान्यता]] | ||
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Line 4,380: | Line 4,927: | ||
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|[[जिबरेलिन्स]] | |[[जिबरेलिन्स]] | ||
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Line 4,388: | Line 4,936: | ||
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|[[साइटोकाइनिन्स]] | |[[साइटोकाइनिन्स]] | ||
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Line 4,396: | Line 4,945: | ||
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|[[एथिलीन]] | |[[एथिलीन]] | ||
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Line 4,404: | Line 4,954: | ||
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|[[एब्सिसिक अम्ल]] | |[[एब्सिसिक अम्ल]] | ||
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Line 4,412: | Line 4,963: | ||
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|[[दीप्तिकालिता]] | |[[दीप्तिकालिता]] | ||
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Line 4,420: | Line 4,972: | ||
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|[[दीर्घ प्रदीप्तकाली पौधे]] | |[[दीर्घ प्रदीप्तकाली पौधे]] | ||
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Line 4,428: | Line 4,981: | ||
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|[[अल्प प्रदीप्तकाली पौधे]] | |[[अल्प प्रदीप्तकाली पौधे]] | ||
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Line 4,436: | Line 4,990: | ||
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|[[तटस्थ प्रदीप्तकाली पौधे]] | |[[तटस्थ प्रदीप्तकाली पौधे]] | ||
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Line 4,444: | Line 4,999: | ||
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|[[वसंतीकरण]] | |[[वसंतीकरण]] | ||
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Line 4,452: | Line 5,008: | ||
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|[[बीज प्रसुप्ति]] | |[[बीज प्रसुप्ति]] | ||
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Line 4,458: | Line 5,015: | ||
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|'''इकाई - चार''' | |'''इकाई - चार''' | ||
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Line 4,466: | Line 5,024: | ||
|'''16''' | |'''16''' | ||
|'''मानव शरीर विज्ञान''' | |'''मानव शरीर विज्ञान''' | ||
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Line 4,475: | Line 5,034: | ||
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|'''पाचन एवं अवशोषण''' | |'''पाचन एवं अवशोषण''' | ||
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Line 4,484: | Line 5,044: | ||
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|[[पाचन]] | |[[पाचन]] | ||
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Line 4,492: | Line 5,053: | ||
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|[[पाचन तंत्र]] | |[[पाचन तंत्र]] | ||
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Line 4,500: | Line 5,062: | ||
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|[[आहार नाल]] | |[[आहार नाल]] | ||
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Line 4,508: | Line 5,071: | ||
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|[[गर्तदन्ती]] | |[[गर्तदन्ती]] | ||
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Line 4,516: | Line 5,080: | ||
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|[[द्विबारदंती]] | |[[द्विबारदंती]] | ||
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Line 4,524: | Line 5,089: | ||
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|[[जठरागम भाग]] | |[[जठरागम भाग]] | ||
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Line 4,532: | Line 5,098: | ||
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|[[फंडिक क्षेत्र]] | |[[फंडिक क्षेत्र]] | ||
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Line 4,540: | Line 5,107: | ||
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|[[जठरनिर्गम भाग]] | |[[जठरनिर्गम भाग]] | ||
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Line 4,548: | Line 5,116: | ||
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|[[पाचन ग्रंथियां]] | |[[पाचन ग्रंथियां]] | ||
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Line 4,556: | Line 5,125: | ||
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|[[ग्रास]] | |[[ग्रास]] | ||
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Line 4,564: | Line 5,134: | ||
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|[[काइम]] | |[[काइम]] | ||
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Line 4,572: | Line 5,143: | ||
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|[[ग्लोबेट कोशिकाये]] | |[[ग्लोबेट कोशिकाये]] | ||
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Line 4,580: | Line 5,152: | ||
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|[[सक्सेस एंटेरिकस]] | |[[सक्सेस एंटेरिकस]] | ||
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Line 4,588: | Line 5,161: | ||
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|[[पचाए गए उत्पादों का अवशोषण]] | |[[पचाए गए उत्पादों का अवशोषण]] | ||
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Line 4,596: | Line 5,170: | ||
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|[[मुख]] | |[[मुख]] | ||
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Line 4,604: | Line 5,179: | ||
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|[[आमाशय]] | |[[आमाशय]] | ||
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Line 4,612: | Line 5,188: | ||
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|[[छोटी आंत]] | |[[छोटी आंत]] | ||
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Line 4,620: | Line 5,197: | ||
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|[[बड़ी आँत]] | |[[बड़ी आँत]] | ||
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Line 4,628: | Line 5,206: | ||
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|[[पीलिया]] | |[[पीलिया]] | ||
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Line 4,636: | Line 5,215: | ||
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|[[वमन]] | |[[वमन]] | ||
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Line 4,644: | Line 5,224: | ||
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|[[प्रवाहिका]] | |[[प्रवाहिका]] | ||
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Line 4,652: | Line 5,233: | ||
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|[[कोष्ठबद्धता]] | |[[कोष्ठबद्धता]] | ||
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Line 4,660: | Line 5,242: | ||
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|[[अपच]] | |[[अपच]] | ||
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Line 4,668: | Line 5,251: | ||
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|[[प्रोटीन ऊर्जा कुपोषण (पीईएम)]] | |[[प्रोटीन ऊर्जा कुपोषण (पीईएम)]] | ||
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Line 4,675: | Line 5,259: | ||
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|'''श्वास और गैसों का विनिमय''' | |'''श्वास और गैसों का विनिमय''' | ||
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Line 4,684: | Line 5,269: | ||
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|[[श्वासन]] | |[[श्वासन]] | ||
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Line 4,692: | Line 5,278: | ||
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|[[श्वसन]] | |[[श्वसन]] | ||
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Line 4,700: | Line 5,287: | ||
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|[[क्लोम]] | |[[क्लोम]] | ||
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Line 4,708: | Line 5,296: | ||
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|[[फेफड़े]] | |[[फेफड़े]] | ||
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Line 4,716: | Line 5,305: | ||
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|[[ग्रसनी]] | |[[ग्रसनी]] | ||
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Line 4,724: | Line 5,314: | ||
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|[[श्वासनली]] | |[[श्वासनली]] | ||
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Line 4,732: | Line 5,323: | ||
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|[[ध्वनि पेटिका]] | |[[ध्वनि पेटिका]] | ||
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Line 4,740: | Line 5,332: | ||
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|[[श्वासनलियाँ]] | |[[श्वासनलियाँ]] | ||
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Line 4,748: | Line 5,341: | ||
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|[[वायु कूपिका]] | |[[वायु कूपिका]] | ||
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Line 4,756: | Line 5,350: | ||
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|[[अन्तः श्वसन]] | |[[अन्तः श्वसन]] | ||
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Line 4,764: | Line 5,359: | ||
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|[[निःश्वसन]] | |[[निःश्वसन]] | ||
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Line 4,772: | Line 5,368: | ||
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|[[ज्वारीय आयतन]] | |[[ज्वारीय आयतन]] | ||
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Line 4,780: | Line 5,377: | ||
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|[[अंत श्वसन सुरक्षित आयतन (आईआरबी)]] | |[[अंत श्वसन सुरक्षित आयतन (आईआरबी)]] | ||
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Line 4,788: | Line 5,386: | ||
| | | | ||
|[[निःश्वास सुरक्षित आयतन]] | |[[निःश्वास सुरक्षित आयतन]] | ||
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Line 4,796: | Line 5,395: | ||
| | | | ||
|[[अवशिष्ट आयतन (RV)]] | |[[अवशिष्ट आयतन (RV)]] | ||
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Line 4,804: | Line 5,404: | ||
| | | | ||
|[[अन्तः श्वसन क्षमता (आईसी)]] | |[[अन्तः श्वसन क्षमता (आईसी)]] | ||
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Line 4,812: | Line 5,413: | ||
| | | | ||
|[[नि:श्वसन क्षमता (ईसी)]] | |[[नि:श्वसन क्षमता (ईसी)]] | ||
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Line 4,820: | Line 5,422: | ||
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|[[क्रियात्मक अवशिष्ट क्षमता (FRC)]] | |[[क्रियात्मक अवशिष्ट क्षमता (FRC)]] | ||
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Line 4,828: | Line 5,431: | ||
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|[[जैव क्षमता (वीसी)]] | |[[जैव क्षमता (वीसी)]] | ||
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Line 4,836: | Line 5,440: | ||
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|[[फेफड़े की कुल क्षमता (टीएलसी)]] | |[[फेफड़े की कुल क्षमता (टीएलसी)]] | ||
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Line 4,844: | Line 5,449: | ||
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|[[गैसों का आदान-प्रदान]] | |[[गैसों का आदान-प्रदान]] | ||
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Line 4,852: | Line 5,458: | ||
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|[[गैसों का परिवहन]] | |[[गैसों का परिवहन]] | ||
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Line 4,860: | Line 5,467: | ||
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|[[ऑक्सीहीमोग्लोबिन]] | |[[ऑक्सीहीमोग्लोबिन]] | ||
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Line 4,868: | Line 5,476: | ||
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|[[कार्बामिनो-हीमोग्लोबिन]] | |[[कार्बामिनो-हीमोग्लोबिन]] | ||
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Line 4,876: | Line 5,485: | ||
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|[[दमा]] | |[[दमा]] | ||
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Line 4,884: | Line 5,494: | ||
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|[[वातस्फीति]] | |[[वातस्फीति]] | ||
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Line 4,892: | Line 5,503: | ||
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|[[व्यावसायिक श्वसन विकार]] | |[[व्यावसायिक श्वसन विकार]] | ||
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Line 4,899: | Line 5,511: | ||
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|'''शरीर द्रव तथा परिसंचरण''' | |'''शरीर द्रव तथा परिसंचरण''' | ||
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Line 4,908: | Line 5,521: | ||
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|[[रक्त]] | |[[रक्त]] | ||
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Line 4,916: | Line 5,530: | ||
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|[[लसीका]] | |[[लसीका]] | ||
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Line 4,924: | Line 5,539: | ||
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|[[प्लाज्मा]] | |[[प्लाज्मा]] | ||
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Line 4,932: | Line 5,548: | ||
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|[[इरिथ्रोसाइट्स (रक्ताणु)]] | |[[इरिथ्रोसाइट्स (रक्ताणु)]] | ||
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Line 4,940: | Line 5,557: | ||
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|[[ल्यूकोसाइट (श्वेत रुधिर कणिकाएं)]] | |[[ल्यूकोसाइट (श्वेत रुधिर कणिकाएं)]] | ||
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Line 4,948: | Line 5,566: | ||
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|[[थ्रॉम्बोसाइट्स]] | |[[थ्रॉम्बोसाइट्स]] | ||
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Line 4,956: | Line 5,575: | ||
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|[[रक्त समूह]] | |[[रक्त समूह]] | ||
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Line 4,964: | Line 5,584: | ||
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|[[ABO समुह]] | |[[ABO समुह]] | ||
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Line 4,972: | Line 5,593: | ||
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|[[Rh समूह]] | |[[Rh समूह]] | ||
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Line 4,980: | Line 5,602: | ||
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|[[Rh सहित]] | |[[Rh सहित]] | ||
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Line 4,988: | Line 5,611: | ||
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|[[Rh हीन]] | |[[Rh हीन]] | ||
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Line 4,996: | Line 5,620: | ||
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|[[रक्त स्कंदन]] | |[[रक्त स्कंदन]] | ||
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Line 5,004: | Line 5,629: | ||
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|[[परिसंचरण पथ]] | |[[परिसंचरण पथ]] | ||
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Line 5,012: | Line 5,638: | ||
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|[[अलिंद]] | |[[अलिंद]] | ||
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Line 5,020: | Line 5,647: | ||
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|[[निलय]] | |[[निलय]] | ||
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Line 5,028: | Line 5,656: | ||
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|[[हृदय]] | |[[हृदय]] | ||
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Line 5,036: | Line 5,665: | ||
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|[[हृदयावरण]] | |[[हृदयावरण]] | ||
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Line 5,044: | Line 5,674: | ||
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|[[शिरा अलिंद पर्व]] | |[[शिरा अलिंद पर्व]] | ||
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Line 5,052: | Line 5,683: | ||
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|[[अलिंद निलय पर्व]] | |[[अलिंद निलय पर्व]] | ||
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Line 5,060: | Line 5,692: | ||
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|[[हृदय चक्र]] | |[[हृदय चक्र]] | ||
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Line 5,068: | Line 5,701: | ||
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|[[विद्युत हृद लेख]] | |[[विद्युत हृद लेख]] | ||
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Line 5,076: | Line 5,710: | ||
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|[[आलिंद का उद्दीपन]] | |[[आलिंद का उद्दीपन]] | ||
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Line 5,084: | Line 5,719: | ||
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|[[निलय का अध्रुवण]] | |[[निलय का अध्रुवण]] | ||
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Line 5,092: | Line 5,728: | ||
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|[[टी तरंग]] | |[[टी तरंग]] | ||
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Line 5,100: | Line 5,737: | ||
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|[[रक्त वाहिकाएं]] | |[[रक्त वाहिकाएं]] | ||
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Line 5,108: | Line 5,746: | ||
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|[[अंतःस्तर कंचुक]] | |[[अंतःस्तर कंचुक]] | ||
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Line 5,116: | Line 5,755: | ||
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|[[वाह्य कंचुक]] | |[[वाह्य कंचुक]] | ||
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Line 5,124: | Line 5,764: | ||
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|[[उच्च रक्त दाब]] | |[[उच्च रक्त दाब]] | ||
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Line 5,132: | Line 5,773: | ||
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|[[कोरोनरी धमनी रोग (सीएडी)]] | |[[कोरोनरी धमनी रोग (सीएडी)]] | ||
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Line 5,140: | Line 5,782: | ||
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|[[एनजाइना (ह्रद शूल)]] | |[[एनजाइना (ह्रद शूल)]] | ||
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Line 5,148: | Line 5,791: | ||
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|[[हृद्पात]] | |[[हृद्पात]] | ||
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Line 5,156: | Line 5,800: | ||
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|[[अनुशिथिलन]] | |[[अनुशिथिलन]] | ||
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Line 5,164: | Line 5,809: | ||
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|[[प्रकुंचन]] | |[[प्रकुंचन]] | ||
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Line 5,172: | Line 5,818: | ||
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|[[P- तरंग]] | |[[P- तरंग]] | ||
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Line 5,180: | Line 5,827: | ||
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|[[सिनो-आलिंद नोड]] | |[[सिनो-आलिंद नोड]] | ||
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Line 5,188: | Line 5,836: | ||
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|[[मायोजेनिक]] | |[[मायोजेनिक]] | ||
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Line 5,196: | Line 5,845: | ||
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|[[हृदयी निर्गम]] | |[[हृदयी निर्गम]] | ||
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Line 5,204: | Line 5,854: | ||
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|[[प्लेटलेट्स]] | |[[प्लेटलेट्स]] | ||
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Line 5,212: | Line 5,863: | ||
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|[[पेसमेकर]] | |[[पेसमेकर]] | ||
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Line 5,220: | Line 5,872: | ||
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|[[ह्रद निकास]] | |[[ह्रद निकास]] | ||
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Line 5,228: | Line 5,881: | ||
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|[[स्ट्रोक या विस्पंदन आयतन]] | |[[स्ट्रोक या विस्पंदन आयतन]] | ||
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Line 5,235: | Line 5,889: | ||
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|'''उत्सर्जी उत्पाद और उनका निष्कासन''' | |'''उत्सर्जी उत्पाद और उनका निष्कासन''' | ||
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Line 5,244: | Line 5,899: | ||
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|[[अमोनिया उत्सर्जी]] | |[[अमोनिया उत्सर्जी]] | ||
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Line 5,252: | Line 5,908: | ||
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|[[यूरिया उत्सर्जी]] | |[[यूरिया उत्सर्जी]] | ||
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Line 5,260: | Line 5,917: | ||
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|[[यूरिकोटेलिक]] | |[[यूरिकोटेलिक]] | ||
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Line 5,268: | Line 5,926: | ||
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|[[मैलपीगी नलिकाएं]] | |[[मैलपीगी नलिकाएं]] | ||
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Line 5,276: | Line 5,935: | ||
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|[[बर्टिनी स्तंभ]] | |[[बर्टिनी स्तंभ]] | ||
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Line 5,284: | Line 5,944: | ||
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|[[नेफ्रॉन]] | |[[नेफ्रॉन]] | ||
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Line 5,292: | Line 5,953: | ||
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|[[बोमेन सम्पुट]] | |[[बोमेन सम्पुट]] | ||
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Line 5,300: | Line 5,962: | ||
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|[[समीपस्थ संवलित नलिका]] | |[[समीपस्थ संवलित नलिका]] | ||
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Line 5,308: | Line 5,971: | ||
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|[[हेन्ले लूप]] | |[[हेन्ले लूप]] | ||
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Line 5,316: | Line 5,980: | ||
| | | | ||
|[[दूरस्थ संवलित नलिका]] | |[[दूरस्थ संवलित नलिका]] | ||
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Line 5,324: | Line 5,989: | ||
| | | | ||
|[[केशिकागुच्छीय निस्पंदन]] | |[[केशिकागुच्छीय निस्पंदन]] | ||
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Line 5,332: | Line 5,998: | ||
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|[[परा निस्पंदन]] | |[[परा निस्पंदन]] | ||
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Line 5,340: | Line 6,007: | ||
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|[[केशिकागुच्छीय निस्पंदन दर]] | |[[केशिकागुच्छीय निस्पंदन दर]] | ||
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Line 5,348: | Line 6,016: | ||
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|[[पुनः अवशोषण]] | |[[पुनः अवशोषण]] | ||
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Line 5,356: | Line 6,025: | ||
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|[[संग्रह नलिका]] | |[[संग्रह नलिका]] | ||
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Line 5,364: | Line 6,034: | ||
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|[[प्रतिधारा क्रियाविधि]] | |[[प्रतिधारा क्रियाविधि]] | ||
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Line 5,372: | Line 6,043: | ||
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|[[वासा रेक्टा]] | |[[वासा रेक्टा]] | ||
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Line 5,380: | Line 6,052: | ||
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|[[रेनिन]] | |[[रेनिन]] | ||
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Line 5,388: | Line 6,061: | ||
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|[[रेनिन-एंजियोटेनसिन]] | |[[रेनिन-एंजियोटेनसिन]] | ||
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Line 5,396: | Line 6,070: | ||
| | | | ||
|[[आलिंद नैट्रियूरेटिक कारक]] | |[[आलिंद नैट्रियूरेटिक कारक]] | ||
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Line 5,404: | Line 6,079: | ||
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|[[यूरीमिया]] | |[[यूरीमिया]] | ||
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Line 5,412: | Line 6,088: | ||
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|[[हीमोडायलिसिस]] | |[[हीमोडायलिसिस]] | ||
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Line 5,420: | Line 6,097: | ||
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|[[कृत्रिम वृक्क]] | |[[कृत्रिम वृक्क]] | ||
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Line 5,428: | Line 6,106: | ||
| | | | ||
|[[वृक्क की क्रियाहीनता]] | |[[वृक्क की क्रियाहीनता]] | ||
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Line 5,436: | Line 6,115: | ||
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|[[रेनल कैलकुली]] | |[[रेनल कैलकुली]] | ||
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Line 5,444: | Line 6,124: | ||
| | | | ||
|[[ग्लोमेरुलोनेफ्राइटिस]] | |[[ग्लोमेरुलोनेफ्राइटिस]] | ||
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Line 5,451: | Line 6,132: | ||
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|'''गमन एवं संचलन''' | |'''गमन एवं संचलन''' | ||
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Line 5,460: | Line 6,142: | ||
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|[[गमन]] | |[[गमन]] | ||
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Line 5,468: | Line 6,151: | ||
| | | | ||
|[[कशाभिका गति]] | |[[कशाभिका गति]] | ||
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| | | | ||
Line 5,476: | Line 6,160: | ||
| | | | ||
|[[कंकाल पेशियाँ]] | |[[कंकाल पेशियाँ]] | ||
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| | | | ||
Line 5,484: | Line 6,169: | ||
| | | | ||
|[[ऐच्छिक पेशियाँ]] | |[[ऐच्छिक पेशियाँ]] | ||
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| | | | ||
| | | | ||
Line 5,492: | Line 6,178: | ||
| | | | ||
|[[अंतरंग पेशियाँ]] | |[[अंतरंग पेशियाँ]] | ||
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| | | | ||
| | | | ||
Line 5,500: | Line 6,187: | ||
| | | | ||
|[[चिकनी पेशियाँ]] | |[[चिकनी पेशियाँ]] | ||
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| | | | ||
| | | | ||
Line 5,508: | Line 6,196: | ||
| | | | ||
|[[हृद पेशियाँ]] | |[[हृद पेशियाँ]] | ||
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| | | | ||
| | | | ||
Line 5,516: | Line 6,205: | ||
| | | | ||
|[[पेशी बण्डल या पूलिकाओं]] | |[[पेशी बण्डल या पूलिकाओं]] | ||
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| | | | ||
Line 5,524: | Line 6,214: | ||
| | | | ||
|[[संपटट]] | |[[संपटट]] | ||
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| | | | ||
| | | | ||
Line 5,532: | Line 6,223: | ||
| | | | ||
|[[पेशी तन्तुक]] | |[[पेशी तन्तुक]] | ||
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| | | | ||
| | | | ||
Line 5,540: | Line 6,232: | ||
| | | | ||
|[[एक्टिन]] | |[[एक्टिन]] | ||
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| | | | ||
| | | | ||
Line 5,548: | Line 6,241: | ||
| | | | ||
|[[मायोसीन]] | |[[मायोसीन]] | ||
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| | | | ||
| | | | ||
Line 5,556: | Line 6,250: | ||
| | | | ||
|[[अक्षीय कंकाल]] | |[[अक्षीय कंकाल]] | ||
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| | | | ||
| | | | ||
Line 5,564: | Line 6,259: | ||
| | | | ||
|[[कर्ण अस्थिकाएँ]] | |[[कर्ण अस्थिकाएँ]] | ||
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| | | | ||
| | | | ||
Line 5,572: | Line 6,268: | ||
| | | | ||
|[[कशेरुक दंड]] | |[[कशेरुक दंड]] | ||
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| | | | ||
| | | | ||
Line 5,580: | Line 6,277: | ||
| | | | ||
|[[उरोस्थि]] | |[[उरोस्थि]] | ||
| | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
Line 5,588: | Line 6,286: | ||
| | | | ||
|[[पसलियां]] | |[[पसलियां]] | ||
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| | | | ||
| | | | ||
Line 5,596: | Line 6,295: | ||
| | | | ||
|[[उपांगीय कंकाल]] | |[[उपांगीय कंकाल]] | ||
| | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
Line 5,604: | Line 6,304: | ||
| | | | ||
|[[पाद]] | |[[पाद]] | ||
| | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
Line 5,612: | Line 6,313: | ||
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|[[अंश और श्रोणि मेखला]] | |[[अंश और श्रोणि मेखला]] | ||
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|'''रासायनिक समन्वय तथा एकीकरण''' | |'''रासायनिक समन्वय तथा एकीकरण''' | ||
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|[[एट्रियल नैट्रियूरेटिक फैक्टर]] | |[[एट्रियल नैट्रियूरेटिक फैक्टर]] | ||
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|[[हार्मोन ग्राही]] | |[[हार्मोन ग्राही]] | ||
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|Hormone receptors | |Hormone receptors | ||
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Revision as of 16:32, 23 August 2023
S.No. | इकाई | अध्याय | विषय | Article Creator Name | Unit - 1 | Chapter | Topic |
इकाई - एक | |||||||
1 | जीव जगत में विविधता | Diversity in the living world | |||||
जीव जगत | The living world | ||||||
जीव | living | ||||||
वृद्धि | Growth | ||||||
जनन | Reproduction | ||||||
उपापचयन | Metabolism | ||||||
जैविक विविधता | Biodiversity | ||||||
नाम पद्धति | Nomenclature | ||||||
द्विपदनाम पद्धति | Binomial Nomenclature | ||||||
टैक्सा | Taxa | ||||||
वर्गिकी | Taxonomy | ||||||
जाति (स्पीशीज) | Species | ||||||
वंश | Genus | ||||||
गण | order | ||||||
संघ | Phylum | ||||||
हरबेरियम | Herbarium | ||||||
वनस्पति-उद्यान | Botanical Garden | ||||||
संग्रहालय | Museum | ||||||
प्राणि उद्यान | Zoological park | ||||||
2 | जीव जगत का वर्गीकरण | Biological Classification | |||||
द्विजगत पद्धति | Dual system | ||||||
आध बैक्टीरिया | Archaebacteria | ||||||
यूबैक्टीरिया | Eubacteria | ||||||
सायनोबैक्टीरिया | Cyanobacteria | ||||||
परपोषी बैक्टीरिया | Parasitic Bacteria | ||||||
प्रोटिस्टा जगत | Protista Kingdom | ||||||
क्राइसोफाइट्स | Chrysophytes | ||||||
डायनोफ्लैजिलेट | Dinoflagellates | ||||||
यूग्लेनॉइड्स | Euglenoids | ||||||
अवपंक कवक | scale fungus | ||||||
प्रोटोजोआ | Protozoa | ||||||
कवक | Fungi | ||||||
ss | फाइकोमाइसिटीज | Phycomycetes | |||||
एस्कोमाइसिटीज | Ascomycetes | ||||||
बेसिडियोमाइसिटीज | Basidiomycetes | ||||||
डयूटिरोमाइसिटीज | Deuteromycetes | ||||||
पादप जगत | Plantae Kingdom | ||||||
जंतु जगत | Animal kingdom | ||||||
विषाणु | Virus | ||||||
वाइराइड | Viroid | ||||||
प्रिऑन | Prione | ||||||
लाइकेन | Lichen | ||||||
शैवालांश | Algae | ||||||
माइकोवायंट | Mycovyant | ||||||
3 | वनस्पति जगत | Plant Kingdom | |||||
शैवाल | Algae | ||||||
जूस्पोर | Zoospores | ||||||
समयुग्मकी | homozygous | ||||||
असमयुग्मकी | heterozygous | ||||||
नरयुग्मक | Male gametes | ||||||
लाल शैवाल | Red algae | ||||||
कैरागीन | carrageen | ||||||
क्लोरोफाइसी (हरा शैवाल) | Chlorophyceae (green algae) | ||||||
फियोफाइसी (भूरा शैवाल) | phaeophyceae (Brown Algae) | ||||||
रोडोफाइसी (लाल शैवाल) | Rhodophyceae | ||||||
ब्रायोफाइट्स | Bryophytes | ||||||
युग्मकोभिद | Gametophyte | ||||||
पुंधानी | Antheridium | ||||||
स्त्रीधानी | Archegonium | ||||||
स्पोरोफाइट | Sporophyte | ||||||
लिवरवर्ट | Livervart | ||||||
मॉस | Moss | ||||||
टेरिडोफाइट | pteridophytes | ||||||
जिमनोस्पर्म | Gymnosperm | ||||||
एंजियोस्पेर्म | Angiosperms | ||||||
परागण | pollination | ||||||
पीढ़ी एकान्तरण | Alternation of generations | ||||||
बीजाणु उद्भिद (स्पोरोफिटिक) | Sporophyte | ||||||
4 | प्राणी जगत | Animal Kingdom | |||||
एक्टोडर्म | Ectoderm | ||||||
एंडोडर्म | Endoderm | ||||||
मीजोडर्म | Mesoderm | ||||||
देहगुहा (प्रगुहा) | Coelom | ||||||
सैगमेंटेशन (खंडीभवन) | Segmentation | ||||||
विखंडावस्था | metameric segmentation | ||||||
पृष्ठरज्जु | Notochord | ||||||
संघ पोरिफेरा | Phylum Porifera | ||||||
ऑस्टिया | Austia | ||||||
स्पंज गुहा | Spongocoel | ||||||
ऑस्कुलम | Osculam | ||||||
कोएनोसाइट | Choanocytes | ||||||
नाल तंत्र | canals | ||||||
ओस्टिया | Ostia | ||||||
स्पांजिला | Spongilla | ||||||
यूस्पॉन्जिया | Euspongia | ||||||
फाइलम सीलेन्ट्रेटा | Phylum – Coelenterata (Cnidaria) | ||||||
दंश कोशिका | Nematocysts | ||||||
नाइडोब्लास्ट | Cnidoblasts | ||||||
संघ टीनोफोर | Phylum – Ctenophora | ||||||
संघ प्लेटीहेल्मिन्थीज (चपटे कृमि) | Phylum – Platyhelminthes | ||||||
संघ एस्केल्मिन्थीज (गोलकृमि) | Phylum – Aschelminthes | ||||||
संघ एनेलिडा | Phylum – Annelida | ||||||
पैरापोडिया | Parapodia | ||||||
वृक्कक | Nephridia | ||||||
नेफ्रीडियम | Nephridium | ||||||
संघ आर्थोपोडा | Phylum – Arthropoda | ||||||
संधियुक्त पाद | Jointed appendages | ||||||
मैलपिगी नलिका | Malpighian tubules | ||||||
संघ मोलस्का | Phylum mollusca | ||||||
रेडुला | Radula | ||||||
संघ इकोनोडर्मेटा | Phylum Echinodermata | ||||||
जल संवहन तंत्र | Water vascular system | ||||||
संघ हेमीकोर्डेटा | Phylum – Hemichordata | ||||||
क्लोम छिद्र | Gill slits | ||||||
उपास्थिल मेरुदंड | Notochord | ||||||
वर्ग-साइक्लोस्टोमेटा | Class – Cyclostomata | ||||||
वर्ग-कांड्रीक्थीज | Class – Chondrichthyes | ||||||
ऑपरकुलम | Operculum | ||||||
वर्ग- एम्फीबिया | Class – Amphibia | ||||||
कर्णपटल | Tympanum | ||||||
अवस्कर | Cloaca | ||||||
वर्ग- सरीसृप | Class – Reptilia | ||||||
प्रशल्क | Scales | ||||||
वर्ग एवीज | Class – Aves | ||||||
समतापी | Homoiothermous | ||||||
वर्ग स्तनधारी | Class – Mammalia | ||||||
स्तनग्रंथि | Mammary glands | ||||||
इकाई - दो | Unit- 2 | ||||||
पादप एवं प्राणियों में संरचनात्मक संगठन | Structural Organisation in Plants and Animals | ||||||
5 | पुष्पी पादपों की आकारिकी | Morphology of Flowering Plants | |||||
आकारिकी | Morphology | ||||||
प्राथमिक मूल | Primary root | ||||||
द्वितीयक मूल | Secondary Root | ||||||
तृतीयक मूल | Tertiary root | ||||||
मूसला मूलतंत्र | Tap root system | ||||||
झकड़ा मूलतंत्र | Fibrous root | ||||||
अपस्थानिक मूल | Adventitious roots | ||||||
मूल गोप | Root cap | ||||||
मेरिस्टमी क्रियाओं का क्षेत्र | Region of meristematic activity | ||||||
दीर्घीकरण क्षेत्र | Region of elongation | ||||||
परिपक्व क्षेत्र | Region of maturation | ||||||
मूलरोम | Root hairs | ||||||
प्रोप रुट | Prop roots | ||||||
अवस्तम्भ रूट | Stilt roots | ||||||
श्वसन मूल | pneumatophores | ||||||
प्रतान | Tendrils | ||||||
पर्णाधार | leaf base | ||||||
पर्णवृंततल्प | Petiole | ||||||
पर्णवृंत | Petiole | ||||||
स्तरिका | lamina | ||||||
मध्यशिरा | Midrib | ||||||
शिराविन्यास | venation | ||||||
सरल पत्ती | simple leaf | ||||||
संयुक्त पत्ती | compound leaf | ||||||
पर्णविन्यास | foliage | ||||||
पत्ती के रूपांतरण | metamorphosis of leaf | ||||||
पुष्पक्रम | inflorescence | ||||||
असीमाक्षी | Racemose | ||||||
ससीमाक्षी | cymose | ||||||
पुष्प | flowers | ||||||
पुष्पासन | Thalamus or receptacle. | ||||||
सहपत्री | Bracteate | ||||||
सहपत्रहीन | Ebracteate | ||||||
अधोजायांगता | Hypogynous | ||||||
परिजायांगता | Perigynous | ||||||
अधिजायांगता | Epigynous | ||||||
अधोवर्ती | downward | ||||||
ऊर्ध्ववर्ती | vertical | ||||||
केल्किस | Calyx | ||||||
केल्किस संयुक्त बाह्य दली | Gamosepalous | ||||||
पृथक बाह्यदली | Polysepalous | ||||||
कोरोला | Corolla | ||||||
कोरस्पर्शी | Valvate | ||||||
व्यावर्तित | Twisted | ||||||
कोरछादी | Imbricate | ||||||
वैक्ज़ीलरी | vaccillary | ||||||
पुमंग | stamen | ||||||
स्टेमिनाएड | Staminode | ||||||
दललग्न (एपिपेटलस) | Epipetalus | ||||||
परिदल लग्न (एपिफिलस) | Epiphyllus | ||||||
जायांग | Gynoecium | ||||||
वर्तिका | style | ||||||
वर्तिकाग्र | stigma | ||||||
बीजाण्डासन | Placenta | ||||||
वियुक्तांडपी | Apocarpous | ||||||
युक्तांडपी | Syncarpous | ||||||
बीजाण्डन्यास | Placentation | ||||||
अनिषेक फलन | Parthenocarpic | ||||||
फलभित्ति | Pericarp | ||||||
वाह्यफल | Epicarp | ||||||
मध्यफल | Mesocarp | ||||||
अन्तःफलभित्ति | Endocarp | ||||||
बीजावरण | Testa | ||||||
टेगमेन | tegmen. | ||||||
बीजाण्डद्वार | Micropyle | ||||||
मूलांकुर | Radicle. | ||||||
भ्रूणपोष | Endosperm | ||||||
एल्यूरोन परत | Aleurone layer | ||||||
स्कुटेलम | scutellum | ||||||
प्रांकुर | Plumule | ||||||
मूलांकुर | Radicle | ||||||
प्रांकुरचोल | Coleoptile | ||||||
मूलांकुर चोल | Coleorhiza | ||||||
फाबेसी | Fabaceae | ||||||
सोलैनेसी | Solanaceae | ||||||
लिलिएसी | Liliaceae | ||||||
6 | पुष्पी पादपों का शरीर | Anatomy of Flowering Plants | |||||
ऊतक | Tissues | ||||||
मेरिस्टेमेटिक ऊतक | Meristematic Tissues | ||||||
मेरिस्टेम | Meristems | ||||||
शीर्षस्थ मेरिस्टेम | Apical meristems | ||||||
कक्षीय कली | Axillary bud | ||||||
अंतर्वेशी मेरिस्टेम | Intercalary Meristem | ||||||
प्राथमिक मेरिस्टेम्स | Primary meristem | ||||||
द्वितीयक या पार्श्व मेरिस्टेम्स | Secondary or lateral meristem | ||||||
स्थायी या परिपक्व कोशिकाएं | Permanent or mature cells | ||||||
सरल ऊतक | Simple tissues | ||||||
पैरेन्काइमा | Parenchyma | ||||||
कोलेन्काइमा | Collenchyma | ||||||
स्क्लेरेन्काइमा | Sclerenchyma | ||||||
स्किलिरिड | sclereids | ||||||
जटिल ऊतक | Complex Tissues | ||||||
जाइलम | Xylem | ||||||
ट्रेकीड | Tracheids | ||||||
वाहिका | Vessel | ||||||
जाइलम तंतु | Xylem fibres | ||||||
जाइलम पैरेन्काइमा | Xylem parenchyma | ||||||
प्रोटोजाइलम | protoxylem | ||||||
मेटाजाइलम | Metaxylem | ||||||
मध्यादिदारुक | Endarch | ||||||
वाह्य आदिदारुक | exarch | ||||||
फ्लाएम | Phloem | ||||||
चालनी नलिका | Sieve tube elements | ||||||
सहचर कोशिकाएं | Companion cells | ||||||
फ्लोएम पैरेन्काइमा | Phloem parenchyma | ||||||
फ्लोएम तंतु | Phloem fibres | ||||||
प्रोटोफ्लोएम | Protophloem | ||||||
मेटाफ्लोएम | Metaphloem. | ||||||
क्यूटिकल | Cuticle | ||||||
रंध्र | Stomata | ||||||
सहायक कोशिकाएं | Subsidiary cells | ||||||
रंध्री तंत्र | Stomatal apparatus | ||||||
मूलरोम | Root hairs | ||||||
ट्राइकोम्स | Trichomes | ||||||
भरण ऊतक | Ground tissue | ||||||
पर्णमध्योतक | Mesophyll | ||||||
कैंबियम | Cambium | ||||||
खुला संवहन बंडल | Open vascular bundles. | ||||||
बंद संवहन बंडल | Closed vascular bundles | ||||||
रेडियल संवहनी बंडल | Radial vascular bundles | ||||||
मूलीय त्वचा | Epiblema | ||||||
कैस्पेरियन पट्टी | Cortex | ||||||
परिरम्भ | Casparian strips. | ||||||
कंजकटिव ऊतक | Pericycle | ||||||
पिथ | Conjuctive tissue | ||||||
खम्भा पैरेन्काइमा | pith | ||||||
स्पंजी पैरेन्काइमा | palisade parenchyma | ||||||
आवर्ध त्वक्कोशिका | |||||||
द्वितीयक वृद्धि | Secondary growth | ||||||
पार्श्वीय मेरिस्टम | lateral meristem | ||||||
संवहन कैंबियम | vascular cambium | ||||||
कार्क कैंबियम | Cork Cambium | ||||||
अन्तः पूलीय कैम्बियम | Intyracalary Cambium | ||||||
अन्तरापूलीय कैम्बियम | Intercalary cambium | ||||||
द्वितीयक जाइलम | Secondary Xylem | ||||||
द्वितीयक फ्लोएम | Secondary Phloem | ||||||
द्वितीयक मज्जाकिरण | Secondary medullary | ||||||
बसंतदारु (अग्र दारू) | Spring wood | ||||||
शरद दारू (पश्च दारू) | Early wood | ||||||
वार्षिक वलय | Annual ring | ||||||
रसदारु | sapwood | ||||||
ह्रददारु | Heartwood | ||||||
कॉर्क कैम्बियम | cork cambium | ||||||
द्वितीयक वल्कुट | Secondary cortex or Phelloderm | ||||||
परिचर्म | Periderm | ||||||
छालवल्क | Bark | ||||||
वातरंध्र | Lenticels | ||||||
7 | प्राणियों में संरचनात्मक संगठन | Structural Organsation in Animals | |||||
सरल उपकला | simple epithelium | ||||||
संयुक्त उपकला | compound epithelium | ||||||
शल्की उपकला | Squamous epithelium | ||||||
घनाकार उपकला | Cuboidal epithelium | ||||||
स्तम्भाकार उपकला | Columnar epithelium | ||||||
पक्ष्माभी उपकला | Ciliated epithelium | ||||||
ग्रंथिल उपकला | Glandular epithelium | ||||||
बहिःस्त्रावी | Exocrine | ||||||
अंत: स्रावी | Endocrine | ||||||
संयुक्त उपकला | Compound epithelium | ||||||
दृढ संधियाँ | Tight junctions | ||||||
आसंजी संधियाँ | Adhering junctions | ||||||
अंतराली संधियां | Gap junctions | ||||||
लचीले संयोजी ऊतक | Areolar tissue | ||||||
सघन संयोजी ऊतक | Dense connective tissues | ||||||
वसा ऊतक | Adipose tissue | ||||||
विशिष्ट संयोजी ऊतक | specialised connective tissues | ||||||
अस्थि | Bones | ||||||
रक्त | Blood | ||||||
कंकाल पेशी | Skeletal muscle | ||||||
चिकनी पेशी | smooth muscle | ||||||
हृद पेशी | Cardiac muscle tissue | ||||||
तंत्रिका ऊतक | Neural Tissue | ||||||
अंग और अंगतंत्र | Organ and organ System | ||||||
केंचुआ | Earthworm | ||||||
क्लाइटेलम | Clitellum | ||||||
शूक | Setae | ||||||
आंत्रवलन | Typhlosole | ||||||
नेफ्रिडिया | Nephridia | ||||||
कॉकरोच | Cockroache | ||||||
मैलपीगी नलिकाएं | Malpighian tubules | ||||||
यूरिकाम्ल | Uricotelic | ||||||
नेत्राशंक | ommatidia | ||||||
इकाई - तीन | Unit - 3 | ||||||
संरचना और कार्य | Structure and functions | ||||||
8 | कोशिका : जीवन की इकाई | cell: The unit of life | |||||
कोशिका | Cell | ||||||
एंटोन वॉन ल्यूवेनहोक | Anton Von Leeuwenhoek | ||||||
कोशिका सिद्धांत | Cell theory | ||||||
श्लेडेन और श्वान | Schleiden and Schwann | ||||||
प्रोकैरियोटिक कोशिकाएं | Prokaryotic cells | ||||||
डीएनए | DNA | ||||||
ग्राम धनात्मक जीवाणु | Gram positive bacteria | ||||||
ग्राम ऋणात्मक जीवाणु | Gram negative bacteria | ||||||
अवपंक परत | Slime layer | ||||||
सम्पुटिका | Capsule | ||||||
मीसोजोम | Mesosome | ||||||
पुटिका | Form of vesicles | ||||||
नलिका | Tubules | ||||||
पटलिका | Lamellae | ||||||
तन्तु | Filament | ||||||
कशाभिका | Flagellum | ||||||
रोम | Pili | ||||||
झालर | Fimbriae | ||||||
राइबोसोम | Ribosomes | ||||||
बहुराइबोसोम या बहु सूत्र | Polyribosomes or polysome | ||||||
अंतर्विष्ट पिंड | Inclusion bodies | ||||||
केंद्रीय रसधानी | Central vacuole | ||||||
तारक काय | Centrioles | ||||||
यूकेरियोटिक कोशिकाएं | Eukaryotic cells | ||||||
कोशिका झिल्ली | Cell Membrane | ||||||
तरल किर्मीर नमूना | Fluid mosaic model | ||||||
निष्क्रिय परिवहन | Passive transport | ||||||
सक्रिय परिवहन | Active transport | ||||||
परासरण | Osmosis. | ||||||
कोशिका भित्ति | Cell wall | ||||||
प्राथमिक भित्ति | Primary wall | ||||||
अंतः झिल्लिका तंत्र | Endomembrane system | ||||||
अन्तः प्रदव्ययी जलिका | Endoplasmic Reticulum | ||||||
गॉल्जीकाय | Golgi apparatus | ||||||
लाइसोसोम | Lysosomes | ||||||
संकुचनशील रसधानी | Contractile vacuole | ||||||
खाध रसधानी | Food vacuoles | ||||||
माइटोकॉन्ड्रिया | Mitochondria | ||||||
आधात्री | Matrix | ||||||
क्रिस्टी | Cristae | ||||||
पर्णहरित | Chlorophyll | ||||||
कैरोटेनॉइड | Carotenoid | ||||||
मंड लवक | Amyloplasts | ||||||
तेल लवक | Elaioplasts | ||||||
प्रोटीन लवक | Aleuroplasts | ||||||
थाइलेकोइड | Thylakoids | ||||||
साइटोपंजर | Cytoskeleton | ||||||
पक्ष्माभ | Cilia | ||||||
कशाभिका | Flagella | ||||||
अक्षसूत्र | Axoneme | ||||||
क्रोमेटिन | Chromatin | ||||||
केंद्रिक | Nucleoli | ||||||
परिकेन्द्रकी अवकाश | Perinuclear space | ||||||
केन्द्रक द्रव्य | Nucleoplasm | ||||||
माइक्रोबॉडीज | Microbodies | ||||||
9 | जैव अणु | Biomolecules | |||||
ज्विटर आयन | zwitterion | ||||||
अमीनो अम्ल | Amino acids | ||||||
शर्करा (कार्बोहाइड्रेट) | Sugars (Carbohydrates) | ||||||
ग्लाइसीन | Glycine | ||||||
एलानिन | Alanine | ||||||
सेरिन | Serine | ||||||
पामिटिक अम्ल | Palmitic acid | ||||||
ग्लिसरॉल | Glycerol | ||||||
ट्राइग्लिसराइड | Triglyceride | ||||||
फास्फोलिपिड (लेसिथिन) | Phospholipid (Lecithin) | ||||||
कोलेस्ट्रॉल | Cholesterol | ||||||
एडेनिन (प्यूरिन) | Adenine (Purine) | ||||||
एडीनोसिन | Adenosine | ||||||
एडेनिलिक अम्ल | Adenylic acid | ||||||
यूरेसिल (पाइरीमिडीन) | Uracil (Pyrimidine) | ||||||
यूरिडीन | Uridine | ||||||
न्यूक्लियोसाइड | Nucleosides | ||||||
न्यूक्लियोटाइड | Nucleotide | ||||||
द्वितीयक उपापचयज | Secondary metabolites | ||||||
प्राथमिक उपापचयज | Primary metabolites | ||||||
वृहत जैव अणु | Biomacromolecules | ||||||
प्रोटीन | Proteins | ||||||
पॉलीसैकराइड | Polysaccharides | ||||||
न्यूक्लिक अम्ल | Nucleic acid | ||||||
प्रोटीन की संरचना | Structure of protein | ||||||
अल्फा - हेलिक्स | Alpha – Helix | ||||||
बीटा– प्लीटेड शीट | Beta– plated sheet | ||||||
पेप्टाइड बंध | Peptide bond | ||||||
ग्लाइकोसिडिक बंध | Glycosidic bond | ||||||
उत्प्रेरित अभिक्रियाएं | Catalysed Reaction | ||||||
उपापचय पथ | Anabolic pathways | ||||||
अपचय पथ | Catabolic pathways. | ||||||
एडेनोसाइन ट्राइफॉस्फेट (एटीपी) | Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) | ||||||
रासायनिक अभिक्रिया | Chemical Reaction | ||||||
सक्रियण ऊर्जा | Activation energy | ||||||
एंजाइम क्रिया की प्रकृति | Nature of Enzyme Action | ||||||
एंजाइम क्रियाविधि को प्रभावित करने वाले कारक | Factors Affecting Enzyme Activity | ||||||
संदमन | Inhibition | ||||||
ऑक्सीडोरडक्टेस / डिहाइड्रोजनेज | Oxidoreductases/dehydrogenases | ||||||
ट्रांसफरेज | Transferases | ||||||
हाइड्रोलेजेज | Hydrolases | ||||||
लाइसेस | Lyases | ||||||
आइसोमरेज | Isomerases | ||||||
लाइगेजेज | Ligases: | ||||||
सह-कारक | Co-factors | ||||||
10 | कोशिका चक्र और कोशिका विभाजन | Cell Cycle and Cell Division | |||||
कोशिका चक्र | Cell cycle | ||||||
अंतरावस्था | Interphase | ||||||
एम प्रावस्था (समसूत्री विभाजन) | M Phase (Mitosis phase) | ||||||
कार्योकाइनेसिस | Karyokinesis | ||||||
साइटोकाइनेसिस | Cytokinesis | ||||||
पश्च सूत्री अंतरकाल प्रावस्था | G1 phase (Gap 1) | ||||||
संश्लेषण प्रावस्था | S phase (Synthesis) | ||||||
पूर्व - सूत्री विभाजन अंतरालकाल प्रावस्था | G2 phase (Gap 2) | ||||||
शांत अवस्था | Quiescent stage (G0 ) | ||||||
सूत्री विभाजन अवस्था (M प्रावस्था) | M Phase (Mitosis phase) | ||||||
पूर्वावस्था | Prophase | ||||||
मध्यावस्था | Metaphase | ||||||
पश्चावस्था | Anaphase | ||||||
अंत्यावस्था | Telophase | ||||||
कोशिकाद्रव्य विभाजन | Cytokinesis | ||||||
अर्धसूत्रीविभाजन | Meiosis | ||||||
तनुपट्ट | leptotene | ||||||
युग्मपट्ट | Zygotene | ||||||
स्थूलपट्ट | Pachytene | ||||||
द्विपट्ट | Diplotene | ||||||
काएज्मेटा | Chiasmata | ||||||
डायकाइनेसिस | Diakinesis | ||||||
इकाई - चार | Unit - 4 | ||||||
पादप कार्यकीय (शरीर क्रियात्मकता) | Plant Physiology | ||||||
11 | पौधों में परिवहन | Transport in Plants | |||||
स्थानान्तरण | Translocation | ||||||
विसरण | Diffusion | ||||||
सुसाध्य विसरण | Facilitated diffusion | ||||||
पोरिन् | Porins | ||||||
एक्वापोरिन | Aquaporins | ||||||
सिम्पोर्ट | Symport | ||||||
एंटिपोर्ट | Antiport | ||||||
यूनिपोर्ट | Uniport. | ||||||
सक्रिय परिवहन | Active transport | ||||||
निष्क्रिय परिवहन | Passive transport | ||||||
जल विभव (Ψw) | Water potential (Ψw ) | ||||||
विलेय विभव (Ψs ) | Solute potential (Ψs ) | ||||||
दाब विभव (Ψp) | Pressure potential (Ψp ) | ||||||
दाब प्रवणता | Pressure gradient | ||||||
सांद्रता प्रवणता | Concentration gradient | ||||||
जीवद्रव्यकुंचन | Plasmolysis | ||||||
समपरासरी | Isotonic | ||||||
अल्पपरासारी | Hypotonic | ||||||
अतिपरासारी | Hypertonic | ||||||
स्फीत दबाव | Turgor pressure | ||||||
अंत-शोषण | Imbibition | ||||||
सामूहिक या थोक प्रवाह | Mass or bulk flow | ||||||
एपोप्लास्ट पथ | Apoplast pathway | ||||||
सिम्प्लास्ट पथ | Symplast pathway | ||||||
कैस्पेरियन पट्टी | Casparian strips | ||||||
माइकोराइजा | Mycorrhiza | ||||||
मूल दाब | Root Pressure | ||||||
बिन्दुस्राव | Guttation | ||||||
सामंजस्य-तनाव-वाष्पोत्सर्जन खिंचाव मॉडल | Cohesion-tension-transpiration pull mode | ||||||
रंध्र छिद्र | Stomatal aperture, | ||||||
रक्षक कोशिकाएं | Guard cells | ||||||
सासंजन | Cohesion | ||||||
आसंजन | Adhesion | ||||||
तन्य -सामर्थ्य | Tensile strength | ||||||
ट्रेकिड् और वाहिका तत्व | Tracheids and vessel elements | ||||||
सक्रिय अवशोषण | Active absorption | ||||||
दबाव प्रवाह या द्रव्यमान प्रवाह परिकल्पना | The Pressure Flow or Mass Flow Hypothesis | ||||||
12 | खनिज पोषण | Mineral nutrition | |||||
जल संवर्धन | Hydroponics. | ||||||
वृहत पोषक तत्व | Macronutrients | ||||||
सूक्ष्म पोषक तत्व | Micronutrients | ||||||
क्रांतिक सांद्रता | Critical concentration | ||||||
सूक्ष्म पोषक तत्वों की विषाक्तता | Toxicity of Micronutrients | ||||||
अभिवाह | Flux | ||||||
अन्तर्वाह | Influx | ||||||
बहि: स्राव | Efflux | ||||||
नाइट्रोजन चक्र | Nitrogen Cycle | ||||||
नाइट्रोजन स्थिरीकरण | Nitrogenfixation | ||||||
नाइट्रीकरण | Nitrification | ||||||
रसायनपोषी | Chemoautotrophs | ||||||
जैविक नाइट्रोजन स्थिरीकरण | Biological nitrogen fixation | ||||||
सहजीवी जैविक नाइट्रोजन स्थिरीकरण | Symbiotic biological nitrogen fixation | ||||||
राइजोबियम | Rhizobium | ||||||
अमोनिया की स्थिति | Fate of ammonia | ||||||
अपचयित एमीनीकरण | Reductive amination | ||||||
ट्रांसएमिनेशन | Transamination | ||||||
13 | उच्च पादपों में प्रकाश संश्लेषण | Photosynthesis In Higher Plants | |||||
प्रकाश अभिक्रिया (प्रकाश रासायनिक अभिक्रिया) | light reactions (photochemical reactions) | ||||||
अप्रकाशीय अभिक्रिया (कार्बन अभिक्रिया) | Dark reactions (carbon reactions) | ||||||
क्लोरोफिल ए | Chlorophyll a | ||||||
क्लोरोफिल बी | Chlorophyll b | ||||||
ज़ैंथोफिल | xanthophylls | ||||||
कैरोटीनॉयड | carotenoids | ||||||
लाइट हार्वेस्टिंग काम्प्लेक्स (एल एच एसी) | light harvesting complexes (LHC) | ||||||
फोटोसिस्टम I (पीएस I) | Photosystem I (PS I) | ||||||
फोटोसिस्टम II (PS II) | Photosystem II (PS II) | ||||||
एंटीना | antennae | ||||||
अभिक्रिया केंद्र | Reaction centre | ||||||
पी700 | P700 | ||||||
पी 680 | P680 | ||||||
इलेक्ट्रॉन परिवहन | Electrons transport | ||||||
Z स्कीम | Z scheme | ||||||
जल विघटन | Splitting of Water | ||||||
चक्रीय और अचक्रीय फोटो-फास्फोरिलीकरण | Cyclic and Non-cyclic Photo-phosphorylation | ||||||
केमियोस्मोटिक परिकल्पना | Chemiosmotic Hypothesis | ||||||
जैवसंश्लेषण चरण | Biosynthetic phase | ||||||
केल्विन चक्र | Calvin cycle | ||||||
C3 पथ | C3 pathway | ||||||
C4 पथ | C4 pathway | ||||||
बंडल शीथ कोशिकाएं | Bundle sheath cells | ||||||
क्रांज़ 'शारीरिक रचना | Kranz’ anatomy | ||||||
हैच और स्लैक पाथवे | Hatch and Slack Pathway | ||||||
प्रकाश श्वसन | Photorespiration | ||||||
प्रकाश संश्लेषण को प्रभावित करने वाले कारक | Factors Affecting Photosynthesis | ||||||
लॉ ऑफ लिमिटिंग फैक्टर | Law of Limiting Factors | ||||||
14 | पौधों में श्वसन | Respiration in plants | |||||
कोशिकीय श्वसन | Cellular respiration | ||||||
श्वसनी क्रियाधार | Respiratory substrates | ||||||
ग्लाइकोलिसिस | glycolysis | ||||||
क्रेब्स चक्र | Krebs’ cycle | ||||||
किण्वन | Fermentation | ||||||
ऑक्सी श्वसन | Aerobic respiration | ||||||
ट्राइकारबॉक्सिलिक अम्ल चक्र | Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle | ||||||
इलेक्ट्रॉन परिवहन तंत्र (ETS) | Electron Transport System (ETS) | ||||||
ऑक्सीडेटिव फास्फोराइलेशन | Oxidative Phosphorylation | ||||||
एम्फ़िबोलिक मार्ग | Amphibolic Pathway | ||||||
श्वसन गुणांक | Respiratory quotient | ||||||
साइट्रिक एसिड चक्र | Citric acid Cycle | ||||||
माइटोकॉन्ड्रिया में एटीपी का संश्लेषण | ATP synthesis in mitochondria | ||||||
अनॉक्सी श्वसन | Anaerobic respiration | ||||||
ए.टी.पी | ATP | ||||||
15 | पादप वृद्धि एवं परिवर्धन | Plant growth and development | |||||
वृद्धि | Growth | ||||||
वृद्धि के चरण | Phases of Growth | ||||||
वृद्धि दर | Growth Rates | ||||||
वृद्धि के लिए दशाएं | Conditions for Growth | ||||||
विभेदन | Differentiation | ||||||
निर्विभेदन | Dedifferentiation | ||||||
पुनर्विभेदित | Redifferentiated | ||||||
परिवर्धन | Development | ||||||
प्लास्टिसिटी | Plasticity | ||||||
पादप वृद्धि नियामक | Plant growth regulators (PGRs) | ||||||
ऑक्सिन्स | Auxins | ||||||
शिखाग्र प्रधान्यता | Apical dominance | ||||||
जिबरेलिन्स | Gibberellins | ||||||
साइटोकाइनिन्स | Cytokinins | ||||||
एथिलीन | Ethylene | ||||||
एब्सिसिक अम्ल | Abscisic acid | ||||||
दीप्तिकालिता | Photoperiodism | ||||||
दीर्घ प्रदीप्तकाली पौधे | long day plants | ||||||
अल्प प्रदीप्तकाली पौधे | short day plants | ||||||
तटस्थ प्रदीप्तकाली पौधे | Day-neutral plants | ||||||
वसंतीकरण | Vernalisation | ||||||
बीज प्रसुप्ति | Seed dormancy | ||||||
इकाई - चार | Unit - 4 | ||||||
16 | मानव शरीर विज्ञान | Human Physiology | |||||
पाचन एवं अवशोषण | Digestion and Absorption | ||||||
पाचन | Digestion | ||||||
पाचन तंत्र | Digestive system | ||||||
आहार नाल | Alimentary Canal | ||||||
गर्तदन्ती | Thecodont | ||||||
द्विबारदंती | Diphyodont | ||||||
जठरागम भाग | Cardiac | ||||||
फंडिक क्षेत्र | Fundic region | ||||||
जठरनिर्गम भाग | Pyloric portion | ||||||
पाचन ग्रंथियां | Digestive glands | ||||||
ग्रास | Bolus | ||||||
काइम | Chyme | ||||||
ग्लोबेट कोशिकाये | Goblet cells | ||||||
सक्सेस एंटेरिकस | Succus entericus | ||||||
पचाए गए उत्पादों का अवशोषण | Absorption of digested products | ||||||
मुख | Mouth | ||||||
आमाशय | Stomach | ||||||
छोटी आंत | Small Intestine | ||||||
बड़ी आँत | Large Intestine | ||||||
पीलिया | Jaundice | ||||||
वमन | Vomiting | ||||||
प्रवाहिका | Diarrhoea | ||||||
कोष्ठबद्धता | Constipation | ||||||
अपच | Indigestion | ||||||
प्रोटीन ऊर्जा कुपोषण (पीईएम) | Protein-energy malnutrition (PEM) | ||||||
17 | श्वास और गैसों का विनिमय | Breathing and exchange of gases | |||||
श्वासन | Respiration | ||||||
श्वसन | Breathing | ||||||
क्लोम | Gills | ||||||
फेफड़े | lungs | ||||||
ग्रसनी | Pharynx | ||||||
श्वासनली | Trachea | ||||||
ध्वनि पेटिका | Sound box | ||||||
श्वासनलियाँ | Bronchi | ||||||
वायु कूपिका | Alveoli | ||||||
अन्तः श्वसन | Inspiration | ||||||
निःश्वसन | Expiration | ||||||
ज्वारीय आयतन | Tidal Volume (TV) | ||||||
अंत श्वसन सुरक्षित आयतन (आईआरबी) | Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV) | ||||||
निःश्वास सुरक्षित आयतन | Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV) | ||||||
अवशिष्ट आयतन (RV) | Residual Volume (RV) | ||||||
अन्तः श्वसन क्षमता (आईसी) | Inspiratory Capacity (IC) | ||||||
नि:श्वसन क्षमता (ईसी) | Expiratory Capacity (EC) | ||||||
क्रियात्मक अवशिष्ट क्षमता (FRC) | Functional Residual Capacity (FRC) | ||||||
जैव क्षमता (वीसी) | Vital Capacity (VC) | ||||||
फेफड़े की कुल क्षमता (टीएलसी) | Total Lung Capacity (TLC) | ||||||
गैसों का आदान-प्रदान | Exchange of gases | ||||||
गैसों का परिवहन | Transportation of gases | ||||||
ऑक्सीहीमोग्लोबिन | Oxyhaemoglobin | ||||||
कार्बामिनो-हीमोग्लोबिन | Carbamino-haemoglobin | ||||||
दमा | Asthma | ||||||
वातस्फीति | Emphysema | ||||||
व्यावसायिक श्वसन विकार | Occupational Respiratory Disorders | ||||||
18 | शरीर द्रव तथा परिसंचरण | Body fluids and circulation | |||||
रक्त | Blood | ||||||
लसीका | lymph | ||||||
प्लाज्मा | Plasma | ||||||
इरिथ्रोसाइट्स (रक्ताणु) | Erythrocytes | ||||||
ल्यूकोसाइट (श्वेत रुधिर कणिकाएं) | Leucocytes | ||||||
थ्रॉम्बोसाइट्स | Thrombocytes | ||||||
रक्त समूह | Blood Groups | ||||||
ABO समुह | ABO grouping | ||||||
Rh समूह | Rh grouping | ||||||
Rh सहित | Rh positive | ||||||
Rh हीन | Rh negative | ||||||
रक्त स्कंदन | Coagulation of Blood | ||||||
परिसंचरण पथ | CIRCULATORY PATHWAYS | ||||||
अलिंद | Atrium | ||||||
निलय | Ventricles | ||||||
हृदय | Heart | ||||||
हृदयावरण | pericardium | ||||||
शिरा अलिंद पर्व | sino-atrial node | ||||||
अलिंद निलय पर्व | atrio-ventricular node | ||||||
हृदय चक्र | Cardiac Cycle | ||||||
विद्युत हृद लेख | Electrocardiograph (ECG) | ||||||
आलिंद का उद्दीपन | excitation (or depolarisation) of the atria | ||||||
निलय का अध्रुवण | depolarisation of the ventricles, | ||||||
टी तरंग | T-wave | ||||||
रक्त वाहिकाएं | Blood Vessels | ||||||
अंतःस्तर कंचुक | tunica intima | ||||||
वाह्य कंचुक | tunica externa. | ||||||
उच्च रक्त दाब | High Blood Pressure (Hypertension) | ||||||
कोरोनरी धमनी रोग (सीएडी) | Coronary Artery Disease (CAD) | ||||||
एनजाइना (ह्रद शूल) | Angina | ||||||
हृद्पात | Heart Failure | ||||||
अनुशिथिलन | Diastole | ||||||
प्रकुंचन | Systole | ||||||
P- तरंग | P-wave | ||||||
सिनो-आलिंद नोड | Sino-atrial node | ||||||
मायोजेनिक | myogenic | ||||||
हृदयी निर्गम | cardiac output | ||||||
प्लेटलेट्स | Platelets | ||||||
पेसमेकर | Pacemaker | ||||||
ह्रद निकास | Cardiac output | ||||||
स्ट्रोक या विस्पंदन आयतन | Stroke or stroke volume | ||||||
19 | उत्सर्जी उत्पाद और उनका निष्कासन | Excretory products and their Elimination | |||||
अमोनिया उत्सर्जी | Ammonotelic | ||||||
यूरिया उत्सर्जी | Ureotelic | ||||||
यूरिकोटेलिक | Uricotelic | ||||||
मैलपीगी नलिकाएं | Malpighian tubules | ||||||
बर्टिनी स्तंभ | Columns of Bertini | ||||||
नेफ्रॉन | Nephrons | ||||||
बोमेन सम्पुट | Bowman’s capsule | ||||||
समीपस्थ संवलित नलिका | proximal convoluted tubule | ||||||
हेन्ले लूप | Henle’s loop | ||||||
दूरस्थ संवलित नलिका | distal convoluted tubule (DCT) | ||||||
केशिकागुच्छीय निस्पंदन | Glomerular filtration | ||||||
परा निस्पंदन | Ultra filtration | ||||||
केशिकागुच्छीय निस्पंदन दर | Glomerular filtration rate | ||||||
पुनः अवशोषण | Reabsorption | ||||||
संग्रह नलिका | Collecting Duct | ||||||
प्रतिधारा क्रियाविधि | Counter current mechanism | ||||||
वासा रेक्टा | Vasa recta | ||||||
रेनिन | Renin | ||||||
रेनिन-एंजियोटेनसिन | Renin-Angiotensin | ||||||
आलिंद नैट्रियूरेटिक कारक | Atrial Natriuretic Factor | ||||||
यूरीमिया | Uremia | ||||||
हीमोडायलिसिस | Hemodialysis | ||||||
कृत्रिम वृक्क | Artificial kidney | ||||||
वृक्क की क्रियाहीनता | Renal failures | ||||||
रेनल कैलकुली | Renal calculi | ||||||
ग्लोमेरुलोनेफ्राइटिस | Glomerulonephritis | ||||||
20 | गमन एवं संचलन | Locomotion & Movement | |||||
गमन | locomotion | ||||||
कशाभिका गति | Flagellar movement | ||||||
कंकाल पेशियाँ | Skeletal muscles | ||||||
ऐच्छिक पेशियाँ | striated muscles | ||||||
अंतरंग पेशियाँ | Visceral muscles | ||||||
चिकनी पेशियाँ | smooth muscles (nonstriated muscle) | ||||||
हृद पेशियाँ | Cardiac muscles | ||||||
पेशी बण्डल या पूलिकाओं | Muscle bundles or fascicles | ||||||
संपटट | Fascia | ||||||
पेशी तन्तुक | myofibrils | ||||||
एक्टिन | Actin | ||||||
मायोसीन | Myosin | ||||||
अक्षीय कंकाल | Axial skeleton | ||||||
कर्ण अस्थिकाएँ | Ear Ossicles | ||||||
कशेरुक दंड | vertebral column | ||||||
उरोस्थि | Sternum | ||||||
पसलियां | Ribs | ||||||
उपांगीय कंकाल | Appendicular skeleton | ||||||
पाद | limb | ||||||
अंश और श्रोणि मेखला | Pectoral and Pelvic girdle | ||||||
रेशीय जोड़ | Fibrous joints | ||||||
उपास्थि युक्त जोड़ | cartilaginous joints | ||||||
सिनोवियल जोड़ | Synovial joints | ||||||
माइस्थेनिया ग्रेविस | Myasthenia gravis | ||||||
पेशीय दुष्पोसण | Muscular dystrophy | ||||||
अपतानिका | Tetany | ||||||
संधि शोथ | Arthritis | ||||||
अस्थि सुषिरता | Osteoporosis | ||||||
Gout | |||||||
21 | तंत्रिका नियंत्रण और समन्वय | Neural control and Coordination | |||||
न्यूरॉन | Neurons | ||||||
केंद्रीय तंत्रिका तंत्र (सीएनएस) | Central neural system (CNS) | ||||||
परिधीय तंत्रिका तंत्र (PNS) | Peripheral neural system (PNS) | ||||||
मस्तिष्क | Brain | ||||||
मेरुदंड | Spinal cord | ||||||
तंत्रिका तंत्र | Neural system | ||||||
निसेल ग्रेन्युल | Nissl’s granules. | ||||||
न्यूरोट्रांसमीटर | Neurotransmitters | ||||||
तंत्रिका आवेग | Nerve impulse. | ||||||
सिनैप्टिक दरार | Synaptic cleft | ||||||
ग्राही | Receptors | ||||||
अग्रमस्तिष्क | Forebrain | ||||||
मध्यमस्तिष्क | Midbrain | ||||||
पश्चमस्तिष्क | Hindbrain | ||||||
प्रतिवर्ती क्रिया | reflex action | ||||||
संवेदी अंग | Sense Organs | ||||||
नेत्र के भाग | Parts of an eye | ||||||
देखने की प्रक्रिया | Mechanism of Vision | ||||||
कर्ण | The Ear | ||||||
22 | रासायनिक समन्वय तथा एकीकरण | Chemical coordination and integration | |||||
अंतःस्रावी ग्रंथियाँ और हार्मोन | Endocrine Glands & Hormones | ||||||
हाइपोथैलेमस | Hypothalamus | ||||||
पीयूष ग्रन्थि | The pituitary gland | ||||||
पीनियल ग्रंथि | The pineal gland | ||||||
थाइरॉयड ग्रंथि | Thyroid gland | ||||||
पैराथाइरॉइड हार्मोन | Parathyroid hormone | ||||||
थाइमस ग्रंथि | Thymus gland | ||||||
अधिवृक्क ग्रंथियां | Adrenal glands | ||||||
एडिसन रोग | Addison’s disease | ||||||
अग्न्याशय | Pancreas | ||||||
वृषण | Testis | ||||||
शुक्रजनक नलिकाएं | seminiferous tubules | ||||||
टेस्टोस्टेरोन | Testosterone | ||||||
प्रोजेस्ट्रोन | Progesterone | ||||||
एस्ट्रोजन | Estrogen | ||||||
कॉर्पस ल्यूटियम | Corpus luteum | ||||||
एट्रियल नैट्रियूरेटिक फैक्टर | Atrial natriuretic factor | ||||||
हार्मोन ग्राही | Hormone receptors | ||||||