Taxonomy for Biology Articles-11th Class: Difference between revisions
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|'''अध्याय''' | |'''अध्याय''' | ||
|'''विषय''' | |'''विषय''' | ||
|'''Unit - 1''' | |'''Unit - 1''' | ||
|'''Chapter''' | |'''Chapter''' | ||
|'''Topic''' | |'''Topic''' | ||
|'''Article Creator Name''' | |||
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|- | |- | ||
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|'''इकाई - एक''' | |'''इकाई - एक''' | ||
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Line 21: | Line 23: | ||
|'''जीव जगत में विविधता''' | |'''जीव जगत में विविधता''' | ||
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|'''Diversity in the living world''' | |||
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Line 31: | Line 34: | ||
|'''जीव जगत''' | |'''जीव जगत''' | ||
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|'''The living world''' | |||
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Line 41: | Line 45: | ||
|[[जीव]] | |[[जीव]] | ||
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|living | |||
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Line 50: | Line 55: | ||
|[[वृद्धि]] | |[[वृद्धि]] | ||
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|Growth | |||
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Line 59: | Line 65: | ||
|[[जनन]] | |[[जनन]] | ||
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|Reproduction | |||
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Line 68: | Line 75: | ||
|[[उपापचयन]] | |[[उपापचयन]] | ||
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|Metabolism | |||
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Line 77: | Line 85: | ||
|[[जैविक विविधता]] | |[[जैविक विविधता]] | ||
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|Biodiversity | |||
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Line 86: | Line 95: | ||
|[[नाम पद्धति]] | |[[नाम पद्धति]] | ||
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|Nomenclature | |||
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Line 95: | Line 105: | ||
|[[द्विपदनाम पद्धति]] | |[[द्विपदनाम पद्धति]] | ||
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|Binomial Nomenclature | |||
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Line 104: | Line 115: | ||
|[[टैक्सा]] | |[[टैक्सा]] | ||
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|Taxa | |||
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Line 113: | Line 125: | ||
|[[वर्गिकी]] | |[[वर्गिकी]] | ||
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|Taxonomy | |||
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Line 122: | Line 135: | ||
|[[जाति (स्पीशीज)]] | |[[जाति (स्पीशीज)]] | ||
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|Species | |||
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Line 131: | Line 145: | ||
|[[वंश]] | |[[वंश]] | ||
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|Genus | |||
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Line 140: | Line 155: | ||
|[[गण]] | |[[गण]] | ||
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|order | |||
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Line 149: | Line 165: | ||
|[[संघ]] | |[[संघ]] | ||
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|Phylum | |||
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Line 158: | Line 175: | ||
|[[हरबेरियम]] | |[[हरबेरियम]] | ||
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|Herbarium | |||
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Line 166: | Line 184: | ||
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|[[वनस्पति-उद्यान]] | |[[वनस्पति-उद्यान]] | ||
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|Botanical Garden | |Botanical Garden | ||
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|- | |||
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Line 176: | Line 195: | ||
|[[संग्रहालय]] | |[[संग्रहालय]] | ||
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|Museum | |||
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|- | |- | ||
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Line 185: | Line 205: | ||
|[[प्राणि उद्यान]] | |[[प्राणि उद्यान]] | ||
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|Zoological park | |||
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|- | |- | ||
|'''2''' | |'''2''' | ||
Line 193: | Line 214: | ||
|'''जीव जगत का वर्गीकरण''' | |'''जीव जगत का वर्गीकरण''' | ||
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|'''Biological Classification''' | |||
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Line 203: | Line 225: | ||
|[[द्विजगत पद्धति]] | |[[द्विजगत पद्धति]] | ||
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|Dual system | |||
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|- | |- | ||
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Line 212: | Line 235: | ||
|[[आध बैक्टीरिया]] | |[[आध बैक्टीरिया]] | ||
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|Archaebacteria | |||
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|- | |- | ||
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Line 221: | Line 245: | ||
|[[यूबैक्टीरिया]] | |[[यूबैक्टीरिया]] | ||
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|Eubacteria | |||
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|- | |- | ||
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Line 230: | Line 255: | ||
|[[सायनोबैक्टीरिया]] | |[[सायनोबैक्टीरिया]] | ||
| | | | ||
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|Cyanobacteria | |||
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|- | |- | ||
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Line 239: | Line 265: | ||
|[[परपोषी बैक्टीरिया]] | |[[परपोषी बैक्टीरिया]] | ||
| | | | ||
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|Parasitic Bacteria | |||
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|- | |- | ||
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Line 248: | Line 275: | ||
|[[प्रोटिस्टा जगत]] | |[[प्रोटिस्टा जगत]] | ||
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|Protista Kingdom | |||
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|- | |- | ||
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Line 257: | Line 285: | ||
|[[क्राइसोफाइट्स]] | |[[क्राइसोफाइट्स]] | ||
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|Chrysophytes | |||
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|- | |- | ||
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Line 266: | Line 295: | ||
|[[डायनोफ्लैजिलेट]] | |[[डायनोफ्लैजिलेट]] | ||
| | | | ||
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|Dinoflagellates | |||
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|- | |- | ||
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Line 275: | Line 305: | ||
|[[यूग्लेनॉइड्स]] | |[[यूग्लेनॉइड्स]] | ||
| | | | ||
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|Euglenoids | |||
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|- | |- | ||
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Line 284: | Line 315: | ||
|[[अवपंक कवक]] | |[[अवपंक कवक]] | ||
| | | | ||
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|scale fungus | |||
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|- | |- | ||
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Line 293: | Line 325: | ||
|[[प्रोटोजोआ]] | |[[प्रोटोजोआ]] | ||
| | | | ||
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|Protozoa | |||
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|- | |- | ||
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Line 302: | Line 335: | ||
|[[कवक]] | |[[कवक]] | ||
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|Fungi | |||
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|- | |- | ||
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Line 311: | Line 345: | ||
|[[फाइकोमाइसिटीज]] | |[[फाइकोमाइसिटीज]] | ||
| | | | ||
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|Phycomycetes | |||
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|- | |- | ||
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Line 320: | Line 355: | ||
|[[एस्कोमाइसिटीज]] | |[[एस्कोमाइसिटीज]] | ||
| | | | ||
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|Ascomycetes | |||
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|- | |- | ||
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Line 329: | Line 365: | ||
|[[बेसिडियोमाइसिटीज]] | |[[बेसिडियोमाइसिटीज]] | ||
| | | | ||
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|Basidiomycetes | |||
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|- | |- | ||
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Line 338: | Line 375: | ||
|[[डयूटिरोमाइसिटीज]] | |[[डयूटिरोमाइसिटीज]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Deuteromycetes | |||
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|- | |- | ||
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Line 347: | Line 385: | ||
|[[पादप जगत]] | |[[पादप जगत]] | ||
| | | | ||
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|Plantae Kingdom | |||
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|- | |- | ||
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Line 356: | Line 395: | ||
|[[जंतु जगत]] | |[[जंतु जगत]] | ||
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|Animal kingdom | |||
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|- | |- | ||
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Line 365: | Line 405: | ||
|[[विषाणु]] | |[[विषाणु]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Virus | |||
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|- | |- | ||
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Line 374: | Line 415: | ||
|[[वाइराइड]] | |[[वाइराइड]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Viroid | |||
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|- | |- | ||
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Line 383: | Line 425: | ||
|[[प्रिऑन]] | |[[प्रिऑन]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Prione | |||
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|- | |- | ||
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Line 392: | Line 435: | ||
|[[लाइकेन]] | |[[लाइकेन]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Lichen | |||
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|- | |- | ||
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Line 401: | Line 445: | ||
|[[शैवालांश]] | |[[शैवालांश]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Algae | |||
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|- | |- | ||
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Line 410: | Line 455: | ||
|[[माइकोवायंट]] | |[[माइकोवायंट]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Mycovyant | |||
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|- | |- | ||
|'''3''' | |'''3''' | ||
Line 418: | Line 464: | ||
|'''वनस्पति जगत''' | |'''वनस्पति जगत''' | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|'''Plant Kingdom''' | |||
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|- | |- | ||
Line 428: | Line 475: | ||
|[[शैवाल]] | |[[शैवाल]] | ||
| | | | ||
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|Algae | |||
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|- | |- | ||
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Line 437: | Line 485: | ||
|[[जूस्पोर]] | |[[जूस्पोर]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Zoospores | |||
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|- | |- | ||
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Line 446: | Line 495: | ||
|[[समयुग्मकी]] | |[[समयुग्मकी]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|homozygous | |||
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|- | |- | ||
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Line 455: | Line 505: | ||
|[[असमयुग्मकी]] | |[[असमयुग्मकी]] | ||
| | | | ||
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|heterozygous | |||
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|- | |- | ||
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Line 464: | Line 515: | ||
|[[नरयुग्मक]] | |[[नरयुग्मक]] | ||
| | | | ||
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|Male gametes | |||
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|- | |- | ||
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Line 473: | Line 525: | ||
|[[लाल शैवाल]] | |[[लाल शैवाल]] | ||
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|Red algae | |||
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|- | |- | ||
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Line 482: | Line 535: | ||
|[[कैरागीन]] | |[[कैरागीन]] | ||
| | | | ||
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|carrageen | |||
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|- | |- | ||
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Line 491: | Line 545: | ||
|[[क्लोरोफाइसी (हरा शैवाल)]] | |[[क्लोरोफाइसी (हरा शैवाल)]] | ||
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| | |||
|Chlorophyceae (green algae) | |||
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|- | |- | ||
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Line 500: | Line 555: | ||
|[[फियोफाइसी (भूरा शैवाल)]] | |[[फियोफाइसी (भूरा शैवाल)]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|phaeophyceae (Brown Algae) | |||
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|- | |- | ||
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Line 509: | Line 565: | ||
|[[रोडोफाइसी (लाल शैवाल)]] | |[[रोडोफाइसी (लाल शैवाल)]] | ||
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|Rhodophyceae | |||
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|- | |- | ||
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Line 518: | Line 575: | ||
|[[ब्रायोफाइट्स]] | |[[ब्रायोफाइट्स]] | ||
| | | | ||
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|Bryophytes | |||
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|- | |- | ||
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Line 527: | Line 585: | ||
|[[युग्मकोभिद]] | |[[युग्मकोभिद]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Gametophyte | |||
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|- | |- | ||
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Line 536: | Line 595: | ||
|[[पुंधानी]] | |[[पुंधानी]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Antheridium | |||
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|- | |- | ||
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Line 545: | Line 605: | ||
|[[स्त्रीधानी]] | |[[स्त्रीधानी]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Archegonium | |||
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|- | |- | ||
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Line 554: | Line 615: | ||
|[[स्पोरोफाइट]] | |[[स्पोरोफाइट]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Sporophyte | |||
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|- | |- | ||
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Line 563: | Line 625: | ||
|[[लिवरवर्ट]] | |[[लिवरवर्ट]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Livervart | |||
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|- | |- | ||
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Line 572: | Line 635: | ||
|[[मॉस]] | |[[मॉस]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Moss | |||
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|- | |- | ||
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Line 581: | Line 645: | ||
|[[टेरिडोफाइट]] | |[[टेरिडोफाइट]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|pteridophytes | |||
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|- | |- | ||
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Line 590: | Line 655: | ||
|[[जिमनोस्पर्म]] | |[[जिमनोस्पर्म]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Gymnosperm | |||
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|- | |- | ||
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Line 599: | Line 665: | ||
|[[एंजियोस्पेर्म]] | |[[एंजियोस्पेर्म]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Angiosperms | |||
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|- | |- | ||
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Line 608: | Line 675: | ||
|[[परागण]] | |[[परागण]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|pollination | |||
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|- | |- | ||
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Line 617: | Line 685: | ||
|[[पीढ़ी एकान्तरण]] | |[[पीढ़ी एकान्तरण]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Alternation of generations | |||
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|- | |- | ||
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Line 626: | Line 695: | ||
|[[बीजाणु उद्भिद (स्पोरोफिटिक)]] | |[[बीजाणु उद्भिद (स्पोरोफिटिक)]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Sporophyte | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
|'''4''' | |'''4''' | ||
Line 634: | Line 704: | ||
|'''प्राणी जगत''' | |'''प्राणी जगत''' | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|'''Animal Kingdom''' | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
Line 644: | Line 715: | ||
|[[एक्टोडर्म]] | |[[एक्टोडर्म]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Ectoderm | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 653: | Line 725: | ||
|[[एंडोडर्म]] | |[[एंडोडर्म]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Endoderm | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 662: | Line 735: | ||
|[[मीजोडर्म]] | |[[मीजोडर्म]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Mesoderm | |||
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| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 671: | Line 745: | ||
|[[देहगुहा (प्रगुहा)]] | |[[देहगुहा (प्रगुहा)]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Coelom | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 680: | Line 755: | ||
|[[सैगमेंटेशन (खंडीभवन)]] | |[[सैगमेंटेशन (खंडीभवन)]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Segmentation | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 689: | Line 765: | ||
|[[विखंडावस्था]] | |[[विखंडावस्था]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|metameric segmentation | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 698: | Line 775: | ||
|[[पृष्ठरज्जु]] | |[[पृष्ठरज्जु]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Notochord | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 707: | Line 785: | ||
|[[संघ पोरिफेरा]] | |[[संघ पोरिफेरा]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Phylum Porifera | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 716: | Line 795: | ||
|[[ऑस्टिया]] | |[[ऑस्टिया]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Austia | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 725: | Line 805: | ||
|[[स्पंज गुहा]] | |[[स्पंज गुहा]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Spongocoel | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 734: | Line 815: | ||
|[[ऑस्कुलम]] | |[[ऑस्कुलम]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Osculam | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 743: | Line 825: | ||
|[[कोएनोसाइट]] | |[[कोएनोसाइट]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Choanocytes | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 752: | Line 835: | ||
|[[नाल तंत्र]] | |[[नाल तंत्र]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|canals | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 761: | Line 845: | ||
|[[ओस्टिया]] | |[[ओस्टिया]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Ostia | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 770: | Line 855: | ||
|[[स्पांजिला]] | |[[स्पांजिला]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Spongilla | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 779: | Line 865: | ||
|[[यूस्पॉन्जिया]] | |[[यूस्पॉन्जिया]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Euspongia | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 788: | Line 875: | ||
|[[फाइलम सीलेन्ट्रेटा]] | |[[फाइलम सीलेन्ट्रेटा]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Phylum – Coelenterata (Cnidaria) | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 797: | Line 885: | ||
|[[दंश कोशिका]] | |[[दंश कोशिका]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Nematocysts | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 806: | Line 895: | ||
|[[नाइडोब्लास्ट]] | |[[नाइडोब्लास्ट]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Cnidoblasts | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 815: | Line 905: | ||
|[[संघ टीनोफोर]] | |[[संघ टीनोफोर]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Phylum – Ctenophora | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 824: | Line 915: | ||
|[[संघ प्लेटीहेल्मिन्थीज (चपटे कृमि)]] | |[[संघ प्लेटीहेल्मिन्थीज (चपटे कृमि)]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Phylum – Platyhelminthes | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 833: | Line 925: | ||
|[[संघ एस्केल्मिन्थीज (गोलकृमि)]] | |[[संघ एस्केल्मिन्थीज (गोलकृमि)]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Phylum – Aschelminthes | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 842: | Line 935: | ||
|[[संघ एनेलिडा]] | |[[संघ एनेलिडा]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Phylum – Annelida | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 851: | Line 945: | ||
|[[पैरापोडिया]] | |[[पैरापोडिया]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Parapodia | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 860: | Line 955: | ||
|[[वृक्कक]] | |[[वृक्कक]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Nephridia | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 869: | Line 965: | ||
|[[नेफ्रीडियम]] | |[[नेफ्रीडियम]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Nephridium | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 878: | Line 975: | ||
|[[संघ आर्थोपोडा]] | |[[संघ आर्थोपोडा]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Phylum – Arthropoda | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 887: | Line 985: | ||
|[[संधियुक्त पाद]] | |[[संधियुक्त पाद]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Jointed appendages | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 896: | Line 995: | ||
|[[मैलपिगी नलिका]] | |[[मैलपिगी नलिका]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Malpighian tubules | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 905: | Line 1,005: | ||
|[[संघ मोलस्का]] | |[[संघ मोलस्का]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Phylum mollusca | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 914: | Line 1,015: | ||
|[[रेडुला]] | |[[रेडुला]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Radula | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 923: | Line 1,025: | ||
|[[संघ इकोनोडर्मेटा]] | |[[संघ इकोनोडर्मेटा]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Phylum Echinodermata | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 932: | Line 1,035: | ||
|[[जल संवहन तंत्र]] | |[[जल संवहन तंत्र]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Water vascular system | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 941: | Line 1,045: | ||
|[[संघ हेमीकोर्डेटा]] | |[[संघ हेमीकोर्डेटा]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Phylum – Hemichordata | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 950: | Line 1,055: | ||
|[[क्लोम छिद्र]] | |[[क्लोम छिद्र]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Gill slits | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 959: | Line 1,065: | ||
|[[उपास्थिल मेरुदंड]] | |[[उपास्थिल मेरुदंड]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Notochord | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 968: | Line 1,075: | ||
|[[वर्ग-साइक्लोस्टोमेटा]] | |[[वर्ग-साइक्लोस्टोमेटा]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Class – Cyclostomata | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 977: | Line 1,085: | ||
|[[वर्ग-कांड्रीक्थीज]] | |[[वर्ग-कांड्रीक्थीज]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Class – Chondrichthyes | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 986: | Line 1,095: | ||
|[[ऑपरकुलम]] | |[[ऑपरकुलम]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Operculum | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 995: | Line 1,105: | ||
|[[वर्ग- एम्फीबिया]] | |[[वर्ग- एम्फीबिया]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Class – Amphibia | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,004: | Line 1,115: | ||
|[[कर्णपटल]] | |[[कर्णपटल]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Tympanum | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,013: | Line 1,125: | ||
|[[अवस्कर]] | |[[अवस्कर]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Cloaca | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,022: | Line 1,135: | ||
|[[वर्ग- सरीसृप]] | |[[वर्ग- सरीसृप]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Class – Reptilia | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,031: | Line 1,145: | ||
|[[प्रशल्क]] | |[[प्रशल्क]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Scales | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,040: | Line 1,155: | ||
|[[वर्ग एवीज]] | |[[वर्ग एवीज]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Class – Aves | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,049: | Line 1,165: | ||
|[[समतापी]] | |[[समतापी]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Homoiothermous | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,058: | Line 1,175: | ||
|[[वर्ग स्तनधारी]] | |[[वर्ग स्तनधारी]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Class – Mammalia | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,067: | Line 1,185: | ||
|[[स्तनग्रंथि]] | |[[स्तनग्रंथि]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Mammary glands | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
|'''इकाई - दो''' | |'''इकाई - दो''' | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|'''Unit- 2''' | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,083: | Line 1,203: | ||
|'''पादप एवं प्राणियों में संरचनात्मक संगठन''' | |'''पादप एवं प्राणियों में संरचनात्मक संगठन''' | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|'''Structural Organisation in Plants and Animals''' | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,093: | Line 1,214: | ||
|'''पुष्पी पादपों की आकारिकी''' | |'''पुष्पी पादपों की आकारिकी''' | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|'''Morphology of Flowering Plants''' | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
Line 1,103: | Line 1,225: | ||
|[[आकारिकी]] | |[[आकारिकी]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Morphology | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,112: | Line 1,235: | ||
|[[प्राथमिक मूल]] | |[[प्राथमिक मूल]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Primary root | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,121: | Line 1,245: | ||
|[[द्वितीयक मूल]] | |[[द्वितीयक मूल]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Secondary Root | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,130: | Line 1,255: | ||
|[[तृतीयक मूल]] | |[[तृतीयक मूल]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Tertiary root | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,139: | Line 1,265: | ||
|[[मूसला मूलतंत्र]] | |[[मूसला मूलतंत्र]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Tap root system | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,148: | Line 1,275: | ||
|[[झकड़ा मूलतंत्र]] | |[[झकड़ा मूलतंत्र]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Fibrous root | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,157: | Line 1,285: | ||
|[[अपस्थानिक मूल]] | |[[अपस्थानिक मूल]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Adventitious roots | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,166: | Line 1,295: | ||
|[[मूल गोप]] | |[[मूल गोप]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Root cap | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,175: | Line 1,305: | ||
|[[मेरिस्टमी क्रियाओं का क्षेत्र]] | |[[मेरिस्टमी क्रियाओं का क्षेत्र]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Region of meristematic activity | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,184: | Line 1,315: | ||
|[[दीर्घीकरण क्षेत्र]] | |[[दीर्घीकरण क्षेत्र]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Region of elongation | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,193: | Line 1,325: | ||
|[[परिपक्व क्षेत्र]] | |[[परिपक्व क्षेत्र]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Region of maturation | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,202: | Line 1,335: | ||
|[[मूलरोम]] | |[[मूलरोम]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Root hairs | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,211: | Line 1,345: | ||
|[[प्रोप रुट]] | |[[प्रोप रुट]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Prop roots | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,220: | Line 1,355: | ||
|[[अवस्तम्भ रूट]] | |[[अवस्तम्भ रूट]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Stilt roots | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,229: | Line 1,365: | ||
|[[श्वसन मूल]] | |[[श्वसन मूल]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|pneumatophores | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,238: | Line 1,375: | ||
|[[प्रतान]] | |[[प्रतान]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Tendrils | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,247: | Line 1,385: | ||
|[[पर्णाधार]] | |[[पर्णाधार]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|leaf base | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,256: | Line 1,395: | ||
|[[पर्णवृंततल्प]] | |[[पर्णवृंततल्प]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Petiole | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,265: | Line 1,405: | ||
|[[पर्णवृंत]] | |[[पर्णवृंत]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Petiole | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,274: | Line 1,415: | ||
|[[स्तरिका]] | |[[स्तरिका]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|lamina | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,283: | Line 1,425: | ||
|[[मध्यशिरा]] | |[[मध्यशिरा]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Midrib | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,292: | Line 1,435: | ||
|[[शिराविन्यास]] | |[[शिराविन्यास]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|venation | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,301: | Line 1,445: | ||
|[[सरल पत्ती]] | |[[सरल पत्ती]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|simple leaf | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,310: | Line 1,455: | ||
|[[संयुक्त पत्ती]] | |[[संयुक्त पत्ती]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|compound leaf | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,319: | Line 1,465: | ||
|[[पर्णविन्यास]] | |[[पर्णविन्यास]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|foliage | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,328: | Line 1,475: | ||
|[[पत्ती के रूपांतरण]] | |[[पत्ती के रूपांतरण]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|metamorphosis of leaf | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,337: | Line 1,485: | ||
|[[पुष्पक्रम]] | |[[पुष्पक्रम]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|inflorescence | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,346: | Line 1,495: | ||
|[[असीमाक्षी]] | |[[असीमाक्षी]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Racemose | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,355: | Line 1,505: | ||
|[[ससीमाक्षी]] | |[[ससीमाक्षी]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|cymose | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,364: | Line 1,515: | ||
|[[पुष्प]] | |[[पुष्प]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|flowers | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,373: | Line 1,525: | ||
|[[पुष्पासन]] | |[[पुष्पासन]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Thalamus or receptacle. | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,382: | Line 1,535: | ||
|[[सहपत्री]] | |[[सहपत्री]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Bracteate | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,391: | Line 1,545: | ||
|[[सहपत्रहीन]] | |[[सहपत्रहीन]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Ebracteate | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,400: | Line 1,555: | ||
|[[अधोजायांगता]] | |[[अधोजायांगता]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Hypogynous | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,409: | Line 1,565: | ||
|[[परिजायांगता]] | |[[परिजायांगता]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Perigynous | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,418: | Line 1,575: | ||
|[[अधिजायांगता]] | |[[अधिजायांगता]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Epigynous | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,427: | Line 1,585: | ||
|[[अधोवर्ती]] | |[[अधोवर्ती]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|downward | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,436: | Line 1,595: | ||
|[[ऊर्ध्ववर्ती]] | |[[ऊर्ध्ववर्ती]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|vertical | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,445: | Line 1,605: | ||
|[[केल्किस]] | |[[केल्किस]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Calyx | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,454: | Line 1,615: | ||
|[[केल्किस संयुक्त बाह्य दली]] | |[[केल्किस संयुक्त बाह्य दली]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Gamosepalous | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,463: | Line 1,625: | ||
|[[पृथक बाह्यदली]] | |[[पृथक बाह्यदली]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Polysepalous | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,472: | Line 1,635: | ||
|[[कोरोला]] | |[[कोरोला]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Corolla | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,481: | Line 1,645: | ||
|[[कोरस्पर्शी]] | |[[कोरस्पर्शी]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Valvate | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,490: | Line 1,655: | ||
|[[व्यावर्तित]] | |[[व्यावर्तित]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Twisted | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,499: | Line 1,665: | ||
|[[कोरछादी]] | |[[कोरछादी]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Imbricate | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,508: | Line 1,675: | ||
|[[वैक्ज़ीलरी]] | |[[वैक्ज़ीलरी]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|vaccillary | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,517: | Line 1,685: | ||
|[[पुमंग]] | |[[पुमंग]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|stamen | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,526: | Line 1,695: | ||
|[[स्टेमिनाएड]] | |[[स्टेमिनाएड]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Staminode | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,535: | Line 1,705: | ||
|[[दललग्न (एपिपेटलस)]] | |[[दललग्न (एपिपेटलस)]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Epipetalus | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,544: | Line 1,715: | ||
|[[परिदल लग्न (एपिफिलस)]] | |[[परिदल लग्न (एपिफिलस)]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Epiphyllus | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,553: | Line 1,725: | ||
|[[जायांग]] | |[[जायांग]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Gynoecium | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,562: | Line 1,735: | ||
|[[वर्तिका]] | |[[वर्तिका]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|style | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,571: | Line 1,745: | ||
|[[वर्तिकाग्र]] | |[[वर्तिकाग्र]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|stigma | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,580: | Line 1,755: | ||
|[[बीजाण्डासन]] | |[[बीजाण्डासन]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Placenta | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,589: | Line 1,765: | ||
|[[वियुक्तांडपी]] | |[[वियुक्तांडपी]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Apocarpous | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,598: | Line 1,775: | ||
|[[युक्तांडपी]] | |[[युक्तांडपी]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Syncarpous | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,607: | Line 1,785: | ||
|[[बीजाण्डन्यास]] | |[[बीजाण्डन्यास]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Placentation | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,616: | Line 1,795: | ||
|[[अनिषेक फलन]] | |[[अनिषेक फलन]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Parthenocarpic | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,625: | Line 1,805: | ||
|[[फलभित्ति]] | |[[फलभित्ति]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Pericarp | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,634: | Line 1,815: | ||
|[[वाह्यफल]] | |[[वाह्यफल]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Epicarp | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,643: | Line 1,825: | ||
|[[मध्यफल]] | |[[मध्यफल]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Mesocarp | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,652: | Line 1,835: | ||
|[[अन्तःफलभित्ति]] | |[[अन्तःफलभित्ति]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Endocarp | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,661: | Line 1,845: | ||
|[[बीजावरण]] | |[[बीजावरण]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Testa | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,670: | Line 1,855: | ||
|[[टेगमेन]] | |[[टेगमेन]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|tegmen. | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,679: | Line 1,865: | ||
|[[बीजाण्डद्वार]] | |[[बीजाण्डद्वार]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Micropyle | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,688: | Line 1,875: | ||
|[[मूलांकुर]] | |[[मूलांकुर]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Radicle. | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,697: | Line 1,885: | ||
|[[भ्रूणपोष]] | |[[भ्रूणपोष]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Endosperm | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,706: | Line 1,895: | ||
|[[एल्यूरोन परत]] | |[[एल्यूरोन परत]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Aleurone layer | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,715: | Line 1,905: | ||
|[[स्कुटेलम]] | |[[स्कुटेलम]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|scutellum | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,724: | Line 1,915: | ||
|[[प्रांकुर]] | |[[प्रांकुर]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Plumule | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,733: | Line 1,925: | ||
|[[मूलांकुर]] | |[[मूलांकुर]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Radicle | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,742: | Line 1,935: | ||
|[[प्रांकुरचोल]] | |[[प्रांकुरचोल]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Coleoptile | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,751: | Line 1,945: | ||
|[[मूलांकुर चोल]] | |[[मूलांकुर चोल]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Coleorhiza | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,760: | Line 1,955: | ||
|[[फाबेसी]] | |[[फाबेसी]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Fabaceae | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,769: | Line 1,965: | ||
|[[सोलैनेसी]] | |[[सोलैनेसी]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Solanaceae | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,778: | Line 1,975: | ||
|[[लिलिएसी]] | |[[लिलिएसी]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Liliaceae | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
|'''6''' | |'''6''' | ||
Line 1,786: | Line 1,984: | ||
|'''पुष्पी पादपों का शरीर''' | |'''पुष्पी पादपों का शरीर''' | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|'''Anatomy of Flowering Plants''' | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
Line 1,796: | Line 1,995: | ||
|[[ऊतक]] | |[[ऊतक]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Tissues | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,805: | Line 2,005: | ||
|[[मेरिस्टेमेटिक ऊतक]] | |[[मेरिस्टेमेटिक ऊतक]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Meristematic Tissues | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,814: | Line 2,015: | ||
|[[मेरिस्टेम]] | |[[मेरिस्टेम]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Meristems | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,823: | Line 2,025: | ||
|[[शीर्षस्थ मेरिस्टेम]] | |[[शीर्षस्थ मेरिस्टेम]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Apical meristems | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,832: | Line 2,035: | ||
|[[कक्षीय कली]] | |[[कक्षीय कली]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Axillary bud | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,841: | Line 2,045: | ||
|[[अंतर्वेशी मेरिस्टेम]] | |[[अंतर्वेशी मेरिस्टेम]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Intercalary Meristem | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,850: | Line 2,055: | ||
|[[प्राथमिक मेरिस्टेम्स]] | |[[प्राथमिक मेरिस्टेम्स]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Primary meristem | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,859: | Line 2,065: | ||
|[[द्वितीयक या पार्श्व मेरिस्टेम्स]] | |[[द्वितीयक या पार्श्व मेरिस्टेम्स]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Secondary or lateral meristem | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,868: | Line 2,075: | ||
|[[स्थायी या परिपक्व कोशिकाएं]] | |[[स्थायी या परिपक्व कोशिकाएं]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Permanent or mature cells | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,877: | Line 2,085: | ||
|[[सरल ऊतक]] | |[[सरल ऊतक]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Simple tissues | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,886: | Line 2,095: | ||
|[[पैरेन्काइमा]] | |[[पैरेन्काइमा]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Parenchyma | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,895: | Line 2,105: | ||
|[[कोलेन्काइमा]] | |[[कोलेन्काइमा]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Collenchyma | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,904: | Line 2,115: | ||
|[[स्क्लेरेन्काइमा]] | |[[स्क्लेरेन्काइमा]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Sclerenchyma | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,913: | Line 2,125: | ||
|[[स्किलिरिड]] | |[[स्किलिरिड]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|sclereids | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,922: | Line 2,135: | ||
|[[जटिल ऊतक]] | |[[जटिल ऊतक]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Complex Tissues | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,931: | Line 2,145: | ||
|[[जाइलम]] | |[[जाइलम]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Xylem | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,940: | Line 2,155: | ||
|[[ट्रेकीड]] | |[[ट्रेकीड]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Tracheids | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,949: | Line 2,165: | ||
|[[वाहिका]] | |[[वाहिका]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Vessel | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,958: | Line 2,175: | ||
|[[जाइलम तंतु]] | |[[जाइलम तंतु]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Xylem fibres | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,967: | Line 2,185: | ||
|[[जाइलम पैरेन्काइमा]] | |[[जाइलम पैरेन्काइमा]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Xylem parenchyma | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,976: | Line 2,195: | ||
|[[प्रोटोजाइलम]] | |[[प्रोटोजाइलम]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|protoxylem | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,985: | Line 2,205: | ||
|[[मेटाजाइलम]] | |[[मेटाजाइलम]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Metaxylem | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 1,994: | Line 2,215: | ||
|[[मध्यादिदारुक]] | |[[मध्यादिदारुक]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Endarch | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,003: | Line 2,225: | ||
|[[वाह्य आदिदारुक]] | |[[वाह्य आदिदारुक]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|exarch | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,012: | Line 2,235: | ||
|[[फ्लाएम]] | |[[फ्लाएम]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Phloem | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,021: | Line 2,245: | ||
|[[चालनी नलिका]] | |[[चालनी नलिका]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Sieve tube elements | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,030: | Line 2,255: | ||
|[[सहचर कोशिकाएं]] | |[[सहचर कोशिकाएं]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Companion cells | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,039: | Line 2,265: | ||
|[[फ्लोएम पैरेन्काइमा]] | |[[फ्लोएम पैरेन्काइमा]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Phloem parenchyma | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,048: | Line 2,275: | ||
|[[फ्लोएम तंतु]] | |[[फ्लोएम तंतु]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Phloem fibres | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,057: | Line 2,285: | ||
|[[प्रोटोफ्लोएम]] | |[[प्रोटोफ्लोएम]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Protophloem | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,066: | Line 2,295: | ||
|[[मेटाफ्लोएम]] | |[[मेटाफ्लोएम]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Metaphloem. | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,075: | Line 2,305: | ||
|[[क्यूटिकल]] | |[[क्यूटिकल]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Cuticle | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,084: | Line 2,315: | ||
|[[रंध्र]] | |[[रंध्र]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Stomata | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,093: | Line 2,325: | ||
|[[सहायक कोशिकाएं]] | |[[सहायक कोशिकाएं]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Subsidiary cells | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,102: | Line 2,335: | ||
|[[रंध्री तंत्र]] | |[[रंध्री तंत्र]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Stomatal apparatus | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,111: | Line 2,345: | ||
|[[मूलरोम]] | |[[मूलरोम]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Root hairs | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,120: | Line 2,355: | ||
|[[ट्राइकोम्स]] | |[[ट्राइकोम्स]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Trichomes | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,129: | Line 2,365: | ||
|[[भरण ऊतक]] | |[[भरण ऊतक]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Ground tissue | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,138: | Line 2,375: | ||
|[[पर्णमध्योतक]] | |[[पर्णमध्योतक]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Mesophyll | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,147: | Line 2,385: | ||
|[[कैंबियम]] | |[[कैंबियम]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Cambium | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,156: | Line 2,395: | ||
|[[खुला संवहन बंडल]] | |[[खुला संवहन बंडल]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Open vascular bundles. | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,165: | Line 2,405: | ||
|[[बंद संवहन बंडल]] | |[[बंद संवहन बंडल]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Closed vascular bundles | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,174: | Line 2,415: | ||
|[[रेडियल संवहनी बंडल]] | |[[रेडियल संवहनी बंडल]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Radial vascular bundles | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,183: | Line 2,425: | ||
|[[मूलीय त्वचा]] | |[[मूलीय त्वचा]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Epiblema | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,192: | Line 2,435: | ||
|[[कैस्पेरियन पट्टी]] | |[[कैस्पेरियन पट्टी]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Cortex | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,201: | Line 2,445: | ||
|[[परिरम्भ]] | |[[परिरम्भ]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Casparian strips. | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,210: | Line 2,455: | ||
|[[कंजकटिव ऊतक]] | |[[कंजकटिव ऊतक]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Pericycle | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,219: | Line 2,465: | ||
|[[पिथ]] | |[[पिथ]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Conjuctive tissue | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,228: | Line 2,475: | ||
|[[खम्भा पैरेन्काइमा]] | |[[खम्भा पैरेन्काइमा]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|pith | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,237: | Line 2,485: | ||
|[[स्पंजी पैरेन्काइमा]] | |[[स्पंजी पैरेन्काइमा]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|palisade parenchyma | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,245: | Line 2,494: | ||
| | | | ||
|[[आवर्ध त्वक्कोशिका]] | |[[आवर्ध त्वक्कोशिका]] | ||
| | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,255: | Line 2,505: | ||
|[[द्वितीयक वृद्धि]] | |[[द्वितीयक वृद्धि]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Secondary growth | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,264: | Line 2,515: | ||
|[[पार्श्वीय मेरिस्टम]] | |[[पार्श्वीय मेरिस्टम]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|lateral meristem | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,272: | Line 2,524: | ||
| | | | ||
|[[संवहन कैंबियम]] | |[[संवहन कैंबियम]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|vascular cambium | |vascular cambium | ||
|- | | | ||
| | |||
|- | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,282: | Line 2,535: | ||
|[[कार्क कैंबियम]] | |[[कार्क कैंबियम]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Cork Cambium | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,291: | Line 2,545: | ||
|[[अन्तः पूलीय कैम्बियम]] | |[[अन्तः पूलीय कैम्बियम]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Intyracalary Cambium | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,300: | Line 2,555: | ||
|[[अन्तरापूलीय कैम्बियम]] | |[[अन्तरापूलीय कैम्बियम]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Intercalary cambium | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,309: | Line 2,565: | ||
|[[द्वितीयक जाइलम]] | |[[द्वितीयक जाइलम]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Secondary Xylem | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,318: | Line 2,575: | ||
|[[द्वितीयक फ्लोएम]] | |[[द्वितीयक फ्लोएम]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Secondary Phloem | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,327: | Line 2,585: | ||
|[[द्वितीयक मज्जाकिरण]] | |[[द्वितीयक मज्जाकिरण]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Secondary medullary | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,336: | Line 2,595: | ||
|[[बसंतदारु (अग्र दारू)]] | |[[बसंतदारु (अग्र दारू)]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Spring wood | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,345: | Line 2,605: | ||
|[[शरद दारू (पश्च दारू)]] | |[[शरद दारू (पश्च दारू)]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Early wood | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,354: | Line 2,615: | ||
|[[वार्षिक वलय]] | |[[वार्षिक वलय]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Annual ring | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,363: | Line 2,625: | ||
|[[रसदारु]] | |[[रसदारु]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|sapwood | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,372: | Line 2,635: | ||
|[[ह्रददारु]] | |[[ह्रददारु]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Heartwood | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,381: | Line 2,645: | ||
|[[कॉर्क कैम्बियम]] | |[[कॉर्क कैम्बियम]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|cork cambium | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,390: | Line 2,655: | ||
|[[द्वितीयक वल्कुट]] | |[[द्वितीयक वल्कुट]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Secondary cortex or Phelloderm | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,399: | Line 2,665: | ||
|[[परिचर्म]] | |[[परिचर्म]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Periderm | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,408: | Line 2,675: | ||
|[[छालवल्क]] | |[[छालवल्क]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Bark | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,417: | Line 2,685: | ||
|[[वातरंध्र]] | |[[वातरंध्र]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Lenticels | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
|'''7''' | |'''7''' | ||
Line 2,425: | Line 2,694: | ||
|'''प्राणियों में संरचनात्मक संगठन''' | |'''प्राणियों में संरचनात्मक संगठन''' | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|'''Structural Organsation in Animals''' | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
Line 2,435: | Line 2,705: | ||
|[[सरल उपकला]] | |[[सरल उपकला]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|simple epithelium | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,444: | Line 2,715: | ||
|[[संयुक्त उपकला]] | |[[संयुक्त उपकला]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|compound epithelium | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,453: | Line 2,725: | ||
|[[शल्की उपकला]] | |[[शल्की उपकला]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Squamous epithelium | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,462: | Line 2,735: | ||
|[[घनाकार उपकला]] | |[[घनाकार उपकला]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Cuboidal epithelium | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,471: | Line 2,745: | ||
|[[स्तम्भाकार उपकला]] | |[[स्तम्भाकार उपकला]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Columnar epithelium | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,480: | Line 2,755: | ||
|[[पक्ष्माभी उपकला]] | |[[पक्ष्माभी उपकला]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Ciliated epithelium | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,489: | Line 2,765: | ||
|[[ग्रंथिल उपकला]] | |[[ग्रंथिल उपकला]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Glandular epithelium | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,498: | Line 2,775: | ||
|[[बहिःस्त्रावी]] | |[[बहिःस्त्रावी]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Exocrine | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,507: | Line 2,785: | ||
|[[अंत: स्रावी]] | |[[अंत: स्रावी]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Endocrine | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,516: | Line 2,795: | ||
|[[संयुक्त उपकला]] | |[[संयुक्त उपकला]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Compound epithelium | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,525: | Line 2,805: | ||
|[[दृढ संधियाँ]] | |[[दृढ संधियाँ]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Tight junctions | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,534: | Line 2,815: | ||
|[[आसंजी संधियाँ]] | |[[आसंजी संधियाँ]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Adhering junctions | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,543: | Line 2,825: | ||
|[[अंतराली संधियां]] | |[[अंतराली संधियां]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Gap junctions | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,552: | Line 2,835: | ||
|[[लचीले संयोजी ऊतक]] | |[[लचीले संयोजी ऊतक]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Areolar tissue | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,561: | Line 2,845: | ||
|[[सघन संयोजी ऊतक]] | |[[सघन संयोजी ऊतक]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Dense connective tissues | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,570: | Line 2,855: | ||
|[[वसा ऊतक]] | |[[वसा ऊतक]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Adipose tissue | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,579: | Line 2,865: | ||
|[[विशिष्ट संयोजी ऊतक]] | |[[विशिष्ट संयोजी ऊतक]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|specialised connective tissues | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,588: | Line 2,875: | ||
|[[अस्थि]] | |[[अस्थि]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Bones | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,597: | Line 2,885: | ||
|[[रक्त]] | |[[रक्त]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Blood | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,606: | Line 2,895: | ||
|[[कंकाल पेशी]] | |[[कंकाल पेशी]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Skeletal muscle | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,615: | Line 2,905: | ||
|[[चिकनी पेशी]] | |[[चिकनी पेशी]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|smooth muscle | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,624: | Line 2,915: | ||
|[[हृद पेशी]] | |[[हृद पेशी]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Cardiac muscle tissue | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,633: | Line 2,925: | ||
|[[तंत्रिका ऊतक]] | |[[तंत्रिका ऊतक]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Neural Tissue | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,642: | Line 2,935: | ||
|[[अंग और अंगतंत्र]] | |[[अंग और अंगतंत्र]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Organ and organ System | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,651: | Line 2,945: | ||
|[[केंचुआ]] | |[[केंचुआ]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Earthworm | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,660: | Line 2,955: | ||
|[[क्लाइटेलम]] | |[[क्लाइटेलम]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Clitellum | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,669: | Line 2,965: | ||
|[[शूक]] | |[[शूक]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Setae | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,678: | Line 2,975: | ||
|[[आंत्रवलन]] | |[[आंत्रवलन]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Typhlosole | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,687: | Line 2,985: | ||
|[[नेफ्रिडिया]] | |[[नेफ्रिडिया]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Nephridia | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,696: | Line 2,995: | ||
|[[कॉकरोच]] | |[[कॉकरोच]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Cockroache | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,705: | Line 3,005: | ||
|[[मैलपीगी नलिकाएं]] | |[[मैलपीगी नलिकाएं]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Malpighian tubules | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,714: | Line 3,015: | ||
|[[यूरिकाम्ल]] | |[[यूरिकाम्ल]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Uricotelic | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,723: | Line 3,025: | ||
|[[नेत्राशंक]] | |[[नेत्राशंक]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|ommatidia | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
|'''इकाई - तीन''' | |'''इकाई - तीन''' | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|'''Unit - 3''' | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,739: | Line 3,043: | ||
|'''संरचना और कार्य''' | |'''संरचना और कार्य''' | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|'''Structure and functions''' | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,749: | Line 3,054: | ||
|'''कोशिका : जीवन की इकाई''' | |'''कोशिका : जीवन की इकाई''' | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|'''cell: The unit of life''' | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
Line 2,759: | Line 3,065: | ||
|[[कोशिका]] | |[[कोशिका]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Cell | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,768: | Line 3,075: | ||
|[[एंटोन वॉन ल्यूवेनहोक]] | |[[एंटोन वॉन ल्यूवेनहोक]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Anton Von Leeuwenhoek | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,777: | Line 3,085: | ||
|[[कोशिका सिद्धांत]] | |[[कोशिका सिद्धांत]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Cell theory | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,786: | Line 3,095: | ||
|[[श्लेडेन और श्वान]] | |[[श्लेडेन और श्वान]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Schleiden and Schwann | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,795: | Line 3,105: | ||
|[[प्रोकैरियोटिक कोशिकाएं]] | |[[प्रोकैरियोटिक कोशिकाएं]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Prokaryotic cells | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,804: | Line 3,115: | ||
|[[डीएनए]] | |[[डीएनए]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|DNA | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,813: | Line 3,125: | ||
|[[ग्राम धनात्मक जीवाणु]] | |[[ग्राम धनात्मक जीवाणु]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Gram positive bacteria | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,822: | Line 3,135: | ||
|[[ग्राम ऋणात्मक जीवाणु]] | |[[ग्राम ऋणात्मक जीवाणु]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Gram negative bacteria | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,831: | Line 3,145: | ||
|[[अवपंक परत]] | |[[अवपंक परत]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Slime layer | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,840: | Line 3,155: | ||
|[[सम्पुटिका]] | |[[सम्पुटिका]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Capsule | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,849: | Line 3,165: | ||
|[[मीसोजोम]] | |[[मीसोजोम]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Mesosome | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,858: | Line 3,175: | ||
|[[पुटिका]] | |[[पुटिका]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Form of vesicles | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,867: | Line 3,185: | ||
|[[नलिका]] | |[[नलिका]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Tubules | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,876: | Line 3,195: | ||
|[[पटलिका]] | |[[पटलिका]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Lamellae | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,885: | Line 3,205: | ||
|[[तन्तु]] | |[[तन्तु]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Filament | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,894: | Line 3,215: | ||
|[[कशाभिका]] | |[[कशाभिका]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Flagellum | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,903: | Line 3,225: | ||
|[[रोम]] | |[[रोम]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Pili | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,912: | Line 3,235: | ||
|[[झालर]] | |[[झालर]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Fimbriae | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,921: | Line 3,245: | ||
|[[राइबोसोम]] | |[[राइबोसोम]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Ribosomes | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,930: | Line 3,255: | ||
|[[बहुराइबोसोम या बहु सूत्र]] | |[[बहुराइबोसोम या बहु सूत्र]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Polyribosomes or polysome | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,939: | Line 3,265: | ||
|[[अंतर्विष्ट पिंड]] | |[[अंतर्विष्ट पिंड]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Inclusion bodies | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,948: | Line 3,275: | ||
|[[केंद्रीय रसधानी]] | |[[केंद्रीय रसधानी]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Central vacuole | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,957: | Line 3,285: | ||
|[[तारक काय]] | |[[तारक काय]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Centrioles | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,966: | Line 3,295: | ||
|[[यूकेरियोटिक कोशिकाएं]] | |[[यूकेरियोटिक कोशिकाएं]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Eukaryotic cells | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,975: | Line 3,305: | ||
|[[कोशिका झिल्ली]] | |[[कोशिका झिल्ली]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Cell Membrane | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,984: | Line 3,315: | ||
|[[तरल किर्मीर नमूना]] | |[[तरल किर्मीर नमूना]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Fluid mosaic model | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 2,993: | Line 3,325: | ||
|[[निष्क्रिय परिवहन]] | |[[निष्क्रिय परिवहन]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Passive transport | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 3,002: | Line 3,335: | ||
|[[सक्रिय परिवहन]] | |[[सक्रिय परिवहन]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Active transport | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 3,011: | Line 3,345: | ||
|[[परासरण]] | |[[परासरण]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Osmosis. | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 3,020: | Line 3,355: | ||
|[[कोशिका भित्ति]] | |[[कोशिका भित्ति]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Cell wall | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 3,029: | Line 3,365: | ||
|[[प्राथमिक भित्ति]] | |[[प्राथमिक भित्ति]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Primary wall | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 3,038: | Line 3,375: | ||
|[[अंतः झिल्लिका तंत्र]] | |[[अंतः झिल्लिका तंत्र]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Endomembrane system | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 3,047: | Line 3,385: | ||
|[[अन्तः प्रदव्ययी जलिका]] | |[[अन्तः प्रदव्ययी जलिका]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Endoplasmic Reticulum | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 3,056: | Line 3,395: | ||
|[[गॉल्जीकाय]] | |[[गॉल्जीकाय]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Golgi apparatus | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 3,065: | Line 3,405: | ||
|[[लाइसोसोम]] | |[[लाइसोसोम]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Lysosomes | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 3,074: | Line 3,415: | ||
|[[संकुचनशील रसधानी]] | |[[संकुचनशील रसधानी]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Contractile vacuole | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 3,083: | Line 3,425: | ||
|[[खाध रसधानी]] | |[[खाध रसधानी]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Food vacuoles | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 3,092: | Line 3,435: | ||
|[[माइटोकॉन्ड्रिया]] | |[[माइटोकॉन्ड्रिया]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Mitochondria | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 3,101: | Line 3,445: | ||
|[[आधात्री]] | |[[आधात्री]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Matrix | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 3,110: | Line 3,455: | ||
|[[क्रिस्टी]] | |[[क्रिस्टी]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Cristae | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 3,119: | Line 3,465: | ||
|[[पर्णहरित]] | |[[पर्णहरित]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Chlorophyll | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 3,128: | Line 3,475: | ||
|[[कैरोटेनॉइड]] | |[[कैरोटेनॉइड]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Carotenoid | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 3,137: | Line 3,485: | ||
|[[मंड लवक]] | |[[मंड लवक]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Amyloplasts | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 3,146: | Line 3,495: | ||
|[[तेल लवक]] | |[[तेल लवक]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Elaioplasts | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 3,155: | Line 3,505: | ||
|[[प्रोटीन लवक]] | |[[प्रोटीन लवक]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Aleuroplasts | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 3,164: | Line 3,515: | ||
|[[थाइलेकोइड]] | |[[थाइलेकोइड]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Thylakoids | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 3,173: | Line 3,525: | ||
|[[साइटोपंजर]] | |[[साइटोपंजर]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Cytoskeleton | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 3,182: | Line 3,535: | ||
|[[पक्ष्माभ]] | |[[पक्ष्माभ]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Cilia | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 3,191: | Line 3,545: | ||
|[[कशाभिका]] | |[[कशाभिका]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Flagella | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 3,200: | Line 3,555: | ||
|[[अक्षसूत्र]] | |[[अक्षसूत्र]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Axoneme | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 3,209: | Line 3,565: | ||
|[[क्रोमेटिन]] | |[[क्रोमेटिन]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Chromatin | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 3,218: | Line 3,575: | ||
|[[केंद्रिक]] | |[[केंद्रिक]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Nucleoli | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 3,227: | Line 3,585: | ||
|[[परिकेन्द्रकी अवकाश]] | |[[परिकेन्द्रकी अवकाश]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Perinuclear space | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 3,236: | Line 3,595: | ||
|[[केन्द्रक द्रव्य]] | |[[केन्द्रक द्रव्य]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Nucleoplasm | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 3,245: | Line 3,605: | ||
|[[माइक्रोबॉडीज]] | |[[माइक्रोबॉडीज]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Microbodies | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
|'''9''' | |'''9''' | ||
Line 3,253: | Line 3,614: | ||
|'''जैव अणु''' | |'''जैव अणु''' | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|'''Biomolecules''' | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
Line 3,263: | Line 3,625: | ||
|[[ज्विटर आयन]] | |[[ज्विटर आयन]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|zwitterion | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 3,272: | Line 3,635: | ||
|[[अमीनो अम्ल]] | |[[अमीनो अम्ल]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Amino acids | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 3,281: | Line 3,645: | ||
|[[शर्करा (कार्बोहाइड्रेट)]] | |[[शर्करा (कार्बोहाइड्रेट)]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Sugars (Carbohydrates) | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 3,290: | Line 3,655: | ||
|[[ग्लाइसीन]] | |[[ग्लाइसीन]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Glycine | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 3,299: | Line 3,665: | ||
|[[एलानिन]] | |[[एलानिन]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Alanine | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 3,308: | Line 3,675: | ||
|[[सेरिन]] | |[[सेरिन]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Serine | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 3,317: | Line 3,685: | ||
|[[पामिटिक अम्ल]] | |[[पामिटिक अम्ल]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Palmitic acid | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 3,326: | Line 3,695: | ||
|[[ग्लिसरॉल]] | |[[ग्लिसरॉल]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Glycerol | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 3,335: | Line 3,705: | ||
|[[ट्राइग्लिसराइड]] | |[[ट्राइग्लिसराइड]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Triglyceride | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 3,344: | Line 3,715: | ||
|[[फास्फोलिपिड (लेसिथिन)]] | |[[फास्फोलिपिड (लेसिथिन)]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Phospholipid (Lecithin) | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 3,353: | Line 3,725: | ||
|[[कोलेस्ट्रॉल]] | |[[कोलेस्ट्रॉल]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Cholesterol | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 3,362: | Line 3,735: | ||
|[[एडेनिन (प्यूरिन)]] | |[[एडेनिन (प्यूरिन)]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Adenine (Purine) | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 3,371: | Line 3,745: | ||
|[[एडीनोसिन]] | |[[एडीनोसिन]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Adenosine | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 3,380: | Line 3,755: | ||
|[[एडेनिलिक अम्ल]] | |[[एडेनिलिक अम्ल]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Adenylic acid | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 3,389: | Line 3,765: | ||
|[[यूरेसिल (पाइरीमिडीन)]] | |[[यूरेसिल (पाइरीमिडीन)]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Uracil (Pyrimidine) | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 3,398: | Line 3,775: | ||
|[[यूरिडीन]] | |[[यूरिडीन]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Uridine | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 3,407: | Line 3,785: | ||
|[[न्यूक्लियोसाइड]] | |[[न्यूक्लियोसाइड]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Nucleosides | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 3,416: | Line 3,795: | ||
|[[न्यूक्लियोटाइड]] | |[[न्यूक्लियोटाइड]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Nucleotide | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 3,425: | Line 3,805: | ||
|[[द्वितीयक उपापचयज]] | |[[द्वितीयक उपापचयज]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Secondary metabolites | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 3,434: | Line 3,815: | ||
|[[प्राथमिक उपापचयज]] | |[[प्राथमिक उपापचयज]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Primary metabolites | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 3,443: | Line 3,825: | ||
|[[वृहत जैव अणु]] | |[[वृहत जैव अणु]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Biomacromolecules | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 3,452: | Line 3,835: | ||
|[[प्रोटीन]] | |[[प्रोटीन]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Proteins | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 3,461: | Line 3,845: | ||
|[[पॉलीसैकराइड]] | |[[पॉलीसैकराइड]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Polysaccharides | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 3,470: | Line 3,855: | ||
|[[न्यूक्लिक अम्ल]] | |[[न्यूक्लिक अम्ल]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Nucleic acid | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 3,479: | Line 3,865: | ||
|[[प्रोटीन की संरचना]] | |[[प्रोटीन की संरचना]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Structure of protein | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 3,488: | Line 3,875: | ||
|[[अल्फा - हेलिक्स]] | |[[अल्फा - हेलिक्स]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Alpha – Helix | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 3,497: | Line 3,885: | ||
|[[बीटा– प्लीटेड शीट]] | |[[बीटा– प्लीटेड शीट]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Beta– plated sheet | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 3,506: | Line 3,895: | ||
|[[पेप्टाइड बंध]] | |[[पेप्टाइड बंध]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Peptide bond | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 3,515: | Line 3,905: | ||
|[[ग्लाइकोसिडिक बंध]] | |[[ग्लाइकोसिडिक बंध]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Glycosidic bond | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 3,524: | Line 3,915: | ||
|[[उत्प्रेरित अभिक्रियाएं]] | |[[उत्प्रेरित अभिक्रियाएं]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Catalysed Reaction | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 3,533: | Line 3,925: | ||
|[[उपापचय पथ]] | |[[उपापचय पथ]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Anabolic pathways | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 3,542: | Line 3,935: | ||
|[[अपचय पथ]] | |[[अपचय पथ]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Catabolic pathways. | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 3,551: | Line 3,945: | ||
|[[एडेनोसाइन ट्राइफॉस्फेट (एटीपी)]] | |[[एडेनोसाइन ट्राइफॉस्फेट (एटीपी)]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 3,560: | Line 3,955: | ||
|[[रासायनिक अभिक्रिया]] | |[[रासायनिक अभिक्रिया]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Chemical Reaction | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 3,569: | Line 3,965: | ||
|[[सक्रियण ऊर्जा]] | |[[सक्रियण ऊर्जा]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Activation energy | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 3,578: | Line 3,975: | ||
|[[एंजाइम क्रिया की प्रकृति]] | |[[एंजाइम क्रिया की प्रकृति]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Nature of Enzyme Action | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 3,587: | Line 3,985: | ||
|[[एंजाइम क्रियाविधि को प्रभावित करने वाले कारक]] | |[[एंजाइम क्रियाविधि को प्रभावित करने वाले कारक]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Factors Affecting Enzyme Activity | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 3,596: | Line 3,995: | ||
|[[संदमन]] | |[[संदमन]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Inhibition | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 3,605: | Line 4,005: | ||
|[[ऑक्सीडोरडक्टेस / डिहाइड्रोजनेज]] | |[[ऑक्सीडोरडक्टेस / डिहाइड्रोजनेज]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Oxidoreductases/dehydrogenases | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 3,614: | Line 4,015: | ||
|[[ट्रांसफरेज]] | |[[ट्रांसफरेज]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Transferases | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 3,623: | Line 4,025: | ||
|[[हाइड्रोलेजेज]] | |[[हाइड्रोलेजेज]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Hydrolases | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 3,632: | Line 4,035: | ||
|[[लाइसेस]] | |[[लाइसेस]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Lyases | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 3,641: | Line 4,045: | ||
|[[आइसोमरेज]] | |[[आइसोमरेज]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Isomerases | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 3,650: | Line 4,055: | ||
|[[लाइगेजेज]] | |[[लाइगेजेज]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Ligases: | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 3,659: | Line 4,065: | ||
|[[सह-कारक]] | |[[सह-कारक]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Co-factors | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
|'''10''' | |'''10''' | ||
Line 3,667: | Line 4,074: | ||
|'''कोशिका चक्र और कोशिका विभाजन''' | |'''कोशिका चक्र और कोशिका विभाजन''' | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|'''Cell Cycle and Cell Division''' | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
Line 3,677: | Line 4,085: | ||
|[[कोशिका चक्र]] | |[[कोशिका चक्र]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Cell cycle | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 3,686: | Line 4,095: | ||
|[[अंतरावस्था]] | |[[अंतरावस्था]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Interphase | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 3,695: | Line 4,105: | ||
|[[एम प्रावस्था (समसूत्री विभाजन)]] | |[[एम प्रावस्था (समसूत्री विभाजन)]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|M Phase (Mitosis phase) | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 3,704: | Line 4,115: | ||
|[[कार्योकाइनेसिस]] | |[[कार्योकाइनेसिस]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Karyokinesis | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 3,713: | Line 4,125: | ||
|[[साइटोकाइनेसिस]] | |[[साइटोकाइनेसिस]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Cytokinesis | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 3,722: | Line 4,135: | ||
|[[पश्च सूत्री अंतरकाल प्रावस्था]] | |[[पश्च सूत्री अंतरकाल प्रावस्था]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|G1 phase (Gap 1) | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 3,731: | Line 4,145: | ||
|[[संश्लेषण प्रावस्था]] | |[[संश्लेषण प्रावस्था]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|S phase (Synthesis) | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 3,740: | Line 4,155: | ||
|[[पूर्व - सूत्री विभाजन अंतरालकाल प्रावस्था]] | |[[पूर्व - सूत्री विभाजन अंतरालकाल प्रावस्था]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|G2 phase (Gap 2) | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 3,749: | Line 4,165: | ||
|[[शांत अवस्था]] | |[[शांत अवस्था]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Quiescent stage (G0 ) | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 3,758: | Line 4,175: | ||
|[[सूत्री विभाजन अवस्था (M प्रावस्था)]] | |[[सूत्री विभाजन अवस्था (M प्रावस्था)]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|M Phase (Mitosis phase) | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 3,767: | Line 4,185: | ||
|[[पूर्वावस्था]] | |[[पूर्वावस्था]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Prophase | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 3,776: | Line 4,195: | ||
|[[मध्यावस्था]] | |[[मध्यावस्था]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Metaphase | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 3,785: | Line 4,205: | ||
|[[पश्चावस्था]] | |[[पश्चावस्था]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Anaphase | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 3,794: | Line 4,215: | ||
|[[अंत्यावस्था]] | |[[अंत्यावस्था]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Telophase | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 3,803: | Line 4,225: | ||
|[[कोशिकाद्रव्य विभाजन]] | |[[कोशिकाद्रव्य विभाजन]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Cytokinesis | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 3,812: | Line 4,235: | ||
|[[अर्धसूत्रीविभाजन]] | |[[अर्धसूत्रीविभाजन]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Meiosis | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 3,821: | Line 4,245: | ||
|[[तनुपट्ट]] | |[[तनुपट्ट]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|leptotene | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 3,830: | Line 4,255: | ||
|[[युग्मपट्ट]] | |[[युग्मपट्ट]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Zygotene | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 3,839: | Line 4,265: | ||
|[[स्थूलपट्ट]] | |[[स्थूलपट्ट]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Pachytene | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 3,848: | Line 4,275: | ||
|[[द्विपट्ट]] | |[[द्विपट्ट]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Diplotene | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 3,857: | Line 4,285: | ||
|[[काएज्मेटा]] | |[[काएज्मेटा]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Chiasmata | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 3,866: | Line 4,295: | ||
|[[डायकाइनेसिस]] | |[[डायकाइनेसिस]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Diakinesis | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
|'''इकाई - चार''' | |'''इकाई - चार''' | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|'''Unit - 4''' | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
Line 3,882: | Line 4,313: | ||
|'''पादप कार्यकीय (शरीर क्रियात्मकता)''' | |'''पादप कार्यकीय (शरीर क्रियात्मकता)''' | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|'''Plant Physiology''' | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
Line 3,892: | Line 4,324: | ||
|'''पौधों में परिवहन''' | |'''पौधों में परिवहन''' | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|'''Transport in Plants''' | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
Line 3,902: | Line 4,335: | ||
|[[स्थानान्तरण]] | |[[स्थानान्तरण]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Translocation | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 3,911: | Line 4,345: | ||
|[[विसरण]] | |[[विसरण]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Diffusion | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 3,920: | Line 4,355: | ||
|[[सुसाध्य विसरण]] | |[[सुसाध्य विसरण]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Facilitated diffusion | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 3,929: | Line 4,365: | ||
|[[पोरिन्]] | |[[पोरिन्]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Porins | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 3,938: | Line 4,375: | ||
|[[एक्वापोरिन]] | |[[एक्वापोरिन]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Aquaporins | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 3,947: | Line 4,385: | ||
|[[सिम्पोर्ट]] | |[[सिम्पोर्ट]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Symport | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 3,956: | Line 4,395: | ||
|[[एंटिपोर्ट]] | |[[एंटिपोर्ट]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Antiport | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 3,965: | Line 4,405: | ||
|[[यूनिपोर्ट]] | |[[यूनिपोर्ट]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Uniport. | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 3,974: | Line 4,415: | ||
|[[सक्रिय परिवहन]] | |[[सक्रिय परिवहन]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Active transport | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 3,983: | Line 4,425: | ||
|[[निष्क्रिय परिवहन]] | |[[निष्क्रिय परिवहन]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Passive transport | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 3,992: | Line 4,435: | ||
|[[जल विभव (Ψw)]] | |[[जल विभव (Ψw)]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Water potential (Ψw ) | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 4,001: | Line 4,445: | ||
|[[विलेय विभव (Ψs )]] | |[[विलेय विभव (Ψs )]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Solute potential (Ψs ) | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 4,010: | Line 4,455: | ||
|[[दाब विभव (Ψp)]] | |[[दाब विभव (Ψp)]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Pressure potential (Ψp ) | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 4,019: | Line 4,465: | ||
|[[दाब प्रवणता]] | |[[दाब प्रवणता]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Pressure gradient | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 4,028: | Line 4,475: | ||
|[[सांद्रता प्रवणता]] | |[[सांद्रता प्रवणता]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Concentration gradient | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 4,037: | Line 4,485: | ||
|[[जीवद्रव्यकुंचन]] | |[[जीवद्रव्यकुंचन]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Plasmolysis | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 4,046: | Line 4,495: | ||
|[[समपरासरी]] | |[[समपरासरी]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Isotonic | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 4,055: | Line 4,505: | ||
|[[अल्पपरासारी]] | |[[अल्पपरासारी]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Hypotonic | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 4,064: | Line 4,515: | ||
|[[अतिपरासारी]] | |[[अतिपरासारी]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Hypertonic | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 4,073: | Line 4,525: | ||
|[[स्फीत दबाव]] | |[[स्फीत दबाव]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Turgor pressure | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 4,082: | Line 4,535: | ||
|[[अंत-शोषण]] | |[[अंत-शोषण]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Imbibition | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 4,091: | Line 4,545: | ||
|[[सामूहिक या थोक प्रवाह]] | |[[सामूहिक या थोक प्रवाह]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Mass or bulk flow | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 4,100: | Line 4,555: | ||
|[[एपोप्लास्ट पथ]] | |[[एपोप्लास्ट पथ]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Apoplast pathway | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 4,109: | Line 4,565: | ||
|[[सिम्प्लास्ट पथ]] | |[[सिम्प्लास्ट पथ]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Symplast pathway | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 4,118: | Line 4,575: | ||
|[[कैस्पेरियन पट्टी]] | |[[कैस्पेरियन पट्टी]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Casparian strips | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 4,127: | Line 4,585: | ||
|[[माइकोराइजा]] | |[[माइकोराइजा]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Mycorrhiza | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 4,136: | Line 4,595: | ||
|[[मूल दाब]] | |[[मूल दाब]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Root Pressure | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 4,145: | Line 4,605: | ||
|[[बिन्दुस्राव]] | |[[बिन्दुस्राव]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Guttation | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 4,154: | Line 4,615: | ||
|[[सामंजस्य-तनाव-वाष्पोत्सर्जन खिंचाव मॉडल]] | |[[सामंजस्य-तनाव-वाष्पोत्सर्जन खिंचाव मॉडल]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Cohesion-tension-transpiration pull mode | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 4,163: | Line 4,625: | ||
|[[रंध्र छिद्र]] | |[[रंध्र छिद्र]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Stomatal aperture, | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 4,172: | Line 4,635: | ||
|[[रक्षक कोशिकाएं]] | |[[रक्षक कोशिकाएं]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Guard cells | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 4,181: | Line 4,645: | ||
|[[सासंजन]] | |[[सासंजन]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Cohesion | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 4,190: | Line 4,655: | ||
|[[आसंजन]] | |[[आसंजन]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Adhesion | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 4,199: | Line 4,665: | ||
|[[तन्य -सामर्थ्य]] | |[[तन्य -सामर्थ्य]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Tensile strength | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 4,208: | Line 4,675: | ||
|[[ट्रेकिड् और वाहिका तत्व]] | |[[ट्रेकिड् और वाहिका तत्व]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Tracheids and vessel elements | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 4,217: | Line 4,685: | ||
|[[सक्रिय अवशोषण]] | |[[सक्रिय अवशोषण]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Active absorption | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 4,226: | Line 4,695: | ||
|[[दबाव प्रवाह या द्रव्यमान प्रवाह परिकल्पना]] | |[[दबाव प्रवाह या द्रव्यमान प्रवाह परिकल्पना]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|The Pressure Flow or Mass Flow Hypothesis | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
|'''12''' | |'''12''' | ||
Line 4,234: | Line 4,704: | ||
|'''खनिज पोषण''' | |'''खनिज पोषण''' | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|'''Mineral nutrition''' | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
Line 4,244: | Line 4,715: | ||
|[[जल संवर्धन]] | |[[जल संवर्धन]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Hydroponics. | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 4,253: | Line 4,725: | ||
|[[वृहत पोषक तत्व]] | |[[वृहत पोषक तत्व]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Macronutrients | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 4,262: | Line 4,735: | ||
|[[सूक्ष्म पोषक तत्व]] | |[[सूक्ष्म पोषक तत्व]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Micronutrients | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 4,271: | Line 4,745: | ||
|[[क्रांतिक सांद्रता]] | |[[क्रांतिक सांद्रता]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Critical concentration | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 4,280: | Line 4,755: | ||
|[[सूक्ष्म पोषक तत्वों की विषाक्तता]] | |[[सूक्ष्म पोषक तत्वों की विषाक्तता]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Toxicity of Micronutrients | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 4,289: | Line 4,765: | ||
|[[अभिवाह]] | |[[अभिवाह]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Flux | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 4,298: | Line 4,775: | ||
|[[अन्तर्वाह]] | |[[अन्तर्वाह]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Influx | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 4,307: | Line 4,785: | ||
|[[बहि: स्राव]] | |[[बहि: स्राव]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Efflux | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 4,316: | Line 4,795: | ||
|[[नाइट्रोजन चक्र]] | |[[नाइट्रोजन चक्र]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Nitrogen Cycle | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 4,325: | Line 4,805: | ||
|[[नाइट्रोजन स्थिरीकरण]] | |[[नाइट्रोजन स्थिरीकरण]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Nitrogenfixation | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 4,334: | Line 4,815: | ||
|[[नाइट्रीकरण]] | |[[नाइट्रीकरण]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Nitrification | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 4,343: | Line 4,825: | ||
|[[रसायनपोषी]] | |[[रसायनपोषी]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Chemoautotrophs | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 4,352: | Line 4,835: | ||
|[[जैविक नाइट्रोजन स्थिरीकरण]] | |[[जैविक नाइट्रोजन स्थिरीकरण]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Biological nitrogen fixation | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 4,361: | Line 4,845: | ||
|[[सहजीवी जैविक नाइट्रोजन स्थिरीकरण]] | |[[सहजीवी जैविक नाइट्रोजन स्थिरीकरण]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Symbiotic biological nitrogen fixation | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 4,370: | Line 4,855: | ||
|[[राइजोबियम]] | |[[राइजोबियम]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Rhizobium | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 4,379: | Line 4,865: | ||
|[[अमोनिया की स्थिति]] | |[[अमोनिया की स्थिति]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Fate of ammonia | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 4,388: | Line 4,875: | ||
|[[अपचयित एमीनीकरण]] | |[[अपचयित एमीनीकरण]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Reductive amination | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 4,397: | Line 4,885: | ||
|[[ट्रांसएमिनेशन]] | |[[ट्रांसएमिनेशन]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Transamination | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
|'''13''' | |'''13''' | ||
Line 4,405: | Line 4,894: | ||
|'''उच्च पादपों में प्रकाश संश्लेषण''' | |'''उच्च पादपों में प्रकाश संश्लेषण''' | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|'''Photosynthesis In Higher Plants''' | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
Line 4,415: | Line 4,905: | ||
|[[प्रकाश अभिक्रिया (प्रकाश रासायनिक अभिक्रिया)]] | |[[प्रकाश अभिक्रिया (प्रकाश रासायनिक अभिक्रिया)]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|light reactions (photochemical reactions) | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 4,424: | Line 4,915: | ||
|[[अप्रकाशीय अभिक्रिया (कार्बन अभिक्रिया)]] | |[[अप्रकाशीय अभिक्रिया (कार्बन अभिक्रिया)]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Dark reactions (carbon reactions) | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 4,433: | Line 4,925: | ||
|[[क्लोरोफिल ए]] | |[[क्लोरोफिल ए]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Chlorophyll a | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 4,442: | Line 4,935: | ||
|[[क्लोरोफिल बी]] | |[[क्लोरोफिल बी]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Chlorophyll b | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 4,451: | Line 4,945: | ||
|[[ज़ैंथोफिल]] | |[[ज़ैंथोफिल]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|xanthophylls | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 4,460: | Line 4,955: | ||
|[[कैरोटीनॉयड]] | |[[कैरोटीनॉयड]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|carotenoids | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 4,469: | Line 4,965: | ||
|[[लाइट हार्वेस्टिंग काम्प्लेक्स (एल एच एसी)]] | |[[लाइट हार्वेस्टिंग काम्प्लेक्स (एल एच एसी)]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|light harvesting complexes (LHC) | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 4,478: | Line 4,975: | ||
|[[फोटोसिस्टम I (पीएस I)]] | |[[फोटोसिस्टम I (पीएस I)]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Photosystem I (PS I) | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 4,487: | Line 4,985: | ||
|[[फोटोसिस्टम II (PS II)]] | |[[फोटोसिस्टम II (PS II)]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Photosystem II (PS II) | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 4,496: | Line 4,995: | ||
|[[एंटीना]] | |[[एंटीना]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|antennae | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 4,505: | Line 5,005: | ||
|[[अभिक्रिया केंद्र]] | |[[अभिक्रिया केंद्र]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Reaction centre | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 4,514: | Line 5,015: | ||
|[[पी700]] | |[[पी700]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|P700 | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 4,523: | Line 5,025: | ||
|[[पी 680]] | |[[पी 680]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|P680 | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 4,532: | Line 5,035: | ||
|[[इलेक्ट्रॉन परिवहन]] | |[[इलेक्ट्रॉन परिवहन]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Electrons transport | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 4,541: | Line 5,045: | ||
|[[Z स्कीम]] | |[[Z स्कीम]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Z scheme | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 4,550: | Line 5,055: | ||
|[[जल विघटन]] | |[[जल विघटन]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Splitting of Water | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 4,559: | Line 5,065: | ||
|[[चक्रीय और अचक्रीय फोटो-फास्फोरिलीकरण]] | |[[चक्रीय और अचक्रीय फोटो-फास्फोरिलीकरण]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Cyclic and Non-cyclic Photo-phosphorylation | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 4,568: | Line 5,075: | ||
|[[केमियोस्मोटिक परिकल्पना]] | |[[केमियोस्मोटिक परिकल्पना]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Chemiosmotic Hypothesis | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 4,577: | Line 5,085: | ||
|[[जैवसंश्लेषण चरण]] | |[[जैवसंश्लेषण चरण]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Biosynthetic phase | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 4,586: | Line 5,095: | ||
|[[केल्विन चक्र]] | |[[केल्विन चक्र]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Calvin cycle | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 4,595: | Line 5,105: | ||
|[[C3 पथ]] | |[[C3 पथ]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|C3 pathway | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 4,604: | Line 5,115: | ||
|[[C4 पथ]] | |[[C4 पथ]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|C4 pathway | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 4,613: | Line 5,125: | ||
|[[बंडल शीथ कोशिकाएं]] | |[[बंडल शीथ कोशिकाएं]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Bundle sheath cells | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 4,622: | Line 5,135: | ||
|[[क्रांज़ 'शारीरिक रचना]] | |[[क्रांज़ 'शारीरिक रचना]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Kranz’ anatomy | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 4,631: | Line 5,145: | ||
|[[हैच और स्लैक पाथवे]] | |[[हैच और स्लैक पाथवे]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Hatch and Slack Pathway | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 4,640: | Line 5,155: | ||
|[[प्रकाश श्वसन]] | |[[प्रकाश श्वसन]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Photorespiration | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 4,649: | Line 5,165: | ||
|[[प्रकाश संश्लेषण को प्रभावित करने वाले कारक]] | |[[प्रकाश संश्लेषण को प्रभावित करने वाले कारक]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Factors Affecting Photosynthesis | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 4,658: | Line 5,175: | ||
|[[लॉ ऑफ लिमिटिंग फैक्टर]] | |[[लॉ ऑफ लिमिटिंग फैक्टर]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Law of Limiting Factors | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
|'''14''' | |'''14''' | ||
Line 4,666: | Line 5,184: | ||
|'''पौधों में श्वसन''' | |'''पौधों में श्वसन''' | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|'''Respiration in plants''' | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
Line 4,676: | Line 5,195: | ||
|[[कोशिकीय श्वसन]] | |[[कोशिकीय श्वसन]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Cellular respiration | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 4,685: | Line 5,205: | ||
|[[श्वसनी क्रियाधार]] | |[[श्वसनी क्रियाधार]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Respiratory substrates | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 4,694: | Line 5,215: | ||
|[[ग्लाइकोलिसिस]] | |[[ग्लाइकोलिसिस]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|glycolysis | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 4,703: | Line 5,225: | ||
|[[क्रेब्स चक्र]] | |[[क्रेब्स चक्र]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Krebs’ cycle | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 4,712: | Line 5,235: | ||
|[[किण्वन]] | |[[किण्वन]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Fermentation | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 4,721: | Line 5,245: | ||
|[[ऑक्सी श्वसन]] | |[[ऑक्सी श्वसन]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Aerobic respiration | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 4,730: | Line 5,255: | ||
|[[ट्राइकारबॉक्सिलिक अम्ल चक्र]] | |[[ट्राइकारबॉक्सिलिक अम्ल चक्र]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 4,739: | Line 5,265: | ||
|[[इलेक्ट्रॉन परिवहन तंत्र (ETS)]] | |[[इलेक्ट्रॉन परिवहन तंत्र (ETS)]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Electron Transport System (ETS) | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 4,748: | Line 5,275: | ||
|[[ऑक्सीडेटिव फास्फोराइलेशन]] | |[[ऑक्सीडेटिव फास्फोराइलेशन]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Oxidative Phosphorylation | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 4,757: | Line 5,285: | ||
|[[एम्फ़िबोलिक मार्ग]] | |[[एम्फ़िबोलिक मार्ग]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Amphibolic Pathway | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 4,766: | Line 5,295: | ||
|[[श्वसन गुणांक]] | |[[श्वसन गुणांक]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Respiratory quotient | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 4,775: | Line 5,305: | ||
|[[साइट्रिक एसिड चक्र]] | |[[साइट्रिक एसिड चक्र]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Citric acid Cycle | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 4,784: | Line 5,315: | ||
|[[माइटोकॉन्ड्रिया में एटीपी का संश्लेषण]] | |[[माइटोकॉन्ड्रिया में एटीपी का संश्लेषण]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|ATP synthesis in mitochondria | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 4,793: | Line 5,325: | ||
|[[अनॉक्सी श्वसन]] | |[[अनॉक्सी श्वसन]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Anaerobic respiration | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 4,802: | Line 5,335: | ||
|[[ए.टी.पी]] | |[[ए.टी.पी]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|ATP | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
|'''15''' | |'''15''' | ||
Line 4,810: | Line 5,344: | ||
|'''पादप वृद्धि एवं परिवर्धन''' | |'''पादप वृद्धि एवं परिवर्धन''' | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|'''Plant growth and development''' | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
Line 4,820: | Line 5,355: | ||
|[[वृद्धि]] | |[[वृद्धि]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Growth | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 4,829: | Line 5,365: | ||
|[[वृद्धि के चरण]] | |[[वृद्धि के चरण]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Phases of Growth | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 4,838: | Line 5,375: | ||
|[[वृद्धि दर]] | |[[वृद्धि दर]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Growth Rates | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 4,847: | Line 5,385: | ||
|[[वृद्धि के लिए दशाएं]] | |[[वृद्धि के लिए दशाएं]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Conditions for Growth | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 4,856: | Line 5,395: | ||
|[[विभेदन]] | |[[विभेदन]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Differentiation | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 4,865: | Line 5,405: | ||
|[[निर्विभेदन]] | |[[निर्विभेदन]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Dedifferentiation | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 4,874: | Line 5,415: | ||
|[[पुनर्विभेदित]] | |[[पुनर्विभेदित]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Redifferentiated | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 4,883: | Line 5,425: | ||
|[[परिवर्धन]] | |[[परिवर्धन]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Development | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 4,892: | Line 5,435: | ||
|[[प्लास्टिसिटी]] | |[[प्लास्टिसिटी]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Plasticity | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 4,901: | Line 5,445: | ||
|[[पादप वृद्धि नियामक]] | |[[पादप वृद्धि नियामक]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Plant growth regulators (PGRs) | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 4,910: | Line 5,455: | ||
|[[ऑक्सिन्स]] | |[[ऑक्सिन्स]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Auxins | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 4,919: | Line 5,465: | ||
|[[शिखाग्र प्रधान्यता]] | |[[शिखाग्र प्रधान्यता]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Apical dominance | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 4,928: | Line 5,475: | ||
|[[जिबरेलिन्स]] | |[[जिबरेलिन्स]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Gibberellins | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 4,937: | Line 5,485: | ||
|[[साइटोकाइनिन्स]] | |[[साइटोकाइनिन्स]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Cytokinins | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 4,946: | Line 5,495: | ||
|[[एथिलीन]] | |[[एथिलीन]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Ethylene | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 4,955: | Line 5,505: | ||
|[[एब्सिसिक अम्ल]] | |[[एब्सिसिक अम्ल]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Abscisic acid | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 4,964: | Line 5,515: | ||
|[[दीप्तिकालिता]] | |[[दीप्तिकालिता]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Photoperiodism | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 4,973: | Line 5,525: | ||
|[[दीर्घ प्रदीप्तकाली पौधे]] | |[[दीर्घ प्रदीप्तकाली पौधे]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|long day plants | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 4,982: | Line 5,535: | ||
|[[अल्प प्रदीप्तकाली पौधे]] | |[[अल्प प्रदीप्तकाली पौधे]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|short day plants | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 4,991: | Line 5,545: | ||
|[[तटस्थ प्रदीप्तकाली पौधे]] | |[[तटस्थ प्रदीप्तकाली पौधे]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Day-neutral plants | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 5,000: | Line 5,555: | ||
|[[वसंतीकरण]] | |[[वसंतीकरण]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Vernalisation | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 5,009: | Line 5,565: | ||
|[[बीज प्रसुप्ति]] | |[[बीज प्रसुप्ति]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Seed dormancy | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
|'''इकाई - चार''' | |'''इकाई - चार''' | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|'''Unit - 4''' | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
Line 5,025: | Line 5,583: | ||
|'''मानव शरीर विज्ञान''' | |'''मानव शरीर विज्ञान''' | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|'''Human Physiology''' | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
Line 5,035: | Line 5,594: | ||
|'''पाचन एवं अवशोषण''' | |'''पाचन एवं अवशोषण''' | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|'''Digestion and Absorption''' | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
Line 5,045: | Line 5,605: | ||
|[[पाचन]] | |[[पाचन]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Digestion | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 5,054: | Line 5,615: | ||
|[[पाचन तंत्र]] | |[[पाचन तंत्र]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Digestive system | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 5,063: | Line 5,625: | ||
|[[आहार नाल]] | |[[आहार नाल]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Alimentary Canal | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 5,072: | Line 5,635: | ||
|[[गर्तदन्ती]] | |[[गर्तदन्ती]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Thecodont | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 5,081: | Line 5,645: | ||
|[[द्विबारदंती]] | |[[द्विबारदंती]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Diphyodont | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 5,090: | Line 5,655: | ||
|[[जठरागम भाग]] | |[[जठरागम भाग]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Cardiac | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 5,099: | Line 5,665: | ||
|[[फंडिक क्षेत्र]] | |[[फंडिक क्षेत्र]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Fundic region | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 5,108: | Line 5,675: | ||
|[[जठरनिर्गम भाग]] | |[[जठरनिर्गम भाग]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Pyloric portion | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 5,117: | Line 5,685: | ||
|[[पाचन ग्रंथियां]] | |[[पाचन ग्रंथियां]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Digestive glands | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 5,126: | Line 5,695: | ||
|[[ग्रास]] | |[[ग्रास]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Bolus | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 5,135: | Line 5,705: | ||
|[[काइम]] | |[[काइम]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Chyme | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 5,144: | Line 5,715: | ||
|[[ग्लोबेट कोशिकाये]] | |[[ग्लोबेट कोशिकाये]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Goblet cells | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 5,153: | Line 5,725: | ||
|[[सक्सेस एंटेरिकस]] | |[[सक्सेस एंटेरिकस]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Succus entericus | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 5,162: | Line 5,735: | ||
|[[पचाए गए उत्पादों का अवशोषण]] | |[[पचाए गए उत्पादों का अवशोषण]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Absorption of digested products | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 5,171: | Line 5,745: | ||
|[[मुख]] | |[[मुख]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Mouth | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 5,180: | Line 5,755: | ||
|[[आमाशय]] | |[[आमाशय]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Stomach | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 5,189: | Line 5,765: | ||
|[[छोटी आंत]] | |[[छोटी आंत]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Small Intestine | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 5,198: | Line 5,775: | ||
|[[बड़ी आँत]] | |[[बड़ी आँत]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Large Intestine | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 5,207: | Line 5,785: | ||
|[[पीलिया]] | |[[पीलिया]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Jaundice | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 5,216: | Line 5,795: | ||
|[[वमन]] | |[[वमन]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Vomiting | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 5,225: | Line 5,805: | ||
|[[प्रवाहिका]] | |[[प्रवाहिका]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Diarrhoea | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 5,234: | Line 5,815: | ||
|[[कोष्ठबद्धता]] | |[[कोष्ठबद्धता]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Constipation | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 5,243: | Line 5,825: | ||
|[[अपच]] | |[[अपच]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Indigestion | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 5,252: | Line 5,835: | ||
|[[प्रोटीन ऊर्जा कुपोषण (पीईएम)]] | |[[प्रोटीन ऊर्जा कुपोषण (पीईएम)]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Protein-energy malnutrition (PEM) | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
|'''17''' | |'''17''' | ||
Line 5,260: | Line 5,844: | ||
|'''श्वास और गैसों का विनिमय''' | |'''श्वास और गैसों का विनिमय''' | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|'''Breathing and exchange of gases''' | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
Line 5,270: | Line 5,855: | ||
|[[श्वासन]] | |[[श्वासन]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Respiration | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 5,279: | Line 5,865: | ||
|[[श्वसन]] | |[[श्वसन]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Breathing | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 5,288: | Line 5,875: | ||
|[[क्लोम]] | |[[क्लोम]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Gills | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 5,297: | Line 5,885: | ||
|[[फेफड़े]] | |[[फेफड़े]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|lungs | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 5,306: | Line 5,895: | ||
|[[ग्रसनी]] | |[[ग्रसनी]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Pharynx | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 5,315: | Line 5,905: | ||
|[[श्वासनली]] | |[[श्वासनली]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Trachea | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 5,324: | Line 5,915: | ||
|[[ध्वनि पेटिका]] | |[[ध्वनि पेटिका]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Sound box | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 5,333: | Line 5,925: | ||
|[[श्वासनलियाँ]] | |[[श्वासनलियाँ]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Bronchi | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 5,342: | Line 5,935: | ||
|[[वायु कूपिका]] | |[[वायु कूपिका]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Alveoli | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 5,351: | Line 5,945: | ||
|[[अन्तः श्वसन]] | |[[अन्तः श्वसन]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Inspiration | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 5,360: | Line 5,955: | ||
|[[निःश्वसन]] | |[[निःश्वसन]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Expiration | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 5,369: | Line 5,965: | ||
|[[ज्वारीय आयतन]] | |[[ज्वारीय आयतन]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Tidal Volume (TV) | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 5,378: | Line 5,975: | ||
|[[अंत श्वसन सुरक्षित आयतन (आईआरबी)]] | |[[अंत श्वसन सुरक्षित आयतन (आईआरबी)]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV) | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 5,387: | Line 5,985: | ||
|[[निःश्वास सुरक्षित आयतन]] | |[[निःश्वास सुरक्षित आयतन]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV) | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 5,396: | Line 5,995: | ||
|[[अवशिष्ट आयतन (RV)]] | |[[अवशिष्ट आयतन (RV)]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Residual Volume (RV) | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 5,405: | Line 6,005: | ||
|[[अन्तः श्वसन क्षमता (आईसी)]] | |[[अन्तः श्वसन क्षमता (आईसी)]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Inspiratory Capacity (IC) | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 5,414: | Line 6,015: | ||
|[[नि:श्वसन क्षमता (ईसी)]] | |[[नि:श्वसन क्षमता (ईसी)]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Expiratory Capacity (EC) | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 5,423: | Line 6,025: | ||
|[[क्रियात्मक अवशिष्ट क्षमता (FRC)]] | |[[क्रियात्मक अवशिष्ट क्षमता (FRC)]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Functional Residual Capacity (FRC) | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 5,432: | Line 6,035: | ||
|[[जैव क्षमता (वीसी)]] | |[[जैव क्षमता (वीसी)]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Vital Capacity (VC) | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 5,441: | Line 6,045: | ||
|[[फेफड़े की कुल क्षमता (टीएलसी)]] | |[[फेफड़े की कुल क्षमता (टीएलसी)]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Total Lung Capacity (TLC) | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 5,450: | Line 6,055: | ||
|[[गैसों का आदान-प्रदान]] | |[[गैसों का आदान-प्रदान]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Exchange of gases | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 5,459: | Line 6,065: | ||
|[[गैसों का परिवहन]] | |[[गैसों का परिवहन]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Transportation of gases | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 5,468: | Line 6,075: | ||
|[[ऑक्सीहीमोग्लोबिन]] | |[[ऑक्सीहीमोग्लोबिन]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Oxyhaemoglobin | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 5,477: | Line 6,085: | ||
|[[कार्बामिनो-हीमोग्लोबिन]] | |[[कार्बामिनो-हीमोग्लोबिन]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Carbamino-haemoglobin | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 5,486: | Line 6,095: | ||
|[[दमा]] | |[[दमा]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Asthma | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 5,495: | Line 6,105: | ||
|[[वातस्फीति]] | |[[वातस्फीति]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Emphysema | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 5,504: | Line 6,115: | ||
|[[व्यावसायिक श्वसन विकार]] | |[[व्यावसायिक श्वसन विकार]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Occupational Respiratory Disorders | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
|'''18''' | |'''18''' | ||
Line 5,512: | Line 6,124: | ||
|'''शरीर द्रव तथा परिसंचरण''' | |'''शरीर द्रव तथा परिसंचरण''' | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|'''Body fluids and circulation''' | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
Line 5,522: | Line 6,135: | ||
|[[रक्त]] | |[[रक्त]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Blood | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 5,531: | Line 6,145: | ||
|[[लसीका]] | |[[लसीका]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|lymph | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 5,540: | Line 6,155: | ||
|[[प्लाज्मा]] | |[[प्लाज्मा]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Plasma | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 5,549: | Line 6,165: | ||
|[[इरिथ्रोसाइट्स (रक्ताणु)]] | |[[इरिथ्रोसाइट्स (रक्ताणु)]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Erythrocytes | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 5,558: | Line 6,175: | ||
|[[ल्यूकोसाइट (श्वेत रुधिर कणिकाएं)]] | |[[ल्यूकोसाइट (श्वेत रुधिर कणिकाएं)]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Leucocytes | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 5,567: | Line 6,185: | ||
|[[थ्रॉम्बोसाइट्स]] | |[[थ्रॉम्बोसाइट्स]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Thrombocytes | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 5,576: | Line 6,195: | ||
|[[रक्त समूह]] | |[[रक्त समूह]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Blood Groups | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 5,585: | Line 6,205: | ||
|[[ABO समुह]] | |[[ABO समुह]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|ABO grouping | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 5,594: | Line 6,215: | ||
|[[Rh समूह]] | |[[Rh समूह]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Rh grouping | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 5,603: | Line 6,225: | ||
|[[Rh सहित]] | |[[Rh सहित]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Rh positive | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 5,612: | Line 6,235: | ||
|[[Rh हीन]] | |[[Rh हीन]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Rh negative | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 5,621: | Line 6,245: | ||
|[[रक्त स्कंदन]] | |[[रक्त स्कंदन]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Coagulation of Blood | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 5,630: | Line 6,255: | ||
|[[परिसंचरण पथ]] | |[[परिसंचरण पथ]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|CIRCULATORY PATHWAYS | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 5,639: | Line 6,265: | ||
|[[अलिंद]] | |[[अलिंद]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Atrium | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 5,648: | Line 6,275: | ||
|[[निलय]] | |[[निलय]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Ventricles | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 5,657: | Line 6,285: | ||
|[[हृदय]] | |[[हृदय]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Heart | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 5,666: | Line 6,295: | ||
|[[हृदयावरण]] | |[[हृदयावरण]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|pericardium | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 5,675: | Line 6,305: | ||
|[[शिरा अलिंद पर्व]] | |[[शिरा अलिंद पर्व]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|sino-atrial node | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 5,684: | Line 6,315: | ||
|[[अलिंद निलय पर्व]] | |[[अलिंद निलय पर्व]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|atrio-ventricular node | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 5,693: | Line 6,325: | ||
|[[हृदय चक्र]] | |[[हृदय चक्र]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Cardiac Cycle | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 5,702: | Line 6,335: | ||
|[[विद्युत हृद लेख]] | |[[विद्युत हृद लेख]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Electrocardiograph (ECG) | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 5,711: | Line 6,345: | ||
|[[आलिंद का उद्दीपन]] | |[[आलिंद का उद्दीपन]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|excitation (or depolarisation) of the atria | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 5,720: | Line 6,355: | ||
|[[निलय का अध्रुवण]] | |[[निलय का अध्रुवण]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|depolarisation of the ventricles, | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 5,729: | Line 6,365: | ||
|[[टी तरंग]] | |[[टी तरंग]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|T-wave | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 5,738: | Line 6,375: | ||
|[[रक्त वाहिकाएं]] | |[[रक्त वाहिकाएं]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Blood Vessels | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 5,747: | Line 6,385: | ||
|[[अंतःस्तर कंचुक]] | |[[अंतःस्तर कंचुक]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|tunica intima | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 5,756: | Line 6,395: | ||
|[[वाह्य कंचुक]] | |[[वाह्य कंचुक]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|tunica externa. | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 5,765: | Line 6,405: | ||
|[[उच्च रक्त दाब]] | |[[उच्च रक्त दाब]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|High Blood Pressure (Hypertension) | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 5,774: | Line 6,415: | ||
|[[कोरोनरी धमनी रोग (सीएडी)]] | |[[कोरोनरी धमनी रोग (सीएडी)]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Coronary Artery Disease (CAD) | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 5,783: | Line 6,425: | ||
|[[एनजाइना (ह्रद शूल)]] | |[[एनजाइना (ह्रद शूल)]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Angina | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 5,792: | Line 6,435: | ||
|[[हृद्पात]] | |[[हृद्पात]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Heart Failure | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 5,801: | Line 6,445: | ||
|[[अनुशिथिलन]] | |[[अनुशिथिलन]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Diastole | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 5,810: | Line 6,455: | ||
|[[प्रकुंचन]] | |[[प्रकुंचन]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Systole | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 5,819: | Line 6,465: | ||
|[[P- तरंग]] | |[[P- तरंग]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|P-wave | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 5,828: | Line 6,475: | ||
|[[सिनो-आलिंद नोड]] | |[[सिनो-आलिंद नोड]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Sino-atrial node | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 5,837: | Line 6,485: | ||
|[[मायोजेनिक]] | |[[मायोजेनिक]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|myogenic | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 5,846: | Line 6,495: | ||
|[[हृदयी निर्गम]] | |[[हृदयी निर्गम]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|cardiac output | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 5,855: | Line 6,505: | ||
|[[प्लेटलेट्स]] | |[[प्लेटलेट्स]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Platelets | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 5,864: | Line 6,515: | ||
|[[पेसमेकर]] | |[[पेसमेकर]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Pacemaker | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 5,873: | Line 6,525: | ||
|[[ह्रद निकास]] | |[[ह्रद निकास]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Cardiac output | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 5,882: | Line 6,535: | ||
|[[स्ट्रोक या विस्पंदन आयतन]] | |[[स्ट्रोक या विस्पंदन आयतन]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Stroke or stroke volume | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
|'''19''' | |'''19''' | ||
Line 5,890: | Line 6,544: | ||
|'''उत्सर्जी उत्पाद और उनका निष्कासन''' | |'''उत्सर्जी उत्पाद और उनका निष्कासन''' | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|'''Excretory products and their Elimination''' | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
Line 5,900: | Line 6,555: | ||
|[[अमोनिया उत्सर्जी]] | |[[अमोनिया उत्सर्जी]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Ammonotelic | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 5,909: | Line 6,565: | ||
|[[यूरिया उत्सर्जी]] | |[[यूरिया उत्सर्जी]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Ureotelic | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 5,918: | Line 6,575: | ||
|[[यूरिकोटेलिक]] | |[[यूरिकोटेलिक]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Uricotelic | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 5,927: | Line 6,585: | ||
|[[मैलपीगी नलिकाएं]] | |[[मैलपीगी नलिकाएं]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Malpighian tubules | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 5,936: | Line 6,595: | ||
|[[बर्टिनी स्तंभ]] | |[[बर्टिनी स्तंभ]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Columns of Bertini | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 5,945: | Line 6,605: | ||
|[[नेफ्रॉन]] | |[[नेफ्रॉन]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Nephrons | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 5,954: | Line 6,615: | ||
|[[बोमेन सम्पुट]] | |[[बोमेन सम्पुट]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Bowman’s capsule | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 5,963: | Line 6,625: | ||
|[[समीपस्थ संवलित नलिका]] | |[[समीपस्थ संवलित नलिका]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|proximal convoluted tubule | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 5,972: | Line 6,635: | ||
|[[हेन्ले लूप]] | |[[हेन्ले लूप]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Henle’s loop | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 5,981: | Line 6,645: | ||
|[[दूरस्थ संवलित नलिका]] | |[[दूरस्थ संवलित नलिका]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|distal convoluted tubule (DCT) | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 5,990: | Line 6,655: | ||
|[[केशिकागुच्छीय निस्पंदन]] | |[[केशिकागुच्छीय निस्पंदन]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Glomerular filtration | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 5,999: | Line 6,665: | ||
|[[परा निस्पंदन]] | |[[परा निस्पंदन]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Ultra filtration | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 6,008: | Line 6,675: | ||
|[[केशिकागुच्छीय निस्पंदन दर]] | |[[केशिकागुच्छीय निस्पंदन दर]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Glomerular filtration rate | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 6,017: | Line 6,685: | ||
|[[पुनः अवशोषण]] | |[[पुनः अवशोषण]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Reabsorption | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 6,026: | Line 6,695: | ||
|[[संग्रह नलिका]] | |[[संग्रह नलिका]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Collecting Duct | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 6,035: | Line 6,705: | ||
|[[प्रतिधारा क्रियाविधि]] | |[[प्रतिधारा क्रियाविधि]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Counter current mechanism | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 6,044: | Line 6,715: | ||
|[[वासा रेक्टा]] | |[[वासा रेक्टा]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Vasa recta | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 6,053: | Line 6,725: | ||
|[[रेनिन]] | |[[रेनिन]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Renin | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 6,062: | Line 6,735: | ||
|[[रेनिन-एंजियोटेनसिन]] | |[[रेनिन-एंजियोटेनसिन]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Renin-Angiotensin | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 6,071: | Line 6,745: | ||
|[[आलिंद नैट्रियूरेटिक कारक]] | |[[आलिंद नैट्रियूरेटिक कारक]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Atrial Natriuretic Factor | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 6,080: | Line 6,755: | ||
|[[यूरीमिया]] | |[[यूरीमिया]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Uremia | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 6,089: | Line 6,765: | ||
|[[हीमोडायलिसिस]] | |[[हीमोडायलिसिस]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Hemodialysis | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 6,098: | Line 6,775: | ||
|[[कृत्रिम वृक्क]] | |[[कृत्रिम वृक्क]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Artificial kidney | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 6,107: | Line 6,785: | ||
|[[वृक्क की क्रियाहीनता]] | |[[वृक्क की क्रियाहीनता]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Renal failures | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 6,116: | Line 6,795: | ||
|[[रेनल कैलकुली]] | |[[रेनल कैलकुली]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Renal calculi | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 6,125: | Line 6,805: | ||
|[[ग्लोमेरुलोनेफ्राइटिस]] | |[[ग्लोमेरुलोनेफ्राइटिस]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Glomerulonephritis | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
|'''20''' | |'''20''' | ||
Line 6,133: | Line 6,814: | ||
|'''गमन एवं संचलन''' | |'''गमन एवं संचलन''' | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|'''Locomotion & Movement''' | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
Line 6,143: | Line 6,825: | ||
|[[गमन]] | |[[गमन]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|locomotion | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 6,152: | Line 6,835: | ||
|[[कशाभिका गति]] | |[[कशाभिका गति]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Flagellar movement | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 6,161: | Line 6,845: | ||
|[[कंकाल पेशियाँ]] | |[[कंकाल पेशियाँ]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Skeletal muscles | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 6,170: | Line 6,855: | ||
|[[ऐच्छिक पेशियाँ]] | |[[ऐच्छिक पेशियाँ]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|striated muscles | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 6,179: | Line 6,865: | ||
|[[अंतरंग पेशियाँ]] | |[[अंतरंग पेशियाँ]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Visceral muscles | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 6,188: | Line 6,875: | ||
|[[चिकनी पेशियाँ]] | |[[चिकनी पेशियाँ]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|smooth muscles (nonstriated muscle) | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 6,197: | Line 6,885: | ||
|[[हृद पेशियाँ]] | |[[हृद पेशियाँ]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Cardiac muscles | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 6,206: | Line 6,895: | ||
|[[पेशी बण्डल या पूलिकाओं]] | |[[पेशी बण्डल या पूलिकाओं]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Muscle bundles or fascicles | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 6,215: | Line 6,905: | ||
|[[संपटट]] | |[[संपटट]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Fascia | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 6,224: | Line 6,915: | ||
|[[पेशी तन्तुक]] | |[[पेशी तन्तुक]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|myofibrils | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 6,233: | Line 6,925: | ||
|[[एक्टिन]] | |[[एक्टिन]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Actin | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 6,242: | Line 6,935: | ||
|[[मायोसीन]] | |[[मायोसीन]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Myosin | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 6,251: | Line 6,945: | ||
|[[अक्षीय कंकाल]] | |[[अक्षीय कंकाल]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Axial skeleton | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 6,260: | Line 6,955: | ||
|[[कर्ण अस्थिकाएँ]] | |[[कर्ण अस्थिकाएँ]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Ear Ossicles | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 6,269: | Line 6,965: | ||
|[[कशेरुक दंड]] | |[[कशेरुक दंड]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|vertebral column | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 6,278: | Line 6,975: | ||
|[[उरोस्थि]] | |[[उरोस्थि]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Sternum | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 6,287: | Line 6,985: | ||
|[[पसलियां]] | |[[पसलियां]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Ribs | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 6,296: | Line 6,995: | ||
|[[उपांगीय कंकाल]] | |[[उपांगीय कंकाल]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Appendicular skeleton | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 6,305: | Line 7,005: | ||
|[[पाद]] | |[[पाद]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|limb | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 6,314: | Line 7,015: | ||
|[[अंश और श्रोणि मेखला]] | |[[अंश और श्रोणि मेखला]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Pectoral and Pelvic girdle | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 6,323: | Line 7,025: | ||
|[[रेशीय जोड़]] | |[[रेशीय जोड़]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Fibrous joints | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 6,332: | Line 7,035: | ||
|[[उपास्थि युक्त जोड़]] | |[[उपास्थि युक्त जोड़]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|cartilaginous joints | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 6,341: | Line 7,045: | ||
|[[सिनोवियल जोड़]] | |[[सिनोवियल जोड़]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Synovial joints | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 6,350: | Line 7,055: | ||
|[[माइस्थेनिया ग्रेविस]] | |[[माइस्थेनिया ग्रेविस]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Myasthenia gravis | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 6,359: | Line 7,065: | ||
|[[पेशीय दुष्पोसण]] | |[[पेशीय दुष्पोसण]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Muscular dystrophy | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 6,368: | Line 7,075: | ||
|[[अपतानिका]] | |[[अपतानिका]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Tetany | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 6,377: | Line 7,085: | ||
|[[संधि शोथ]] | |[[संधि शोथ]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Arthritis | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 6,386: | Line 7,095: | ||
|[[अस्थि सुषिरता]] | |[[अस्थि सुषिरता]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Osteoporosis | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 6,395: | Line 7,105: | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Gout | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
|'''21''' | |'''21''' | ||
Line 6,403: | Line 7,114: | ||
|'''तंत्रिका नियंत्रण और समन्वय''' | |'''तंत्रिका नियंत्रण और समन्वय''' | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|'''Neural control and Coordination''' | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
Line 6,413: | Line 7,125: | ||
|[[न्यूरॉन]] | |[[न्यूरॉन]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Neurons | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 6,422: | Line 7,135: | ||
|[[केंद्रीय तंत्रिका तंत्र (सीएनएस)]] | |[[केंद्रीय तंत्रिका तंत्र (सीएनएस)]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Central neural system (CNS) | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 6,431: | Line 7,145: | ||
|[[परिधीय तंत्रिका तंत्र (PNS)]] | |[[परिधीय तंत्रिका तंत्र (PNS)]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Peripheral neural system (PNS) | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 6,440: | Line 7,155: | ||
|[[मस्तिष्क]] | |[[मस्तिष्क]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Brain | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 6,449: | Line 7,165: | ||
|[[मेरुदंड]] | |[[मेरुदंड]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Spinal cord | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 6,458: | Line 7,175: | ||
|[[तंत्रिका तंत्र]] | |[[तंत्रिका तंत्र]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Neural system | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 6,467: | Line 7,185: | ||
|[[निसेल ग्रेन्युल]] | |[[निसेल ग्रेन्युल]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Nissl’s granules. | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 6,476: | Line 7,195: | ||
|[[न्यूरोट्रांसमीटर]] | |[[न्यूरोट्रांसमीटर]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Neurotransmitters | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 6,485: | Line 7,205: | ||
|[[तंत्रिका आवेग]] | |[[तंत्रिका आवेग]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Nerve impulse. | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 6,494: | Line 7,215: | ||
|[[सिनैप्टिक दरार]] | |[[सिनैप्टिक दरार]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Synaptic cleft | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 6,503: | Line 7,225: | ||
|[[ग्राही]] | |[[ग्राही]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Receptors | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 6,512: | Line 7,235: | ||
|[[अग्रमस्तिष्क]] | |[[अग्रमस्तिष्क]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Forebrain | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 6,521: | Line 7,245: | ||
|[[मध्यमस्तिष्क]] | |[[मध्यमस्तिष्क]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Midbrain | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 6,530: | Line 7,255: | ||
|[[पश्चमस्तिष्क]] | |[[पश्चमस्तिष्क]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Hindbrain | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 6,539: | Line 7,265: | ||
|[[प्रतिवर्ती क्रिया]] | |[[प्रतिवर्ती क्रिया]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|reflex action | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 6,548: | Line 7,275: | ||
|[[संवेदी अंग]] | |[[संवेदी अंग]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Sense Organs | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 6,557: | Line 7,285: | ||
|[[नेत्र के भाग]] | |[[नेत्र के भाग]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Parts of an eye | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 6,566: | Line 7,295: | ||
|[[देखने की प्रक्रिया]] | |[[देखने की प्रक्रिया]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Mechanism of Vision | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 6,575: | Line 7,305: | ||
|[[कर्ण]] | |[[कर्ण]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|The Ear | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
|'''22''' | |'''22''' | ||
Line 6,583: | Line 7,314: | ||
|'''रासायनिक समन्वय तथा एकीकरण''' | |'''रासायनिक समन्वय तथा एकीकरण''' | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|'''Chemical coordination and integration''' | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
Line 6,593: | Line 7,325: | ||
|[[अंतःस्रावी ग्रंथियाँ और हार्मोन]] | |[[अंतःस्रावी ग्रंथियाँ और हार्मोन]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Endocrine Glands & Hormones | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 6,602: | Line 7,335: | ||
|[[हाइपोथैलेमस]] | |[[हाइपोथैलेमस]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Hypothalamus | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 6,611: | Line 7,345: | ||
|[[पीयूष ग्रन्थि]] | |[[पीयूष ग्रन्थि]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|The pituitary gland | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 6,620: | Line 7,355: | ||
|[[पीनियल ग्रंथि]] | |[[पीनियल ग्रंथि]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|The pineal gland | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 6,629: | Line 7,365: | ||
|[[थाइरॉयड ग्रंथि]] | |[[थाइरॉयड ग्रंथि]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Thyroid gland | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 6,638: | Line 7,375: | ||
|[[पैराथाइरॉइड हार्मोन]] | |[[पैराथाइरॉइड हार्मोन]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Parathyroid hormone | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 6,647: | Line 7,385: | ||
|[[थाइमस ग्रंथि]] | |[[थाइमस ग्रंथि]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Thymus gland | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 6,656: | Line 7,395: | ||
|[[अधिवृक्क ग्रंथियां]] | |[[अधिवृक्क ग्रंथियां]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Adrenal glands | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 6,665: | Line 7,405: | ||
|[[एडिसन रोग]] | |[[एडिसन रोग]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Addison’s disease | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 6,674: | Line 7,415: | ||
|[[अग्न्याशय]] | |[[अग्न्याशय]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Pancreas | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 6,683: | Line 7,425: | ||
|[[वृषण]] | |[[वृषण]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Testis | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 6,692: | Line 7,435: | ||
|[[शुक्रजनक नलिकाएं]] | |[[शुक्रजनक नलिकाएं]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|seminiferous tubules | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 6,701: | Line 7,445: | ||
|[[टेस्टोस्टेरोन]] | |[[टेस्टोस्टेरोन]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Testosterone | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 6,710: | Line 7,455: | ||
|[[प्रोजेस्ट्रोन]] | |[[प्रोजेस्ट्रोन]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Progesterone | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 6,719: | Line 7,465: | ||
|[[एस्ट्रोजन]] | |[[एस्ट्रोजन]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Estrogen | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 6,728: | Line 7,475: | ||
|[[कॉर्पस ल्यूटियम]] | |[[कॉर्पस ल्यूटियम]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Corpus luteum | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 6,737: | Line 7,485: | ||
|[[एट्रियल नैट्रियूरेटिक फैक्टर]] | |[[एट्रियल नैट्रियूरेटिक फैक्टर]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Atrial natriuretic factor | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 6,746: | Line 7,495: | ||
|[[हार्मोन ग्राही]] | |[[हार्मोन ग्राही]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|Hormone receptors | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
Line 6,759: | Line 7,510: | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
| | | |
Revision as of 13:08, 4 September 2023
S.No. | इकाई | अध्याय | विषय | Unit - 1 | Chapter | Topic | Article Creator Name | |
इकाई - एक | ||||||||
1 | जीव जगत में विविधता | Diversity in the living world | ||||||
जीव जगत | The living world | |||||||
जीव | living | |||||||
वृद्धि | Growth | |||||||
जनन | Reproduction | |||||||
उपापचयन | Metabolism | |||||||
जैविक विविधता | Biodiversity | |||||||
नाम पद्धति | Nomenclature | |||||||
द्विपदनाम पद्धति | Binomial Nomenclature | |||||||
टैक्सा | Taxa | |||||||
वर्गिकी | Taxonomy | |||||||
जाति (स्पीशीज) | Species | |||||||
वंश | Genus | |||||||
गण | order | |||||||
संघ | Phylum | |||||||
हरबेरियम | Herbarium | |||||||
वनस्पति-उद्यान | Botanical Garden | |||||||
संग्रहालय | Museum | |||||||
प्राणि उद्यान | Zoological park | |||||||
2 | जीव जगत का वर्गीकरण | Biological Classification | ||||||
द्विजगत पद्धति | Dual system | |||||||
आध बैक्टीरिया | Archaebacteria | |||||||
यूबैक्टीरिया | Eubacteria | |||||||
सायनोबैक्टीरिया | Cyanobacteria | |||||||
परपोषी बैक्टीरिया | Parasitic Bacteria | |||||||
प्रोटिस्टा जगत | Protista Kingdom | |||||||
क्राइसोफाइट्स | Chrysophytes | |||||||
डायनोफ्लैजिलेट | Dinoflagellates | |||||||
यूग्लेनॉइड्स | Euglenoids | |||||||
अवपंक कवक | scale fungus | |||||||
प्रोटोजोआ | Protozoa | |||||||
कवक | Fungi | |||||||
ss | फाइकोमाइसिटीज | Phycomycetes | ||||||
एस्कोमाइसिटीज | Ascomycetes | |||||||
बेसिडियोमाइसिटीज | Basidiomycetes | |||||||
डयूटिरोमाइसिटीज | Deuteromycetes | |||||||
पादप जगत | Plantae Kingdom | |||||||
जंतु जगत | Animal kingdom | |||||||
विषाणु | Virus | |||||||
वाइराइड | Viroid | |||||||
प्रिऑन | Prione | |||||||
लाइकेन | Lichen | |||||||
शैवालांश | Algae | |||||||
माइकोवायंट | Mycovyant | |||||||
3 | वनस्पति जगत | Plant Kingdom | ||||||
शैवाल | Algae | |||||||
जूस्पोर | Zoospores | |||||||
समयुग्मकी | homozygous | |||||||
असमयुग्मकी | heterozygous | |||||||
नरयुग्मक | Male gametes | |||||||
लाल शैवाल | Red algae | |||||||
कैरागीन | carrageen | |||||||
क्लोरोफाइसी (हरा शैवाल) | Chlorophyceae (green algae) | |||||||
फियोफाइसी (भूरा शैवाल) | phaeophyceae (Brown Algae) | |||||||
रोडोफाइसी (लाल शैवाल) | Rhodophyceae | |||||||
ब्रायोफाइट्स | Bryophytes | |||||||
युग्मकोभिद | Gametophyte | |||||||
पुंधानी | Antheridium | |||||||
स्त्रीधानी | Archegonium | |||||||
स्पोरोफाइट | Sporophyte | |||||||
लिवरवर्ट | Livervart | |||||||
मॉस | Moss | |||||||
टेरिडोफाइट | pteridophytes | |||||||
जिमनोस्पर्म | Gymnosperm | |||||||
एंजियोस्पेर्म | Angiosperms | |||||||
परागण | pollination | |||||||
पीढ़ी एकान्तरण | Alternation of generations | |||||||
बीजाणु उद्भिद (स्पोरोफिटिक) | Sporophyte | |||||||
4 | प्राणी जगत | Animal Kingdom | ||||||
एक्टोडर्म | Ectoderm | |||||||
एंडोडर्म | Endoderm | |||||||
मीजोडर्म | Mesoderm | |||||||
देहगुहा (प्रगुहा) | Coelom | |||||||
सैगमेंटेशन (खंडीभवन) | Segmentation | |||||||
विखंडावस्था | metameric segmentation | |||||||
पृष्ठरज्जु | Notochord | |||||||
संघ पोरिफेरा | Phylum Porifera | |||||||
ऑस्टिया | Austia | |||||||
स्पंज गुहा | Spongocoel | |||||||
ऑस्कुलम | Osculam | |||||||
कोएनोसाइट | Choanocytes | |||||||
नाल तंत्र | canals | |||||||
ओस्टिया | Ostia | |||||||
स्पांजिला | Spongilla | |||||||
यूस्पॉन्जिया | Euspongia | |||||||
फाइलम सीलेन्ट्रेटा | Phylum – Coelenterata (Cnidaria) | |||||||
दंश कोशिका | Nematocysts | |||||||
नाइडोब्लास्ट | Cnidoblasts | |||||||
संघ टीनोफोर | Phylum – Ctenophora | |||||||
संघ प्लेटीहेल्मिन्थीज (चपटे कृमि) | Phylum – Platyhelminthes | |||||||
संघ एस्केल्मिन्थीज (गोलकृमि) | Phylum – Aschelminthes | |||||||
संघ एनेलिडा | Phylum – Annelida | |||||||
पैरापोडिया | Parapodia | |||||||
वृक्कक | Nephridia | |||||||
नेफ्रीडियम | Nephridium | |||||||
संघ आर्थोपोडा | Phylum – Arthropoda | |||||||
संधियुक्त पाद | Jointed appendages | |||||||
मैलपिगी नलिका | Malpighian tubules | |||||||
संघ मोलस्का | Phylum mollusca | |||||||
रेडुला | Radula | |||||||
संघ इकोनोडर्मेटा | Phylum Echinodermata | |||||||
जल संवहन तंत्र | Water vascular system | |||||||
संघ हेमीकोर्डेटा | Phylum – Hemichordata | |||||||
क्लोम छिद्र | Gill slits | |||||||
उपास्थिल मेरुदंड | Notochord | |||||||
वर्ग-साइक्लोस्टोमेटा | Class – Cyclostomata | |||||||
वर्ग-कांड्रीक्थीज | Class – Chondrichthyes | |||||||
ऑपरकुलम | Operculum | |||||||
वर्ग- एम्फीबिया | Class – Amphibia | |||||||
कर्णपटल | Tympanum | |||||||
अवस्कर | Cloaca | |||||||
वर्ग- सरीसृप | Class – Reptilia | |||||||
प्रशल्क | Scales | |||||||
वर्ग एवीज | Class – Aves | |||||||
समतापी | Homoiothermous | |||||||
वर्ग स्तनधारी | Class – Mammalia | |||||||
स्तनग्रंथि | Mammary glands | |||||||
इकाई - दो | Unit- 2 | |||||||
पादप एवं प्राणियों में संरचनात्मक संगठन | Structural Organisation in Plants and Animals | |||||||
5 | पुष्पी पादपों की आकारिकी | Morphology of Flowering Plants | ||||||
आकारिकी | Morphology | |||||||
प्राथमिक मूल | Primary root | |||||||
द्वितीयक मूल | Secondary Root | |||||||
तृतीयक मूल | Tertiary root | |||||||
मूसला मूलतंत्र | Tap root system | |||||||
झकड़ा मूलतंत्र | Fibrous root | |||||||
अपस्थानिक मूल | Adventitious roots | |||||||
मूल गोप | Root cap | |||||||
मेरिस्टमी क्रियाओं का क्षेत्र | Region of meristematic activity | |||||||
दीर्घीकरण क्षेत्र | Region of elongation | |||||||
परिपक्व क्षेत्र | Region of maturation | |||||||
मूलरोम | Root hairs | |||||||
प्रोप रुट | Prop roots | |||||||
अवस्तम्भ रूट | Stilt roots | |||||||
श्वसन मूल | pneumatophores | |||||||
प्रतान | Tendrils | |||||||
पर्णाधार | leaf base | |||||||
पर्णवृंततल्प | Petiole | |||||||
पर्णवृंत | Petiole | |||||||
स्तरिका | lamina | |||||||
मध्यशिरा | Midrib | |||||||
शिराविन्यास | venation | |||||||
सरल पत्ती | simple leaf | |||||||
संयुक्त पत्ती | compound leaf | |||||||
पर्णविन्यास | foliage | |||||||
पत्ती के रूपांतरण | metamorphosis of leaf | |||||||
पुष्पक्रम | inflorescence | |||||||
असीमाक्षी | Racemose | |||||||
ससीमाक्षी | cymose | |||||||
पुष्प | flowers | |||||||
पुष्पासन | Thalamus or receptacle. | |||||||
सहपत्री | Bracteate | |||||||
सहपत्रहीन | Ebracteate | |||||||
अधोजायांगता | Hypogynous | |||||||
परिजायांगता | Perigynous | |||||||
अधिजायांगता | Epigynous | |||||||
अधोवर्ती | downward | |||||||
ऊर्ध्ववर्ती | vertical | |||||||
केल्किस | Calyx | |||||||
केल्किस संयुक्त बाह्य दली | Gamosepalous | |||||||
पृथक बाह्यदली | Polysepalous | |||||||
कोरोला | Corolla | |||||||
कोरस्पर्शी | Valvate | |||||||
व्यावर्तित | Twisted | |||||||
कोरछादी | Imbricate | |||||||
वैक्ज़ीलरी | vaccillary | |||||||
पुमंग | stamen | |||||||
स्टेमिनाएड | Staminode | |||||||
दललग्न (एपिपेटलस) | Epipetalus | |||||||
परिदल लग्न (एपिफिलस) | Epiphyllus | |||||||
जायांग | Gynoecium | |||||||
वर्तिका | style | |||||||
वर्तिकाग्र | stigma | |||||||
बीजाण्डासन | Placenta | |||||||
वियुक्तांडपी | Apocarpous | |||||||
युक्तांडपी | Syncarpous | |||||||
बीजाण्डन्यास | Placentation | |||||||
अनिषेक फलन | Parthenocarpic | |||||||
फलभित्ति | Pericarp | |||||||
वाह्यफल | Epicarp | |||||||
मध्यफल | Mesocarp | |||||||
अन्तःफलभित्ति | Endocarp | |||||||
बीजावरण | Testa | |||||||
टेगमेन | tegmen. | |||||||
बीजाण्डद्वार | Micropyle | |||||||
मूलांकुर | Radicle. | |||||||
भ्रूणपोष | Endosperm | |||||||
एल्यूरोन परत | Aleurone layer | |||||||
स्कुटेलम | scutellum | |||||||
प्रांकुर | Plumule | |||||||
मूलांकुर | Radicle | |||||||
प्रांकुरचोल | Coleoptile | |||||||
मूलांकुर चोल | Coleorhiza | |||||||
फाबेसी | Fabaceae | |||||||
सोलैनेसी | Solanaceae | |||||||
लिलिएसी | Liliaceae | |||||||
6 | पुष्पी पादपों का शरीर | Anatomy of Flowering Plants | ||||||
ऊतक | Tissues | |||||||
मेरिस्टेमेटिक ऊतक | Meristematic Tissues | |||||||
मेरिस्टेम | Meristems | |||||||
शीर्षस्थ मेरिस्टेम | Apical meristems | |||||||
कक्षीय कली | Axillary bud | |||||||
अंतर्वेशी मेरिस्टेम | Intercalary Meristem | |||||||
प्राथमिक मेरिस्टेम्स | Primary meristem | |||||||
द्वितीयक या पार्श्व मेरिस्टेम्स | Secondary or lateral meristem | |||||||
स्थायी या परिपक्व कोशिकाएं | Permanent or mature cells | |||||||
सरल ऊतक | Simple tissues | |||||||
पैरेन्काइमा | Parenchyma | |||||||
कोलेन्काइमा | Collenchyma | |||||||
स्क्लेरेन्काइमा | Sclerenchyma | |||||||
स्किलिरिड | sclereids | |||||||
जटिल ऊतक | Complex Tissues | |||||||
जाइलम | Xylem | |||||||
ट्रेकीड | Tracheids | |||||||
वाहिका | Vessel | |||||||
जाइलम तंतु | Xylem fibres | |||||||
जाइलम पैरेन्काइमा | Xylem parenchyma | |||||||
प्रोटोजाइलम | protoxylem | |||||||
मेटाजाइलम | Metaxylem | |||||||
मध्यादिदारुक | Endarch | |||||||
वाह्य आदिदारुक | exarch | |||||||
फ्लाएम | Phloem | |||||||
चालनी नलिका | Sieve tube elements | |||||||
सहचर कोशिकाएं | Companion cells | |||||||
फ्लोएम पैरेन्काइमा | Phloem parenchyma | |||||||
फ्लोएम तंतु | Phloem fibres | |||||||
प्रोटोफ्लोएम | Protophloem | |||||||
मेटाफ्लोएम | Metaphloem. | |||||||
क्यूटिकल | Cuticle | |||||||
रंध्र | Stomata | |||||||
सहायक कोशिकाएं | Subsidiary cells | |||||||
रंध्री तंत्र | Stomatal apparatus | |||||||
मूलरोम | Root hairs | |||||||
ट्राइकोम्स | Trichomes | |||||||
भरण ऊतक | Ground tissue | |||||||
पर्णमध्योतक | Mesophyll | |||||||
कैंबियम | Cambium | |||||||
खुला संवहन बंडल | Open vascular bundles. | |||||||
बंद संवहन बंडल | Closed vascular bundles | |||||||
रेडियल संवहनी बंडल | Radial vascular bundles | |||||||
मूलीय त्वचा | Epiblema | |||||||
कैस्पेरियन पट्टी | Cortex | |||||||
परिरम्भ | Casparian strips. | |||||||
कंजकटिव ऊतक | Pericycle | |||||||
पिथ | Conjuctive tissue | |||||||
खम्भा पैरेन्काइमा | pith | |||||||
स्पंजी पैरेन्काइमा | palisade parenchyma | |||||||
आवर्ध त्वक्कोशिका | ||||||||
द्वितीयक वृद्धि | Secondary growth | |||||||
पार्श्वीय मेरिस्टम | lateral meristem | |||||||
संवहन कैंबियम | vascular cambium | |||||||
कार्क कैंबियम | Cork Cambium | |||||||
अन्तः पूलीय कैम्बियम | Intyracalary Cambium | |||||||
अन्तरापूलीय कैम्बियम | Intercalary cambium | |||||||
द्वितीयक जाइलम | Secondary Xylem | |||||||
द्वितीयक फ्लोएम | Secondary Phloem | |||||||
द्वितीयक मज्जाकिरण | Secondary medullary | |||||||
बसंतदारु (अग्र दारू) | Spring wood | |||||||
शरद दारू (पश्च दारू) | Early wood | |||||||
वार्षिक वलय | Annual ring | |||||||
रसदारु | sapwood | |||||||
ह्रददारु | Heartwood | |||||||
कॉर्क कैम्बियम | cork cambium | |||||||
द्वितीयक वल्कुट | Secondary cortex or Phelloderm | |||||||
परिचर्म | Periderm | |||||||
छालवल्क | Bark | |||||||
वातरंध्र | Lenticels | |||||||
7 | प्राणियों में संरचनात्मक संगठन | Structural Organsation in Animals | ||||||
सरल उपकला | simple epithelium | |||||||
संयुक्त उपकला | compound epithelium | |||||||
शल्की उपकला | Squamous epithelium | |||||||
घनाकार उपकला | Cuboidal epithelium | |||||||
स्तम्भाकार उपकला | Columnar epithelium | |||||||
पक्ष्माभी उपकला | Ciliated epithelium | |||||||
ग्रंथिल उपकला | Glandular epithelium | |||||||
बहिःस्त्रावी | Exocrine | |||||||
अंत: स्रावी | Endocrine | |||||||
संयुक्त उपकला | Compound epithelium | |||||||
दृढ संधियाँ | Tight junctions | |||||||
आसंजी संधियाँ | Adhering junctions | |||||||
अंतराली संधियां | Gap junctions | |||||||
लचीले संयोजी ऊतक | Areolar tissue | |||||||
सघन संयोजी ऊतक | Dense connective tissues | |||||||
वसा ऊतक | Adipose tissue | |||||||
विशिष्ट संयोजी ऊतक | specialised connective tissues | |||||||
अस्थि | Bones | |||||||
रक्त | Blood | |||||||
कंकाल पेशी | Skeletal muscle | |||||||
चिकनी पेशी | smooth muscle | |||||||
हृद पेशी | Cardiac muscle tissue | |||||||
तंत्रिका ऊतक | Neural Tissue | |||||||
अंग और अंगतंत्र | Organ and organ System | |||||||
केंचुआ | Earthworm | |||||||
क्लाइटेलम | Clitellum | |||||||
शूक | Setae | |||||||
आंत्रवलन | Typhlosole | |||||||
नेफ्रिडिया | Nephridia | |||||||
कॉकरोच | Cockroache | |||||||
मैलपीगी नलिकाएं | Malpighian tubules | |||||||
यूरिकाम्ल | Uricotelic | |||||||
नेत्राशंक | ommatidia | |||||||
इकाई - तीन | Unit - 3 | |||||||
संरचना और कार्य | Structure and functions | |||||||
8 | कोशिका : जीवन की इकाई | cell: The unit of life | ||||||
कोशिका | Cell | |||||||
एंटोन वॉन ल्यूवेनहोक | Anton Von Leeuwenhoek | |||||||
कोशिका सिद्धांत | Cell theory | |||||||
श्लेडेन और श्वान | Schleiden and Schwann | |||||||
प्रोकैरियोटिक कोशिकाएं | Prokaryotic cells | |||||||
डीएनए | DNA | |||||||
ग्राम धनात्मक जीवाणु | Gram positive bacteria | |||||||
ग्राम ऋणात्मक जीवाणु | Gram negative bacteria | |||||||
अवपंक परत | Slime layer | |||||||
सम्पुटिका | Capsule | |||||||
मीसोजोम | Mesosome | |||||||
पुटिका | Form of vesicles | |||||||
नलिका | Tubules | |||||||
पटलिका | Lamellae | |||||||
तन्तु | Filament | |||||||
कशाभिका | Flagellum | |||||||
रोम | Pili | |||||||
झालर | Fimbriae | |||||||
राइबोसोम | Ribosomes | |||||||
बहुराइबोसोम या बहु सूत्र | Polyribosomes or polysome | |||||||
अंतर्विष्ट पिंड | Inclusion bodies | |||||||
केंद्रीय रसधानी | Central vacuole | |||||||
तारक काय | Centrioles | |||||||
यूकेरियोटिक कोशिकाएं | Eukaryotic cells | |||||||
कोशिका झिल्ली | Cell Membrane | |||||||
तरल किर्मीर नमूना | Fluid mosaic model | |||||||
निष्क्रिय परिवहन | Passive transport | |||||||
सक्रिय परिवहन | Active transport | |||||||
परासरण | Osmosis. | |||||||
कोशिका भित्ति | Cell wall | |||||||
प्राथमिक भित्ति | Primary wall | |||||||
अंतः झिल्लिका तंत्र | Endomembrane system | |||||||
अन्तः प्रदव्ययी जलिका | Endoplasmic Reticulum | |||||||
गॉल्जीकाय | Golgi apparatus | |||||||
लाइसोसोम | Lysosomes | |||||||
संकुचनशील रसधानी | Contractile vacuole | |||||||
खाध रसधानी | Food vacuoles | |||||||
माइटोकॉन्ड्रिया | Mitochondria | |||||||
आधात्री | Matrix | |||||||
क्रिस्टी | Cristae | |||||||
पर्णहरित | Chlorophyll | |||||||
कैरोटेनॉइड | Carotenoid | |||||||
मंड लवक | Amyloplasts | |||||||
तेल लवक | Elaioplasts | |||||||
प्रोटीन लवक | Aleuroplasts | |||||||
थाइलेकोइड | Thylakoids | |||||||
साइटोपंजर | Cytoskeleton | |||||||
पक्ष्माभ | Cilia | |||||||
कशाभिका | Flagella | |||||||
अक्षसूत्र | Axoneme | |||||||
क्रोमेटिन | Chromatin | |||||||
केंद्रिक | Nucleoli | |||||||
परिकेन्द्रकी अवकाश | Perinuclear space | |||||||
केन्द्रक द्रव्य | Nucleoplasm | |||||||
माइक्रोबॉडीज | Microbodies | |||||||
9 | जैव अणु | Biomolecules | ||||||
ज्विटर आयन | zwitterion | |||||||
अमीनो अम्ल | Amino acids | |||||||
शर्करा (कार्बोहाइड्रेट) | Sugars (Carbohydrates) | |||||||
ग्लाइसीन | Glycine | |||||||
एलानिन | Alanine | |||||||
सेरिन | Serine | |||||||
पामिटिक अम्ल | Palmitic acid | |||||||
ग्लिसरॉल | Glycerol | |||||||
ट्राइग्लिसराइड | Triglyceride | |||||||
फास्फोलिपिड (लेसिथिन) | Phospholipid (Lecithin) | |||||||
कोलेस्ट्रॉल | Cholesterol | |||||||
एडेनिन (प्यूरिन) | Adenine (Purine) | |||||||
एडीनोसिन | Adenosine | |||||||
एडेनिलिक अम्ल | Adenylic acid | |||||||
यूरेसिल (पाइरीमिडीन) | Uracil (Pyrimidine) | |||||||
यूरिडीन | Uridine | |||||||
न्यूक्लियोसाइड | Nucleosides | |||||||
न्यूक्लियोटाइड | Nucleotide | |||||||
द्वितीयक उपापचयज | Secondary metabolites | |||||||
प्राथमिक उपापचयज | Primary metabolites | |||||||
वृहत जैव अणु | Biomacromolecules | |||||||
प्रोटीन | Proteins | |||||||
पॉलीसैकराइड | Polysaccharides | |||||||
न्यूक्लिक अम्ल | Nucleic acid | |||||||
प्रोटीन की संरचना | Structure of protein | |||||||
अल्फा - हेलिक्स | Alpha – Helix | |||||||
बीटा– प्लीटेड शीट | Beta– plated sheet | |||||||
पेप्टाइड बंध | Peptide bond | |||||||
ग्लाइकोसिडिक बंध | Glycosidic bond | |||||||
उत्प्रेरित अभिक्रियाएं | Catalysed Reaction | |||||||
उपापचय पथ | Anabolic pathways | |||||||
अपचय पथ | Catabolic pathways. | |||||||
एडेनोसाइन ट्राइफॉस्फेट (एटीपी) | Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) | |||||||
रासायनिक अभिक्रिया | Chemical Reaction | |||||||
सक्रियण ऊर्जा | Activation energy | |||||||
एंजाइम क्रिया की प्रकृति | Nature of Enzyme Action | |||||||
एंजाइम क्रियाविधि को प्रभावित करने वाले कारक | Factors Affecting Enzyme Activity | |||||||
संदमन | Inhibition | |||||||
ऑक्सीडोरडक्टेस / डिहाइड्रोजनेज | Oxidoreductases/dehydrogenases | |||||||
ट्रांसफरेज | Transferases | |||||||
हाइड्रोलेजेज | Hydrolases | |||||||
लाइसेस | Lyases | |||||||
आइसोमरेज | Isomerases | |||||||
लाइगेजेज | Ligases: | |||||||
सह-कारक | Co-factors | |||||||
10 | कोशिका चक्र और कोशिका विभाजन | Cell Cycle and Cell Division | ||||||
कोशिका चक्र | Cell cycle | |||||||
अंतरावस्था | Interphase | |||||||
एम प्रावस्था (समसूत्री विभाजन) | M Phase (Mitosis phase) | |||||||
कार्योकाइनेसिस | Karyokinesis | |||||||
साइटोकाइनेसिस | Cytokinesis | |||||||
पश्च सूत्री अंतरकाल प्रावस्था | G1 phase (Gap 1) | |||||||
संश्लेषण प्रावस्था | S phase (Synthesis) | |||||||
पूर्व - सूत्री विभाजन अंतरालकाल प्रावस्था | G2 phase (Gap 2) | |||||||
शांत अवस्था | Quiescent stage (G0 ) | |||||||
सूत्री विभाजन अवस्था (M प्रावस्था) | M Phase (Mitosis phase) | |||||||
पूर्वावस्था | Prophase | |||||||
मध्यावस्था | Metaphase | |||||||
पश्चावस्था | Anaphase | |||||||
अंत्यावस्था | Telophase | |||||||
कोशिकाद्रव्य विभाजन | Cytokinesis | |||||||
अर्धसूत्रीविभाजन | Meiosis | |||||||
तनुपट्ट | leptotene | |||||||
युग्मपट्ट | Zygotene | |||||||
स्थूलपट्ट | Pachytene | |||||||
द्विपट्ट | Diplotene | |||||||
काएज्मेटा | Chiasmata | |||||||
डायकाइनेसिस | Diakinesis | |||||||
इकाई - चार | Unit - 4 | |||||||
पादप कार्यकीय (शरीर क्रियात्मकता) | Plant Physiology | |||||||
11 | पौधों में परिवहन | Transport in Plants | ||||||
स्थानान्तरण | Translocation | |||||||
विसरण | Diffusion | |||||||
सुसाध्य विसरण | Facilitated diffusion | |||||||
पोरिन् | Porins | |||||||
एक्वापोरिन | Aquaporins | |||||||
सिम्पोर्ट | Symport | |||||||
एंटिपोर्ट | Antiport | |||||||
यूनिपोर्ट | Uniport. | |||||||
सक्रिय परिवहन | Active transport | |||||||
निष्क्रिय परिवहन | Passive transport | |||||||
जल विभव (Ψw) | Water potential (Ψw ) | |||||||
विलेय विभव (Ψs ) | Solute potential (Ψs ) | |||||||
दाब विभव (Ψp) | Pressure potential (Ψp ) | |||||||
दाब प्रवणता | Pressure gradient | |||||||
सांद्रता प्रवणता | Concentration gradient | |||||||
जीवद्रव्यकुंचन | Plasmolysis | |||||||
समपरासरी | Isotonic | |||||||
अल्पपरासारी | Hypotonic | |||||||
अतिपरासारी | Hypertonic | |||||||
स्फीत दबाव | Turgor pressure | |||||||
अंत-शोषण | Imbibition | |||||||
सामूहिक या थोक प्रवाह | Mass or bulk flow | |||||||
एपोप्लास्ट पथ | Apoplast pathway | |||||||
सिम्प्लास्ट पथ | Symplast pathway | |||||||
कैस्पेरियन पट्टी | Casparian strips | |||||||
माइकोराइजा | Mycorrhiza | |||||||
मूल दाब | Root Pressure | |||||||
बिन्दुस्राव | Guttation | |||||||
सामंजस्य-तनाव-वाष्पोत्सर्जन खिंचाव मॉडल | Cohesion-tension-transpiration pull mode | |||||||
रंध्र छिद्र | Stomatal aperture, | |||||||
रक्षक कोशिकाएं | Guard cells | |||||||
सासंजन | Cohesion | |||||||
आसंजन | Adhesion | |||||||
तन्य -सामर्थ्य | Tensile strength | |||||||
ट्रेकिड् और वाहिका तत्व | Tracheids and vessel elements | |||||||
सक्रिय अवशोषण | Active absorption | |||||||
दबाव प्रवाह या द्रव्यमान प्रवाह परिकल्पना | The Pressure Flow or Mass Flow Hypothesis | |||||||
12 | खनिज पोषण | Mineral nutrition | ||||||
जल संवर्धन | Hydroponics. | |||||||
वृहत पोषक तत्व | Macronutrients | |||||||
सूक्ष्म पोषक तत्व | Micronutrients | |||||||
क्रांतिक सांद्रता | Critical concentration | |||||||
सूक्ष्म पोषक तत्वों की विषाक्तता | Toxicity of Micronutrients | |||||||
अभिवाह | Flux | |||||||
अन्तर्वाह | Influx | |||||||
बहि: स्राव | Efflux | |||||||
नाइट्रोजन चक्र | Nitrogen Cycle | |||||||
नाइट्रोजन स्थिरीकरण | Nitrogenfixation | |||||||
नाइट्रीकरण | Nitrification | |||||||
रसायनपोषी | Chemoautotrophs | |||||||
जैविक नाइट्रोजन स्थिरीकरण | Biological nitrogen fixation | |||||||
सहजीवी जैविक नाइट्रोजन स्थिरीकरण | Symbiotic biological nitrogen fixation | |||||||
राइजोबियम | Rhizobium | |||||||
अमोनिया की स्थिति | Fate of ammonia | |||||||
अपचयित एमीनीकरण | Reductive amination | |||||||
ट्रांसएमिनेशन | Transamination | |||||||
13 | उच्च पादपों में प्रकाश संश्लेषण | Photosynthesis In Higher Plants | ||||||
प्रकाश अभिक्रिया (प्रकाश रासायनिक अभिक्रिया) | light reactions (photochemical reactions) | |||||||
अप्रकाशीय अभिक्रिया (कार्बन अभिक्रिया) | Dark reactions (carbon reactions) | |||||||
क्लोरोफिल ए | Chlorophyll a | |||||||
क्लोरोफिल बी | Chlorophyll b | |||||||
ज़ैंथोफिल | xanthophylls | |||||||
कैरोटीनॉयड | carotenoids | |||||||
लाइट हार्वेस्टिंग काम्प्लेक्स (एल एच एसी) | light harvesting complexes (LHC) | |||||||
फोटोसिस्टम I (पीएस I) | Photosystem I (PS I) | |||||||
फोटोसिस्टम II (PS II) | Photosystem II (PS II) | |||||||
एंटीना | antennae | |||||||
अभिक्रिया केंद्र | Reaction centre | |||||||
पी700 | P700 | |||||||
पी 680 | P680 | |||||||
इलेक्ट्रॉन परिवहन | Electrons transport | |||||||
Z स्कीम | Z scheme | |||||||
जल विघटन | Splitting of Water | |||||||
चक्रीय और अचक्रीय फोटो-फास्फोरिलीकरण | Cyclic and Non-cyclic Photo-phosphorylation | |||||||
केमियोस्मोटिक परिकल्पना | Chemiosmotic Hypothesis | |||||||
जैवसंश्लेषण चरण | Biosynthetic phase | |||||||
केल्विन चक्र | Calvin cycle | |||||||
C3 पथ | C3 pathway | |||||||
C4 पथ | C4 pathway | |||||||
बंडल शीथ कोशिकाएं | Bundle sheath cells | |||||||
क्रांज़ 'शारीरिक रचना | Kranz’ anatomy | |||||||
हैच और स्लैक पाथवे | Hatch and Slack Pathway | |||||||
प्रकाश श्वसन | Photorespiration | |||||||
प्रकाश संश्लेषण को प्रभावित करने वाले कारक | Factors Affecting Photosynthesis | |||||||
लॉ ऑफ लिमिटिंग फैक्टर | Law of Limiting Factors | |||||||
14 | पौधों में श्वसन | Respiration in plants | ||||||
कोशिकीय श्वसन | Cellular respiration | |||||||
श्वसनी क्रियाधार | Respiratory substrates | |||||||
ग्लाइकोलिसिस | glycolysis | |||||||
क्रेब्स चक्र | Krebs’ cycle | |||||||
किण्वन | Fermentation | |||||||
ऑक्सी श्वसन | Aerobic respiration | |||||||
ट्राइकारबॉक्सिलिक अम्ल चक्र | Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle | |||||||
इलेक्ट्रॉन परिवहन तंत्र (ETS) | Electron Transport System (ETS) | |||||||
ऑक्सीडेटिव फास्फोराइलेशन | Oxidative Phosphorylation | |||||||
एम्फ़िबोलिक मार्ग | Amphibolic Pathway | |||||||
श्वसन गुणांक | Respiratory quotient | |||||||
साइट्रिक एसिड चक्र | Citric acid Cycle | |||||||
माइटोकॉन्ड्रिया में एटीपी का संश्लेषण | ATP synthesis in mitochondria | |||||||
अनॉक्सी श्वसन | Anaerobic respiration | |||||||
ए.टी.पी | ATP | |||||||
15 | पादप वृद्धि एवं परिवर्धन | Plant growth and development | ||||||
वृद्धि | Growth | |||||||
वृद्धि के चरण | Phases of Growth | |||||||
वृद्धि दर | Growth Rates | |||||||
वृद्धि के लिए दशाएं | Conditions for Growth | |||||||
विभेदन | Differentiation | |||||||
निर्विभेदन | Dedifferentiation | |||||||
पुनर्विभेदित | Redifferentiated | |||||||
परिवर्धन | Development | |||||||
प्लास्टिसिटी | Plasticity | |||||||
पादप वृद्धि नियामक | Plant growth regulators (PGRs) | |||||||
ऑक्सिन्स | Auxins | |||||||
शिखाग्र प्रधान्यता | Apical dominance | |||||||
जिबरेलिन्स | Gibberellins | |||||||
साइटोकाइनिन्स | Cytokinins | |||||||
एथिलीन | Ethylene | |||||||
एब्सिसिक अम्ल | Abscisic acid | |||||||
दीप्तिकालिता | Photoperiodism | |||||||
दीर्घ प्रदीप्तकाली पौधे | long day plants | |||||||
अल्प प्रदीप्तकाली पौधे | short day plants | |||||||
तटस्थ प्रदीप्तकाली पौधे | Day-neutral plants | |||||||
वसंतीकरण | Vernalisation | |||||||
बीज प्रसुप्ति | Seed dormancy | |||||||
इकाई - चार | Unit - 4 | |||||||
16 | मानव शरीर विज्ञान | Human Physiology | ||||||
पाचन एवं अवशोषण | Digestion and Absorption | |||||||
पाचन | Digestion | |||||||
पाचन तंत्र | Digestive system | |||||||
आहार नाल | Alimentary Canal | |||||||
गर्तदन्ती | Thecodont | |||||||
द्विबारदंती | Diphyodont | |||||||
जठरागम भाग | Cardiac | |||||||
फंडिक क्षेत्र | Fundic region | |||||||
जठरनिर्गम भाग | Pyloric portion | |||||||
पाचन ग्रंथियां | Digestive glands | |||||||
ग्रास | Bolus | |||||||
काइम | Chyme | |||||||
ग्लोबेट कोशिकाये | Goblet cells | |||||||
सक्सेस एंटेरिकस | Succus entericus | |||||||
पचाए गए उत्पादों का अवशोषण | Absorption of digested products | |||||||
मुख | Mouth | |||||||
आमाशय | Stomach | |||||||
छोटी आंत | Small Intestine | |||||||
बड़ी आँत | Large Intestine | |||||||
पीलिया | Jaundice | |||||||
वमन | Vomiting | |||||||
प्रवाहिका | Diarrhoea | |||||||
कोष्ठबद्धता | Constipation | |||||||
अपच | Indigestion | |||||||
प्रोटीन ऊर्जा कुपोषण (पीईएम) | Protein-energy malnutrition (PEM) | |||||||
17 | श्वास और गैसों का विनिमय | Breathing and exchange of gases | ||||||
श्वासन | Respiration | |||||||
श्वसन | Breathing | |||||||
क्लोम | Gills | |||||||
फेफड़े | lungs | |||||||
ग्रसनी | Pharynx | |||||||
श्वासनली | Trachea | |||||||
ध्वनि पेटिका | Sound box | |||||||
श्वासनलियाँ | Bronchi | |||||||
वायु कूपिका | Alveoli | |||||||
अन्तः श्वसन | Inspiration | |||||||
निःश्वसन | Expiration | |||||||
ज्वारीय आयतन | Tidal Volume (TV) | |||||||
अंत श्वसन सुरक्षित आयतन (आईआरबी) | Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV) | |||||||
निःश्वास सुरक्षित आयतन | Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV) | |||||||
अवशिष्ट आयतन (RV) | Residual Volume (RV) | |||||||
अन्तः श्वसन क्षमता (आईसी) | Inspiratory Capacity (IC) | |||||||
नि:श्वसन क्षमता (ईसी) | Expiratory Capacity (EC) | |||||||
क्रियात्मक अवशिष्ट क्षमता (FRC) | Functional Residual Capacity (FRC) | |||||||
जैव क्षमता (वीसी) | Vital Capacity (VC) | |||||||
फेफड़े की कुल क्षमता (टीएलसी) | Total Lung Capacity (TLC) | |||||||
गैसों का आदान-प्रदान | Exchange of gases | |||||||
गैसों का परिवहन | Transportation of gases | |||||||
ऑक्सीहीमोग्लोबिन | Oxyhaemoglobin | |||||||
कार्बामिनो-हीमोग्लोबिन | Carbamino-haemoglobin | |||||||
दमा | Asthma | |||||||
वातस्फीति | Emphysema | |||||||
व्यावसायिक श्वसन विकार | Occupational Respiratory Disorders | |||||||
18 | शरीर द्रव तथा परिसंचरण | Body fluids and circulation | ||||||
रक्त | Blood | |||||||
लसीका | lymph | |||||||
प्लाज्मा | Plasma | |||||||
इरिथ्रोसाइट्स (रक्ताणु) | Erythrocytes | |||||||
ल्यूकोसाइट (श्वेत रुधिर कणिकाएं) | Leucocytes | |||||||
थ्रॉम्बोसाइट्स | Thrombocytes | |||||||
रक्त समूह | Blood Groups | |||||||
ABO समुह | ABO grouping | |||||||
Rh समूह | Rh grouping | |||||||
Rh सहित | Rh positive | |||||||
Rh हीन | Rh negative | |||||||
रक्त स्कंदन | Coagulation of Blood | |||||||
परिसंचरण पथ | CIRCULATORY PATHWAYS | |||||||
अलिंद | Atrium | |||||||
निलय | Ventricles | |||||||
हृदय | Heart | |||||||
हृदयावरण | pericardium | |||||||
शिरा अलिंद पर्व | sino-atrial node | |||||||
अलिंद निलय पर्व | atrio-ventricular node | |||||||
हृदय चक्र | Cardiac Cycle | |||||||
विद्युत हृद लेख | Electrocardiograph (ECG) | |||||||
आलिंद का उद्दीपन | excitation (or depolarisation) of the atria | |||||||
निलय का अध्रुवण | depolarisation of the ventricles, | |||||||
टी तरंग | T-wave | |||||||
रक्त वाहिकाएं | Blood Vessels | |||||||
अंतःस्तर कंचुक | tunica intima | |||||||
वाह्य कंचुक | tunica externa. | |||||||
उच्च रक्त दाब | High Blood Pressure (Hypertension) | |||||||
कोरोनरी धमनी रोग (सीएडी) | Coronary Artery Disease (CAD) | |||||||
एनजाइना (ह्रद शूल) | Angina | |||||||
हृद्पात | Heart Failure | |||||||
अनुशिथिलन | Diastole | |||||||
प्रकुंचन | Systole | |||||||
P- तरंग | P-wave | |||||||
सिनो-आलिंद नोड | Sino-atrial node | |||||||
मायोजेनिक | myogenic | |||||||
हृदयी निर्गम | cardiac output | |||||||
प्लेटलेट्स | Platelets | |||||||
पेसमेकर | Pacemaker | |||||||
ह्रद निकास | Cardiac output | |||||||
स्ट्रोक या विस्पंदन आयतन | Stroke or stroke volume | |||||||
19 | उत्सर्जी उत्पाद और उनका निष्कासन | Excretory products and their Elimination | ||||||
अमोनिया उत्सर्जी | Ammonotelic | |||||||
यूरिया उत्सर्जी | Ureotelic | |||||||
यूरिकोटेलिक | Uricotelic | |||||||
मैलपीगी नलिकाएं | Malpighian tubules | |||||||
बर्टिनी स्तंभ | Columns of Bertini | |||||||
नेफ्रॉन | Nephrons | |||||||
बोमेन सम्पुट | Bowman’s capsule | |||||||
समीपस्थ संवलित नलिका | proximal convoluted tubule | |||||||
हेन्ले लूप | Henle’s loop | |||||||
दूरस्थ संवलित नलिका | distal convoluted tubule (DCT) | |||||||
केशिकागुच्छीय निस्पंदन | Glomerular filtration | |||||||
परा निस्पंदन | Ultra filtration | |||||||
केशिकागुच्छीय निस्पंदन दर | Glomerular filtration rate | |||||||
पुनः अवशोषण | Reabsorption | |||||||
संग्रह नलिका | Collecting Duct | |||||||
प्रतिधारा क्रियाविधि | Counter current mechanism | |||||||
वासा रेक्टा | Vasa recta | |||||||
रेनिन | Renin | |||||||
रेनिन-एंजियोटेनसिन | Renin-Angiotensin | |||||||
आलिंद नैट्रियूरेटिक कारक | Atrial Natriuretic Factor | |||||||
यूरीमिया | Uremia | |||||||
हीमोडायलिसिस | Hemodialysis | |||||||
कृत्रिम वृक्क | Artificial kidney | |||||||
वृक्क की क्रियाहीनता | Renal failures | |||||||
रेनल कैलकुली | Renal calculi | |||||||
ग्लोमेरुलोनेफ्राइटिस | Glomerulonephritis | |||||||
20 | गमन एवं संचलन | Locomotion & Movement | ||||||
गमन | locomotion | |||||||
कशाभिका गति | Flagellar movement | |||||||
कंकाल पेशियाँ | Skeletal muscles | |||||||
ऐच्छिक पेशियाँ | striated muscles | |||||||
अंतरंग पेशियाँ | Visceral muscles | |||||||
चिकनी पेशियाँ | smooth muscles (nonstriated muscle) | |||||||
हृद पेशियाँ | Cardiac muscles | |||||||
पेशी बण्डल या पूलिकाओं | Muscle bundles or fascicles | |||||||
संपटट | Fascia | |||||||
पेशी तन्तुक | myofibrils | |||||||
एक्टिन | Actin | |||||||
मायोसीन | Myosin | |||||||
अक्षीय कंकाल | Axial skeleton | |||||||
कर्ण अस्थिकाएँ | Ear Ossicles | |||||||
कशेरुक दंड | vertebral column | |||||||
उरोस्थि | Sternum | |||||||
पसलियां | Ribs | |||||||
उपांगीय कंकाल | Appendicular skeleton | |||||||
पाद | limb | |||||||
अंश और श्रोणि मेखला | Pectoral and Pelvic girdle | |||||||
रेशीय जोड़ | Fibrous joints | |||||||
उपास्थि युक्त जोड़ | cartilaginous joints | |||||||
सिनोवियल जोड़ | Synovial joints | |||||||
माइस्थेनिया ग्रेविस | Myasthenia gravis | |||||||
पेशीय दुष्पोसण | Muscular dystrophy | |||||||
अपतानिका | Tetany | |||||||
संधि शोथ | Arthritis | |||||||
अस्थि सुषिरता | Osteoporosis | |||||||
Gout | ||||||||
21 | तंत्रिका नियंत्रण और समन्वय | Neural control and Coordination | ||||||
न्यूरॉन | Neurons | |||||||
केंद्रीय तंत्रिका तंत्र (सीएनएस) | Central neural system (CNS) | |||||||
परिधीय तंत्रिका तंत्र (PNS) | Peripheral neural system (PNS) | |||||||
मस्तिष्क | Brain | |||||||
मेरुदंड | Spinal cord | |||||||
तंत्रिका तंत्र | Neural system | |||||||
निसेल ग्रेन्युल | Nissl’s granules. | |||||||
न्यूरोट्रांसमीटर | Neurotransmitters | |||||||
तंत्रिका आवेग | Nerve impulse. | |||||||
सिनैप्टिक दरार | Synaptic cleft | |||||||
ग्राही | Receptors | |||||||
अग्रमस्तिष्क | Forebrain | |||||||
मध्यमस्तिष्क | Midbrain | |||||||
पश्चमस्तिष्क | Hindbrain | |||||||
प्रतिवर्ती क्रिया | reflex action | |||||||
संवेदी अंग | Sense Organs | |||||||
नेत्र के भाग | Parts of an eye | |||||||
देखने की प्रक्रिया | Mechanism of Vision | |||||||
कर्ण | The Ear | |||||||
22 | रासायनिक समन्वय तथा एकीकरण | Chemical coordination and integration | ||||||
अंतःस्रावी ग्रंथियाँ और हार्मोन | Endocrine Glands & Hormones | |||||||
हाइपोथैलेमस | Hypothalamus | |||||||
पीयूष ग्रन्थि | The pituitary gland | |||||||
पीनियल ग्रंथि | The pineal gland | |||||||
थाइरॉयड ग्रंथि | Thyroid gland | |||||||
पैराथाइरॉइड हार्मोन | Parathyroid hormone | |||||||
थाइमस ग्रंथि | Thymus gland | |||||||
अधिवृक्क ग्रंथियां | Adrenal glands | |||||||
एडिसन रोग | Addison’s disease | |||||||
अग्न्याशय | Pancreas | |||||||
वृषण | Testis | |||||||
शुक्रजनक नलिकाएं | seminiferous tubules | |||||||
टेस्टोस्टेरोन | Testosterone | |||||||
प्रोजेस्ट्रोन | Progesterone | |||||||
एस्ट्रोजन | Estrogen | |||||||
कॉर्पस ल्यूटियम | Corpus luteum | |||||||
एट्रियल नैट्रियूरेटिक फैक्टर | Atrial natriuretic factor | |||||||
हार्मोन ग्राही | Hormone receptors | |||||||